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GIFT 


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CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN 


CAESAR. 
Bust  in  the  mnseum  at  Naples. 


CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN 


A   BEGINNER'S   LATIN   BOOK 


BY 
WILLIAM   A.    JENNER 

AND 

HENRY   E.    WILSON 

OF  THE  boys'  high  SCHOOL,  BROOKLYN,  NEW  YORK 


ILLUSTRATED 


D.    APPLETON    AND    COMPANY 

NEW  YORK  CHICAGO 


JUL    8  1911  , 

GIFT    ^j.^  .  (Q 


Copyright,  1910,  by 
D.  APPLETON  AND  COMPANY. 


J  HU' 


PREFACE. 


The  rejuvenation  of  Latin  must  begin  with  the  beginning.  A 
first-year  book,  written  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago,  revisions  and 
imitations  of  the  same  and  so-called  Caesar  books  written  on  this 
antiquated  plan,  depend  for  interest  as  well  as  for  apperception 
on  Englisli  Grammar,  about  which  the  beginner  knows  little  and 
cares  less.  After  a  year  of  remorseless  grinding  of  forms  and 
rules  set  in  no  relations  of  recognized  utility  and  possessing  no 
human  interest,  the  survivor  of  this  grilling  process  enters  upon 
the  second  year's  work  not  only  "  emptied  of  all  desire  to  learn," 
but  endowed  with  a  mental  attitude  of  hostility  towards  Latin. 
Unaccustomed  to  finding  any  vital  significance  in  what  he  has 
been  doing  in  the  first  year,  he  fails  to  respond  to  belated  efforts 
to  interest  him  in  really  attractive  editions  of  Caesar,  for  the 
enjoyment  of  which  his  preparation  has  not  only  been  utterly 
incompetent  but  positively  prejudicial. 

The  authors  of  "Caesar's  First  Campaign"  have  earnestly 
endeavored  to  make  first-year  work  interesting  and  valuable  in 
itself,  with  a  view  to  lessening  the  "  mortality  "  in  the  first  year 
as  well  as  to  giving  the  beginner  such  a  mental  attitude  and 
equipment  as  shall  make  his  subsequent  Latin  course  pleasant 
and  profitable.  The  beginner's  natural  love  of  a  story,  his  ele- 
mentary knowledge  of  geography  and  history,  have  been  from  the 
earliest  pages  depended  upon  for  the  promotion  of  interest  and 
apperception.  Through  the  use  of  illustrations  and  suggestive 
introductory  lines  a  sustained  effort  has  been  made  to  keep  the 
story  idea  before  the  pupil.  Those  who  disapprove  of  the  use  of 
such  devices  in  connection  with  tlie  work  of  memorizing  forms  and 

217308 


iv  PREFACE. 

principles  may  profitably  recall  how  powerful  an  educative  force 
in  economics  was  the  political  campaign  of  '96,  how  stimulative 
of  geographical  knowledge  has  been  the  recent  polar  controversy. 
The  special  features  that  it  is  believed  will  make  for  the 
success  of  this  book  may  be  briefly  summarized  as  follows : 

Interest  is  awakened  and  maintained  by  the  development  of  a 
story  illuminated  by  appropriate  illustrations. 

Apperception  as  well  as  interest  are  promoted  through  geo- 
graphical and  historical  rather  than  grammatical  notions. 

Development  Exercises  are  provided,  breaking  up  the  Caesar 
text  to  follow  in  the  next  lesson  into  short  and  easy  sen- 
tences, with  whose  forms  and  constructions  the  pupil  is 
already  familiar. 

The  Vocabulary  is  scientifically  selected  and  is  limited,  not 
"  principally,"  but  exclusively,  to  Caesarean  words. 

A  select  list  of  500  words  used  six  or  more  times  in  Caesar  is 
designated  in  heavy  type  as  words  to  be  memorized. 

The  Exercises  for  Practice  and  other  reading  Exercises  are  care- 
fully calculated  to  utilize  each  word  of  the  list  of  500  six  or 
more  times. 

Daily  assignments  of  Written  Work  are  given,  inflecting  in  vari- 
ous ways  this  list  of  500,  furnishing  drills  of  exceptional  merit 
and  saving  the  teacher  the  burden  of  written  assignments. 

As  far  as  is  practicable,  the  pupil  is  required  to  construct  his 
own  paradigms  after  having  been  given  the  necessary  princi- 
ples rather  than  to  memorize  quantities  of  printed  forms. 

Reviews  occur  recalling  the  frequently  recurring  words  through 
derivatives  and  affording  further  drill  upon  these  words 
through  ingenious  mechanical  devices  of  demonstrated  worth. 

Rules  and  principles  are  taught  inductively  and  concretely  with- 
out presuming  upon  more  than  the  most  elementary  knowledge 
of  English  Grammar  on  the  part  of  the  pupil. 

The  most  elementary  notions  of  English  Grammar,  such  as  the 
distinction  of  voice,  are  taught  as  new  material  as  they  occur 
in  the  lessons.    No  attempt  is  made  in  a  "Grammatical  Intro 


PREFACE.  V 

duction "  to  teach  in  a  day  what  was  once  taught  through 
years  of  toilsome  drill  in  formal  English  Grammar. 

The  vocabularies  are  arranged,  not  in  the  conventional  alpha- 
betical order,  but  with  regard  to  pedagogical  principles  — 
nouns  together,  then  verbs,  etc. 

Pointed  questions  in  the  Latin-English  exercises  call  for  answers 
in  Latin  and  serve  a  threefold  purpose:  (1)  to  punctuate 
the  essential  nature  of  the  construction  newly  taught,  (2)  to 
recall  the  facts  of  the  story  already  studied,  and  (3)  to  force 
the  pupil  not  merely  to  translate  English  into  Latin,  but  to 
compose  a  Latin  expression  of  his  own  ideas. 

The  authors  desire  to  acknowledge  a  large  measure  of  indebted- 
ness to  Professor  Gonzales  Lodge  of  Teachers  College,  Columbia 
University,  for  his  generous  permission  to  make  free  use  of  his 
invaluable  Vocabulary  of  High  School  Latin  as  well  as  for 
numerous  suggestions  of  value  in  the  compilation  of  the  book ; 
also  to  Principal  George  Swain,  of  Bay  City,  Michigan,  for  the 
permission  to  use  his  excellent  photographs  of  the  scenes  of  the 
campaign.  Many  suggestions  of  value  are  due  to  William  T. 
McCoy,  of  the  Wendell  Phillips  High  School,  Chicago,  and  to 
Miss  Ella  G.  Marthens,  of  the  Shortridge  High  School,  Indian- 
apolis; to  Dr.  A.  F.  Nightingale,  Superintendent  of  the  Cook 
County  (Illinois)  Schools  ;  to  Francis  H.  Lee,  of  the  Central  High 
School,  Philadelphia;  and  to  Mrs.  C.  P.  Olmstead,  of  the  Lake 
View  High  School,  Chicago. 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Suggestions  to  Teachers xi 

Introduction xv 

LE880N 

I.     First  Declension  of  Nouns 1 

II.     Present  Indicative  of  Sum 4 

III.  Present  Indicative    Active  of  the   First  Conjugation.— 

Accusative  of  Direct  Object 6 

IV.  Present  Indicative  Passive  of  the  First  Conjugation. — 

The  Genitive  Case 8 

V.     Second  Declension  of  Nouns.  —  The  Dative  Case       .         .       11 
VI.     Present  Indicative  Active  and  Passive  of  the  Second  Con- 
jugation   14 

VII.     Neuter  Nouns  of  the  Second  Declension.  —  Adjectives  of 

the  First  and  Second  Declensions 17 

VIII.     Third  Declension  of  Nouns  :  Consonant  Stems  ...       20 
IX.     Present  Indicative  Active  and  Passive  of  the  Third  Con- 
jugation    22 

X.     Third  Declension.     I  Stems  (Nouns  and  Adjectives)  .      25 

First  Jteview 27 

XI.     Declension  of  the  Demonstrative  Hie.  —  Ablative  of  Sepa- 
ration        29 

XII.     Declension   of   the   Demonstrative   Is.  —  The   Possessive 

Genitive 31 

XIII.  The  Relative  Pronoun 34 

XIV.  Second  Declension  Nouns  in  ius  and  ium.  —  Ablative  of 

Accompaniment 36 

XV.     Verbs  of  the  Third  Conjugation  in  io.  —  Ablative  of  Means  39 

XVI.     Perfect  Indicative  of  Sum.     Comparison  of  Adjectives      .  42 
XVII.     Perfect  Indicative  Active  of  the  First  Three  Conjugations: 

Principal  Parts 45 

XVIII.     Imperfect  and  Future  of  Sum.  —  Ablative  of  Specification  48 

vii 


VUl 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


LESSON  PAGE 

XIX.     Pluperfect  and   Future  Perfect  Indicative  Active  of 

Three  Conjugations 50 

XX.     Imperfect  Active  and  Passive  of  the  First  and  Second 

Conjugations.  —  Ablative  of  Cause    ....      53 

Second  Review .56 

*  XXI.     Imperfect  Active  and  Passive  of  the  Third  Conjuga- 
tion. —  Irregular  Adjectives  of  the  First  and  Second 

Declensions 57 

XXII.     The  Fourth  Declension  of  Nouns  ....      60 

XXIII.  Future  Indicative  Active  and  Passive  of  the  First  and 

Second  Conjugations 63 

XXIV.  Future  Indicative  Active  and  Passive  of  the  Third 

Conjugation.  —  The  Grenitive  of  the  Whole      .        .       65 
XXV.     Imperfect  Indicative  Active  and  Passive  of  the  Third 

Conjugation  in  io.  —  Accusative  of  Extent        .         .      68 
XXVI.     Fifth  Declension  of  Nouns.  —  Declension  of  the  Re- 
flexive and  Intensive  Pronouns          ....       71 
Third  Review :  Rules  for  the  Gender  of  Third  Declen- 
sion Nouns 74 

XXVII.     Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  Indicative  Pas- 
sive of  Three  Conjugations.  —  Ablative  of  Agency       76 
XXVIII.     Declension  of  Idem. —  Synopsis  of  Verbs.  —  Ablative 

of  Time 79 

XXIX.     Present  Subjunctive  Active  and  Passive.  —  Declension 

oflUe 82 

XXX.     Imperfect  Subjunctive  Active  and  Passive.  —  Clauses 

of  Purpose .         .         . 85 

XXXI.     Perfect  and  Pluperfect  Subjunctive  Active  and  Pas- 
sive. —  Result  Clauses 88 

XXXII.     Place  to  Which ;  Place  from  Which.  —  Declension  of 

Domus 92 

XXXIII.  Fourth  Conjugation  of  Verbs.  —  Ablative  of  Place  in 

Which 95 

XXXIV.  Participles.  — The  Dative  with  Special  Verbs      .        .      98 
Fourth  Review 101 

XXXV.     The  Use  of  Participles  in  the  Ablative  Absolute  .     102 


LESSON 

XXXVI. 
XXXVII. 


XXXVIII. 
XXXIX. 

XL. 
XLI. 

XLII. 

XLIII. 

XLIV. 

XLV. 
XLVI. 

XL  VII. 

XLVIIL 

XLIX. 

L. 

LL 

LII. 

LIIL 

LIV. 


LV. 

LVI. 

LVII. 

LVIII. 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS.  ix 

PAGE 

Formation  and  Uses  of  Infinitives         ....  105 
Declension  of  Duo.  —  Conjugation  of  Possum.  —  Da- 
tive with  Adjectives 109 

Infinitive  in  Indirect  Discourse Ill 

Deponent  Verbs.  —  The  Ablative  with  Utor,  etc.  .         .  115 

Ablative  and  Genitive  of  Quality.  —  Declension  of  Vis  118 
Comparison  of  Irregular  Adjectives,  Facilis,  Liber,  etc. 

—  Conjugation  of  E6 122 

Ablative  of  Manner.  —  Cum  Temporal .        .        .        .  125 

Fifth  Review 128 

Comparison  of  Irregular  Adjectives  {continued).  —  De- 
clension of  Plus 129 

Comparison    of   Irregular    Adjectives    {continued). — 

Formation  and  Comparison  of  Adverbs    .         .         .  132 

Conjugation  of  Volo,  Nolo,  Malo 135 

Comparison  of  Irregular  Adverbs.  —  Ablative  of  Com- 
parison          137 

Relative  Clauses  of  Purpose 140 

Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference 143 

Cum  Causal  and  Concessive 145 

Sixth  Revieiv 148 

Conjugation  of  Fero  and  its  Compounds       .        .        .  150 

Dative  of  the  Possessor 152 

Compounds  of  Sum.  —  Dative  with  Compound  Verbs  155 

Gerunds  and  Gerundives 157 

Formation  and  Uses  of  Supines.  —  Various  VTays  of 

Expressing  Purpose 160 

Seventh  Revieio       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .163 

Conjugation  of  Fio.  —  Compounds  of  Facid  .         .        .  164 

The  Periphrastic  Conjugations.  —  Dative  of  Agent      .  108 

Interrogative  and  Indefinite  Pronouns. — Interrogative 

Particles.  —  Direct  Questions 170 

Substantive  Clauses  with  the  Subjunctive.  —  Verbs  of 

Fearing  with  the  Subjunctive 174 


X  TABLE   OF   COXTENTS. 

UltSSON  PAGE 

LIX.     Subjective  and  Objective  Genitives          ....  177 

LX.     Dative  of  Purpose. — Accusative  with  Compound  Verbs  .  179 

LXI.     The  Imperative  Mood. — Commands  and  Exhortations  .  182 

Eighth  Review 184 

LXII.     Personal  Pronouns.  —  Possessive  Adjectives   .         .         .  185 

LXIir.     Conditional  Sentences .  188 

LXIV.     Indirect  Questions. — Sequence  of  Tenses       .         .         .  191 

LXV.     Defective  and  Impersonal  Verbs 195 

LXVI.     Verbs  with  Two  Accusatives 198 

Ninth  Revieiu 201 

LXVII.     The  Optative  Subjunctive        .         .         .         .        .        .202 

LXVIII.     Subordinate    Clauses     in     Indirect     Discourse. — Quod 

Causal    .        .         .         .        ,        .         .        .        .        .204 

LXIX.     Numeral  Adjectives 207 

LXX.     Temporal    Clauses  with  Postquam,  Ubi,    Priusquam. — 

Review  of  Subjunctives        ......  210 

Tenth  Revieiv             213 

Chapters  XVIII-XXIX  of  Caesar's  Gallic  War  .        .     215-243 

Appendix 

Tables    of    Declensions,     Conjugations,     Comparisons,     and 

Numerals 247 

Models  of  Original  Schemes  for  Form  Drill        ....  274 

List  of  Five  Hundred  Words 275 

Syntactical  Syllabus 279 

Latin-English  Vocabulary  .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .  283 

English-Latin  Vocabulary 301 

Index 309 


SUGGESTIONS   TO   TEACHERS. 

In  presenting  to  the  educational  public  a  text-book  of  an  uncon- 
ventional type,  containing  many  novel  devices  for  the  promotion 
of  interest  and  apperception,  for  the  acquisition  of  vocabulary 
and  forms,  and  for  the  formation  of  proper  methods  of  attack  in 
translation,  the  authors  desire  at  the  outset  to  make  an  appeal  for 
the  sympathetic  cooperation  of  the  teacher,  and  to  beg  the  indul- 
gence of  discussing  in  some  detail  those  features  of  the  work 
requiring  attention  in  order  to  get  the  best  results  from  its  pur- 
suit. The  teacher  who  looks  upon  devices  calculated  to  add 
attractiveness  to  his  subject  as  a  waste  of  time  is  comparable  to 
the  teamster  who  lacks  the  time  to  oil  his  wagon  axles.  Insistence 
upon  the  constant  use  of  maps  and  of  all  legitimate  helps  to  the 
understanding  of  the  story,  will  surely  be  repaid  in  a  greatly 
increased  capacity  for  progress  on  the  part  of  the  class. 

The  same  may  be  said  of  the  time  spent  with  the  class  in  giving 
helpful  hints  as  to  the  preparation  of  the  next  day's  lesson.  All 
model  sentences  and  observations  in  the  first  half  of  a  lesson 
should  be  read  over  with  the  pupil  in  advance.  Attention  should 
be  repeatedly  called  to  the  importance  of  memorizing  the  words 
in  heavy  type  in  the  vocabularies,  to  any  peculiarities  in  their 
inflection  and  in  the  next  day's  Written  Work  to  keep  the  pupil 
from  falling  into  pitfalls  of  error.  In  the  second  half  of  a  lesson, 
the  benefit  to  be  derived  from  English-Latin  exercises  may  be 
greatly  increased  by  preparatory  work  that  will  rivet  the  pupil's 
attention  upon  those  points  requiring  emphasis  or  caution.  In 
this  way  the  teacher  makes  his  requirements  so  definite  as  to 
leave  little  latitude  for  excusable  error. 

The  seventy  lessons  are  intended  to  occupy  one  hundred  forty 
teaching  days.   The  first  ten  lessons  are  somewhat  shortened,  allow- 

xi 


xii  SUGGESTIONS  TO   TEACHERS. 

ing  for  abundant  oral  drill  on  forms  and  for  emphasis  on  the 
sketches  of  Caesar's  life,  which  the  pupil  should  be  required  to  re- 
late in  substance,  as  essential  to  interest  in  the  narrative  to  follow. 
Beginning  with  Lesson  XIV,  the  lessons  admit  of  a  natural 
division  into  two  days'  work,  the  first  to  comprise  the  reading  of 
the  text,  the  memorizing  of  the  heavy  type  words  in  the  vocabu- 
laries, of  the  paradigms,  and  rules,  the  performance  of  the 
Written  Work  and  the  translation  of  the  Latin-English  division 
of  the  Exercises  for  Practice.  The  second  day's  work  will  then 
comprise  the  writing  out  as  a  preparation  for  oral  translation  of 
the  English-Latin  division  of  the  Exercises  for  Practice,  the  trans- 
lation of  the  Development  Exercise  with  review  of  the  paradigms 
and  rules  taught  in  the  first  half  of  the  lesson. 

Especial  attention  is  requested  to  the  schemes  for  the  acquisi- 
tion of  a  vocabulary.  To  require  the  pupil  to  memorize  and 
inflect  all  words  can  result  only  in  failure.  The  words  printed 
in  heavy  type  are  those  occurring  six  or  more  times  in  Caesar,  as 
shown  by  the  Lodge  Vocabulary  of  High  School  Latin,  and  should 
be  thoroughly  memorized.  In  the  Word  List  (pp.  275-278),  the 
most  important  of  these  heavy  type  words  are  assembled,  while 
they  are  made  to  occur  six  or  more  times  in  the  various  exercises 
for  reading.  The  aim  perfectly  to  familiarize  the  pupil  with  this 
select  vocabulary  is  still  further  attained  through  the  Written 
Work,  which  as  far  as  is  practicable  is  limited  to  the  inflection  in 
various  ways  of  these  frequently  used  words.  The  authors  have 
found  it  helpful  in  class  to  assign  the  Written  Work  in  segments 
for  board  work.  This  board  work,  when  corrected  and  rated  by 
the  teacher,  encourages  the  diligent  and  enables  all  pupils  to  cor- 
rect their  written  exercises,  relieving  the  teacher  of  the  burden 
of  revising  the  same. 

The  Reviews  also  can  be  made  most  effective  through  board 
assignments,  which  like  the  daily  Written  Work  when  corrected 
and  rated  by  the  teacher  will  enable  the  pupil  to  correct  his  own 
home  work.  The  authors  have  found  it  possible  to  devote  two  days 
to  these  Reviews  and  still  have  left  twenty-five  out  of  one  hundred 
eighty-five  teaching  days  for  the  reading  of  the  text  beyond  the 


SUGGESTIONS  TO   TEACHERS.  xiii 

seventy  lessons.  Such  written  tests  as  they  have  given,  the  authors 
have  found  it  practicable  to  give  on  the  second  day  of  review- 
work. 

The  original  devices  such  as  consecutive  declensions,  conjuga- 
tions, synopses,  and  consecutive  infinitives  and  participles  have 
been  thoroughly  tested  out  and  found  practicable  by  the  authors. 
While  they  may  require  a  little  time  and  patience  on  the  part  of 
the  instructor  to  render  intelligible  to  the  pupil,  they  will  be  found 
to  repay  the  effort,  as  even  the  dullest  pupil  will  take  an  active 
interest  in  this  mechanical  form  of  drill  and  will  acquire  a  con- 
siderable proficiency  in  forms. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  it  is  of  vastly  more  importance 
to  complete  the  seventy  lessons  and  the  ten  Reviews  in  a  thorough 
manner  than  to  complete  the  reading  of  the  twenty-nine  chapters. 
The  authors  believe  that  the  teacher  who  covers  with  his  class 
only  the  seventy  lessons  —  and  the  weakest  teacher  will  hardly 
fail  to  do  more  than  this  —  will  have  given  his  pupils  a  better 
preparation  to  read  Caesar  than  can  be  obtained  by  the  use  of  any 
beginning  book  heretofore  published.  At  the  worst,  the  class  will 
have  only  to  complete  the  story  of  the  Helvetian  War  in  the  sec- 
ond year  in  a  Caesar  text  without  the  help  of  the  Development 
Exercises. 

-  In  conclusion,  the  authors  wish  to  state  that  the  directions  con- 
tained in  the  latter  Reviews  as  to  the  use  of  the  Word  List  and 
Syntactical  Syllabus  (pp.  275-281)  are  intended  to  convey  nothing 
more  than  hints  as  to  the  possibilities  of  their  use  in  preparation 
for  final  examinations.  These  compilations  will  be  found  to  afford 
large  opportunities  for  the  exercise  of  ingenuity  in  working  out 
final  reviews. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  sections  of  this  chapter  are  intended  only  for  reference.  Pronuncia- 
tion can  be  best  acquired  through  imitation.  Rules  are  valuable  only  as 
checks  and  correctives. 

1.  The  Latin  Language  is  so  named  because  it  was  first  spoken 
by  the  Latini,  or  Latins,  an  ancient  tribe  which  lived  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  Rome.  Spreading  gradually  as  the  conquests  of  the  Latins 
increased,  it  finally  became  the  official  language  of  the  Roman 
Empire,  which  included  at  one  time  the  whole  western  civilized 
world. 

During  the  long  centuries  of  Roman  supremacy  in  Europe, 
Latin  came  to  have  a  peculiar  preeminence,  which  no  other  lan- 
guage has  ever  enjoyed.  French,  Italian,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese 
are  merely  the  modern  representatives  of  Latin  as  it  was  spoken 
in  various  parts  of  the  Roman  Empire.  Through  the  Middle 
Ages  and  down  to  modern  times,  Latin  was  the  language  of  learn- 
ing and  diplomacy.  It  is  estimated  that  about  forty  per  cent  of 
all  English  words  are  derived  from  Latin. 

THE  ALPHABET. 

2.  The  Latin  Alphabet  is  the  same  as  the  English  except  that 
it  has  no  j  or  w.     The  letter  i  does  duty  for  both  i  and  j. 

3.  The  vowels  are  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  y.  The  other  letters  are  conso- 
nants.    The  diphthongs  are  ae,  oe,  au,  eu,  ui. 

PRONUNCIATION  (Roman  Method). 

4.  Vowels. 

The  mark  v^  over  a  vowel  means  that  it  is  short,  the  mark  — 
that  it  is  long.     An  unmarked  vowel  is  presumed  to  be  short. 


xvi  INTRODUCTION. 

&  is  pronounced  as  the  first  a  in  aha ;  a  as  the  last  a  in  aha. 

6  is  pronounced  as  e  in  met ;  6  as  the  e  in  they. 

i  is  pronounced  as  i  in  pm ;  i  as  the  i  in  machine. 

5  is  pronounced  as  the  first  o  in  o/io;  6  as  the  last  o  in  oho. 

tQl  is  pronounced  as  u  in  pwZ^;  u  as  the  oo  in  pooZ. 

Comparison  of  the  long  and  short  sounds  shows  no  essential 
difference  in  quality,  but  a  difference  only  in  the  time  taken  to 
pronounce  them.  Hence  the  quantity  of  Latin  vowels  becomes 
important. 

5.  Consonants. 

c  and  g  are  always  hard,  as  c  in  come  v  always  as  w  in  wine. 

and  ^  in  go.  x  like  ks. 

i  consonant  as  y  in  yet.  bs  like  jjs. 

s  always  sharp,  as  in  sun,  sea.  bt  like^^ 

t  always  as  t  in  timey  never  as  in  nation.  ch  like  ch  in  chasm. 

6.  Diphthongs 

ae  as  at  in  aisles.  eu  as  eu  in  feud. 

oe  as  oi  in  oil.  ei  as  ei  in  eight. 

au  as  oi«  in  owl.  ui  as  we. 

7.  SYLLABLES. 

(1)  A  Latin  word  has  as  many  syllables  as  it  contains  separate 
vowels  or  diphthongs ;  as,  miles,  fi-ne,  mo-re,  fu-r6-re,  re-si-de. 

(2)  In  dividing  words  into  syllables,  note  that :  — 

(a)  A   single    consonant    between   two   vowels   is    pro- 

nounced with  the  following  vowel ;  as,  ha-b6-mus. 

(b)  When  two  or  more  consonants  stand  together,  as 

many  are  joined  with   the   following  as  can  be 
pronounced  with  it ;  as,  fra-trem,  c6-gn6-sc6,  f or-tis. 

(c)  Compound  words  are  divided  into  their  component 

parts ;  as,  ab-sum. 
(cl)   Doubled  consonants  are  separated ;  as,  fos-sa. 


INTRODUCTION. .  xvii 


8.  QUANTITY  OF  VOWELS  AND  SYLLABLES. 

(1)  Vowels  are  long  or  short.  The  long  vowels  in  this  book 
are  marked  long.     All  others  must  be  considered  short. 

(2)  A  syllable  is  long  or  short  according  to  the  time  it  takes 
to  pronounce  it. 

(3)  A  syllable  is  long  by  nature  if  it  contains  a  long  vowel  or 
diphthong;  as,  dico. 

(4)  A  syllable  is  long  by  position  if  it  contains  a  short  vowel 
followed  by  the  double  consonants  x  and  z,  as  in  sex,  or  followed 
by  two  consonants,  as  in  pars,  except  a  mute  and  liquid.  The 
mutes  are  b,  c,  d,  g,  k,  p,  q,  t,  and  the  liquids  are  1,  m,  n,  r.  The 
vowel  in  a  syllable  long  by  position  is  given  the  short  sound  in 
pronunciation  ;  as,  s6x,  pfirs. 

9.  RULES  FOR  QUANTITY  OF  VOWELS. 

(1)  A  vowel  followed  by  another  vowel  or  h  is  short ;  as,  Gal- 
li-a,  pr6-hi-b6-6. 

(2)  Vowels  resulting  from  contraction  are  long;  as,  c6-4-g6 
gives  co-go. 

(3)  Vowels  are  long  before  nf,  ns,  net,  ncs;  as,  cSnfero,  c6n- 
silium,  iunctus. 

(4)  Diphthongs  are  long ;  as,  causa. 

10.  ACCENT. 

(1)  Words  of  two  syllables  are  accented  on  the  first  syllable ;  as, 
bellum,  pater. 

(2)  Words  of  more  than  two  syllables  are  accented  on  the  penult 
(next  to  the  last  syllable)  if  that  is  long ;  as,  RSminus ;  otherwise 
they  are  accented  on  the  antepenult  (the  syllable  before  the 
penult) ;  as,  provincia. 

(3)  A  few  short  words  called  enclitics  are  added  to  the  end  of 
other  words.  The  accent  then  falls  on  the  syllable  before  the 
enclitic ;  as,  Belgaque,  ibisne. 


xviii  INTRODUCTION. 


11.  GENERAL  RULES   FOR  GENDER. 

(1)  Masculine  gender. 

(a)  Names  of  males  are  masculine  gender;   as,  Caesar, 

Caesar  \  rex,  king. 

(b)  Names  of  rivers,  winds,  and  months  are  masculine; 

as,  Rhenus,  the  Rhine. 

(2)  Feminine  gender. 

{a)  Names  of  females  are  feminine;  as,  CornSlia,  Cor- 
nelia; regina,  queen. 

(b)  Names  of  countries,  towns,  islands,  and  trees  are 
feminine;  as,  Dglos,  the  island  of  Delos;  Roma, 
Home. 

(3)  Neuter  gender. 

Indeclinable  nouns,  infinitives,  and   clauses   used  as 
nouns  are  neuter;  as,  nihil,  nothing;  fas,  right. 


CAESAR^S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

LESSON  I. 
FIRST  DECLENSION  OF  NOUNS. 


A  Foreword.  We  are  about  to  begin  reading  a 
story  of  the  ancient  Swiss,  just  as  it  was  written  in 
the  Latin  tongue  nearly  2000  years  ago.  The  author 
of  this  story,  Julius  Caesar,  was  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable men  that  ever  lived.  He  was  born  in  the 
city  of  Rome  one  hundred  years  before  Christ.  Most 
of  the  prominent  Romans  of  the  time  came  from  rural 
districts,  but  Caesar,  though  city-bred,  was  too  great  Koman  Books  webb 
to  lead  a  life  of   idle  pleasure,  as  did  most  of  his      ^kre  wrxtteIwith 

fellows.  AN  Iron  Stylus. 


1.  In  English  there  are  three  cases:  nominative,  possessive^ 
and  objective.  In  Latin  there  are  six:  nominative,  genitive, 
dative,  accusative,  vocative,  and  ablative.  The  nominative  is  the 
case  of  the  subject;  the  genitive  generally  denotes  possession  and 
is  rendered  either  by  the  English  possessive  or  by  the  objective 
case  with  of.  The  dative  is  usually  the  case  of  the  indirect  object ; 
and  the  accusative,  of  the  direct  object.  The  vocative,  the  case  of 
direct  address,  occurs  very  infrequently  in  Latin,  and  as  it  is 
ordinarily  the  same  as  the  nominative  in  form,  it  is  omitted  in 
the  paradigms  to  follow.  The  use  of  the  ablative  may  be  best 
learned  from  the  observation  of  the  paradigms. 

2.  Latin  nouns  are  divided  into  five  declensions,  or  classes, 
which  are  distinguished  from  one  another  by  the  ending  of  the 
genitive  singular.     In  the  First  Declension,  this  distinguishing 

1 


CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


ending  is  -ae.  By  dropping  this  ending  from  the  genitive  singular, 
we  find  the  base,  the  part  of  the  noun  which  remains  unchanged 
throughout  the  declension,  as  in  the  paradigm  below. 

3.  Latin  nouns  of  the  First  Declension  end  in  the  nomina- 
tive in  &.  All  are  feminine,  except  names  of  male  beings,  rivers, 
winds,  and  months,  which  are  masculine. 

4.  PARADIGM. 


Nominative 

Genitive 

Dative 

Accusative 

Ablative 


fossa,  ditch;  Base,  foss-. 
Singular. 


Case  Endings. 


fossa,  a  ditch  (as  subject)  -a 

fossae,  of  a  ditch  -ae 

fossae,  to  or  for  a  ditch  -ae 

fossam,  a  ditch  (as  object)  -am 

fossa,  by,  from,  in,  or  with  a  ditch  -a 


Plural. 

Nominative  fossae,  ditches  (as  subject)  -ae 

Genitive  fossarum,  of  ditches  -arum 

Dative  fossis,  to  or  for  ditches  -is 

Accusative  fossas,  ditches  (as  object)  -as 

Ablative  fossis,  by,  from,  in,  orijsvith  ditches  -is 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  ablative  singular  ending  -a  is  long. 

(2)  that  there  are  no  articles,  definite  or  indefinite,  in  Latin. 
Therefore  fossa  may  mean  a  ditch,  the  ditch,  or  simply  ditch. 

6.  VOCABULARY. 


Memorize  all  words  in  heavy  type, 
ten  work  and  exercises. 


Use  other  words  for  reference  in  writ- 


Belga,  -ae,  m.,  Belgian.  Hispania,  -ae,  f.,  Spain. 

causa,  -ae,  f.,  reason.  lingua,  -ae,  f.,  language. 

fossa,  -ae,  f.,  ditch  or  trench.  provincia,  -ae,  f.,  province. 

fuga,  -ae,  f.,  flight.  Sequana,  -ae,  m.,  the  Seine. 

Gallia,  -ae,  f.,  Gaul,  the  Roman  name  for  a  country  comprising  France,  Bel- 
gium, Switzerland,  and  northern  Italy. 


LESSON  I. 


Note :  — 


(1)  that  two  of  the  above  nouns  are  masculine.     Why? 

(2)  that  Sequana  has  no  plural.     Why  not? 

(3)  that  four  of  the  nouns  have  bases  ending  in  a  vowel.  Give  these 
bases. 

6.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  with  full  names  of  cases,  and  with  meanings,  as  in  §4, 
the  words:  fuga,  lingua,  provincia.i 

(2)  Translate  into  Latin  §  7-II,  as  a  preparation  for  reciting  it  orally. 

(3)  Mark  all  long  vowels,  noting  how  a  long  penult  must  be  accented 
as  directed  in  the  Introduction,  §  10. 

7.  EXERCISES. 

(Pronounce,  give  G.  N.  C.,^  and  then  translate,  noting  that  several  of  the 
forms  may  be  in  more  than  one  case  and  must  be  translated  accordingly.) 

T.    (1)    Belgas.       (2)    Linguae.       (3)    Sequanam.       (4)    Fuga. 

(5)  Belgis.  (6)    Lingua    Galliae.  (7)    Fugam    Belgarum. 

(8)  Provinciae  Hispaniae.     (9)  Lingua  provinciae.     (10)  Causas 
Belgarum.     (11)    Fossa.      (12)   Causa  fugae. 

XL  (1)  Of  Gaul.  (2)  With  the  Belgians.  (3)  The  Seine  (used 
as  object).         (4)   For  the  language.  (5)    To  the  provinces. 

(6)  By  the  Seine.       (7)   To  the  Belgians.     (8)   Of  the  provinces. 

(9)  In  the  language  of  Spain.        (10)   To  the  province  of  the 
Belgians. 

1  Observe  that  these  words  appear  in  the  vocabulary  in  heavy  type,  signifying 
that  they  occur  six  or  more  times  in  Caesar  according  to  the  Lodge  Vocabulary  of 
High  School  Latin.  There  are  over  600  of  these  words  in  Caesar's  First  Campaign. 
Five  hundred  that  occur  most  frequently  have  been  assembled  in  the  Word  List 
on  pages  275-278. 

2  Throughout  this  book,  the  abbreviation  G.  N.  C.  will  be  used  for  gender, 
number,  case,  and  is  recommended  for  use  in  recitation. 


CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

LESSON   II. 
PRESENT  INDICATIVE  OF  THE  VERB  SUM. 


Caesar's  Boyhood.  The  fact  that  Julius 
Caesar  was  not  like  other  city  boys  may  have 
been  due  in  part  to  his  mother,  who  was  a  very 
upright  and  cultivated  woman.  She  took 
charge  of  his  early  education  and  never  seut 
him  to  the  Roman  schools,  whose  flogging  mas- 
ters were  often  very  cruel  to  the  pupils.  She 
later  placed  him  under  a  tutor,  a  learned  Gaul, 
to  whom  Caesar  doubtless  owed  his  lively  in- 
terest in  the  people  of  that  country.  As  was 
the  fashion  in  that  day,  the  young  Roman  took 
a  course  in  oratory,  in  which  he  made  so  marked 
progress  that  he  became  one  of  the  ablest  public  speakers  of  his  time. 


A    Flogging    Roman   School 

MASTER. 


PARADIGM. 
Conjugation  of  Present  Indicative  of  Sum. 
Prin.  Parts:  pres.  ind.  sum,  lam;  pres.  inf.  esse,  to  be. 


1st  Person 
2d  Person 
Sd  Person 


Singular. 

sum,  I  am. 

es,  you  are. 

est,  he  (she  or  it)  is. 


Plural. 

sumus,  we  are. 
estis,  you  are. 
sunt,  they  are. 


9.  Adjectives  of  the  First  Declension  are  declined  exactly  like 
nouns  of  the  same  declension.  All  adjectives  given  in  the  vocab- 
ulary below  are  feminine  adjectives  of  the  First  Declension.  Ob- 
serve the  combination  fossa  magna,  a  great  ditch  ;  bases  foss-  magn-. 

Note  that  in  Latin  the  adjective  may  follow  the  noun. 


10. 


MODEL   SENTENCES. 


(1)  Nostra  causa  est  bona.  —  Our  reason  is  good.     (2)   Nostrae 
causae  sunt  bonae.  —  Our  reasons  are  good. 


LESSON  11. 


Observe : 


(1)  that  in  the  above  sentences  the  subjects  causa  and  causae 
are  in  the  nominative  case. 

(2)  that  nostra  and  nostrae,  attributive  adjectives  and  bona  and 
bonae,  predicate  adjectives,  agree  in  G.  N.  C.  with  these  nouns. 

(3)  that  the  verb  in  sentence  1  is  3d  singular  because  the  sub- 
ject is  3d  singular,  and  the  verb  in  sentence  2  is  3d  plural  because 
the  subject  is  3d  plural. 

11.  RULES.  —  1.  The  subject  of  a  finite  verb  is  put  in  the 
nominative  case. 

2.  A  finite  verb  agrees  with  its  subject  in  person  and 
number. 

12.  VOCABULARY. 

Memorize  all  words  in  heavy  type.     Use  other  words  for  reference. 

Celta,  -ae,  m. ,  a  Celt.  nostra,  our. 

bona,  good.  proxima,  nearest. 

divisa,  divided.  reliqua,  remaining.,  the-rest-of. 

magna,  great.  tertia,  third. 

in,  preposition,  with  ablative,  in  or  on  ;  with  accusative,  into^  to,  or  upon. 

13.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

Decline  together,  writing  in  full,  names  of  cases  and  meanings:  — 
Gallia  divisa  (singular  only),  nostra  causa,  provincia  proxima. 

14.  EXERCISES. 

I.  (1)  Magnae  causae  (translate  in  three  ways) ;  proxima  pro- 
vincia ;  nostrarum  causarum.  (2)  Gallia  est  proxima.  (3)  Belgae 
sumus.  (4)  Provincia  est  divisa.  (5)  Hispania  est  proxima. 
(6)  Nostrae  linguae  sunt  bonae.  (7)  Sum  in  Gallia.  (8)  Nostrae 
provinciae  sunt  magnae.     (9)  Es  in  provincia. 

II.  (1)  Of  our  reasons ;  in  our  trenches ;  to  the  great  provinces. 
(2)  Gaul  is  divided.  (3)  The  trenches  are  nearest.  (4)  The 
provinces  are  large.  (5)  The  third  trench  is  nearest.  (6)  The 
Celts  are  in  the  great  province.     (7)  You  (plu.)  are  in  Gaul. 


CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN 


LESSON   III. 


PRESENT  INDICATIVE  ACTIVE  OF  THE  FIRST  CONJUGATION. 
ACCUSATIVE  OF  DIRECT  OBJECT. 


A  Youthful  Official. 
Roman  boys  became  voters 
at  seventeen,  but  even  before 
that  age,  Caesar  was  appointed 
through  influential  relatives 
to  a  priestly  office  in  the  tem- 
ple of  Jupiter,  the  principal 
god  of  the  Romans.  This 
gave  him  an  honorable  social 

„      „  ^  r.  position  and  a  fixed  income. 

The  Temple  in  which  Caesar  served  as  Priest.      ^ 

Many  of  his  young  friends, 
finding  themselves  in  such  comfortable  positions,  were  so  well  satisfied 
that  they  made  no  efforts  to  improve  themselves,  but  Caesar  could  never 
rest  contented  so  long  as  there  was  any  higher  honor  to  be  won. 

15.  Latin  verbs  are  divided  into  four  conjugations,  which  are 
distinguished  from  one  another  by  the  vowel  preceding  -re,  the 
ending  of  the  present  infinitive.  In  the  First  Conjugation,  this 
characteristic  vowel  is  a,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  principal  parts 
and  stem  of  libero  in  the  following  paradigm. 

16.  PARADIGM. 

Present  Indicative  Active  of  the  Verb  Libero. 

Prin.  Parts:  pres.  ind.  libero,/  liberate;  pres.  inf.  liberate,  to  liberate. 
Pres.  Stem  :  libera-. 

Singular.  Personal  Endings. 

\st  Person        libero,  I  liberate.  -6  (or  -m  as  in  sum),  I. 

2d  Person        libera s,  you  liberate.  -s,  you  (or  thou). 

Zd  Person        liberal,  he  liberates.  -t,  he  (or  she  or  it). 


LESSON    m.       /  7 

Plural.  Pebsonal  Endings. 

1st  Person        liberamus,  we  liberate.  -mus,  we. 

2d  Person        liberatis,  you  liberate.  -tis,  you. 

3d  Person        liberant,  they  liberate.  -nt,  they. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  personal  endings  are  so  called  because  they  take 
the  place  of  personal  pronouns,  which  are  rarely  expressed  as 
subjects.  The  above  endings  are  used  with  all  tenses  of  the 
active  voice  except  the  perfect  indicative. 

(2)  that  these  personal  endings  are  added  to  the  present  stem 
libera-  except  in  the  iirst  person  singular,  where  a  of  the  stem  is 
lost. 

(3)  that  the  present  stem  is  found  by  dropping  -re,  the  last  two 
letters  of  the  present  infinitive. 

(4)  that  a  is  short  before  -t  and  -nt  of  the  third  person. 

17.  *      MODEL   SENTENCE. 

Belgae^  Galliam  occupant.  —  The  Belgians  seize  Gaul. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  occupo  is  a  transitive  verb. 

(2)  that  Galliam,  its  direct  object,  is  put  in  the  accusative  case. 

18.  R  ULE.  —  The  direct  object  of  a  transitive  verb  is  put 
in  the  accusative  case. 

19.  VOCABULARY. 

appello,  appellare,  call^  name.  occupo,  occnpare,  seize. 

importo,  importare,  import.^  carry  in.  supero,  superare,  conquer,  overcome. 

incito,  incitare,  incite,  arouse.  yasto,  vastare,  lay  waste,  ravage. 
libero,  liberate,  liberate,  free. 

20.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Write  the  present  stem  of  each  verb  in  the  above  vocabulary. 

(2)  Write  the  present  indicative  active  of  appell5  and  occupd  with 
meaning  of  each  form. 


CAESAR'3  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


EXERCISES. 


I.  (1)  Appellamus;  occupatis;  vastant;  incitas;  superant. 
(2)  Belgae  superant.  (3)  Celtae  Belgas  superant.  (4)  Pro- 
vinciam  vastatis.  (5)  Fossam  occupamus.  (6)  Galliam  superas. 
(7)  Nostra  fuga  Belgas  incitat.  (8)  Belgae  provinciam  vastant. 
(9)  Celtae  magnam  fossam  occupant.  (10)  Mispania  est  magna 
provincia. 

II.  (1)  You  (sing.)  call;  they  are  liberating^;  we  lay  waste; 
you  ^  are  importing ;  he  does  arouse  Spain.  (2)  The  Belgians  are 
arousing  Gaul.  (3)  The  flight  arouses  the  Celts.  (4)  We  are 
conquering  the  provinces.  (5)  You  seize  the  nearest  trenches. 
(6)   The  Celts  are  laying  waste  our  provinces. 

1  The  Latin  verb  libero  may  mean  I  am  liberating  or  I  do  liberate  as  well  as  / 
liberate.  In  other  words,  the  progressive  and  emphatic  forms  of  the  English 
verb  may  be  translated  into  Latin  by  the  same  word  as  is  used  to  express  the 
ordinary  declarative  sense. 

2  Unless  otherwise  directed,  the  pronoun  tjou  should  be  regarded  as  plural. 

LESSON  IV. 

PRESENT  INDICATIVE  PASSIVE  OF  THE  FIRST  CONJUGATION. 
—  THE  GENITIVE  CASE. 


Tub  Great  Hall  of  a  Koman  Hocse. 


Caesar's  Wife.  When  Caesar 
was  about  twenty  years  old,  he  lost 
his  political  office  and  all  his  prop- 
erty and  had  to  flee  from  Rome  for 
his  life,  because  he  firmly  refused  to 
obey  the  orders  of  a  tyrannical  ruler 
and  give  up  his  girl-wife  Cornelia. 
Such  loyalty  to  those  he  loved  char- 
acterized Caesar  throughout  his  life. 


LESSON  IV.  9 

22.  When  the  subject  of  a  verb  does  something,  we  say  the 
verb  is  in  the  active  voice,  as  he  liberates,  he  is  liberating,  or  he 
does  liberate.  When  something  is  done  to  the  subject,  we  say  the 
verb  is  in  the  passive  voice,  as  fie  is  liberated,  or  he  is  being  liberated. 

23.  PARADIGM. 

Present  Indicative  Passive  of  the  Verb  Libero. 

Singular.  Personal  Endings 

1st  Person        liberor,  I  am  liberated  -r 

2d  Person         llberaris  (liberare),  you  are  liberated         -lis  (or -re) 

3d  Person         liberatur,  he  is  liberated  -tur 

Plural.  Personal  Endings. 

1st  Person        liberamur,  we  are  liberated  -mur 

2d  Person         llberamini,  you  are  liberated  -mini 

Sd  Person        liberantur,  they  are  libei-ated  -ntur 

Observe :  —  ^ 

(1)  that  the  passive  forms  differ  from  the  corresponding  active 
forms  only  in  the  personal  endings. 

(2)  that  as  in  the  active  voice,  the  personal  endings,  which  take 
the  place  of  personal  pronouns,  are  added  to  the  present  stem 
libera-  except  in  the  first  singular,  where  a  of  the  stem  is  lost. 

(3)  that  the  a  is  short  only  before  -nt  of  the  plural. 

24.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Belgae  Galliam  provinciam  appellant.  —  Hie  Belgians  call 
Gaul  a  province.  (2)  Gallia  provincia  appellatur.  —  Gaid  is  called 
a  province.  (3)  Fossa  Belgarum  est  lata.  —  TJie  Belgians^  trench 
is  wide. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  sentence  1  provinciam,  a  predicate  noun,  describes 
Galliam,  means  the  same  thing,  and  agrees  with  it  in  the  accusative. 
This  construction  is  known  as  the  predicate  accusative. 

(2)  that  in  sentence  2  provincia,  a  predicate  noun,  describes 


10  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

Gallia,  means  the  same  thing,  and  agrees  with  it  in  the  nominative. 
This  construction  is  known  as  the  predicate  nominative. 

(3)  that  in  sentence  1  the  verb  is  in  the  active  voice,  because 
the  subject,  Belgae,  does  something,  while  in  sentence  2  the  verb 
is  in  the  passive  voice,  because  something  is  done  to  the  subject. 

(4)  that  in  sentence  3  Belgarum  is  used  to  limit  or  define  fossa  and 
does  not  mean  the  same  person  or  thing,  and  is  put  in  the  genitive. 

25.  RULES.  — 1.  A  noun  used  to  describe  another  noun, 
and  denoting  the  same  person  or  thing,  agrees  ivith  it  in  case. 

2.  A  noun  used  to  define  or  limit  another  noun,  and  not 
meaning  the  same  person  or  thing,  is  put  in  the  genitive. 

26.  VOCABULARY. 

accus5,  accusare,  accuse,  blame.  lata,  wide,  broad. 

arm5,  armare,  arm,  equip.  longa,  long. 

commeo,  commeare,  go  often,  resort. 

27.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

Write  out  with  meanings  the  present  indicative,  active  and  passive,  of 
accuso  and  armo,  underlining  the  personal  endings. 

28.  EXERCISES. 

(Note  carefully  the  voice  as  well  as  person  and  number  of  all  verb  forms.) 

I.  (1)  Accusas ;  accusaris ;  accusamus ;  accusamur ;  superatis ; 
superamini;  appellatur.  (2)  Belgae  superantur.  (3)  Provincia 
Celtarum  est  magna.  (4)  Celtae  accusantur.  (5)  Fossae  Belga- 
rum occupantur.  (6)  Reliquae  provinciae  vastantur.  (7)  Pro- 
xima  provincia  Hispania  appellatur.  (8)  Belgae  nostra  lingua 
Celtae  appellantur.     (9)  Belgas  nostra  lingua  Celtas  appellamus. 

II.  (1)  We  arm,  we  are  armed  ;  you  call,  you  are  called  (sing.); 
he  conquers,  he  is  conquered  ;  you  are  accused ;  they  are  liberated. 
(2)  The  Belgians  are  liberated.  (3)  The  province  is  aroused. 
(4)  Spain  is  called  a  large  province.  (5)  We  call  Spain  a  large 
province. 


LESSON  V. 


11 


LESSON  V. 

SECOND  DECLENSION  OF  NOUNS.  — THE  DATIVE  CASE 

The  Pirates.  —  At  one  time  Caesar  went  on  a  sea  voyage  and  was 
captured  by  some  pirates  who 
were  cruising  about  in  an  old 
trireme,  or  war  galley.  He  took 
his  capture  very  coolly  and 
charmed  the  rascals  by  wit  and 
good  humor  till  his  friends 
could  collect  money  for  his  ran- 
som.    As  soon  as  he  was  free, 

he  made  good  a  promise,  which  his  captors  had  taken  as  a  joke ;  and 
getting  together  some  ships,  he  captured  and  hanged  the  whole  band. 


^ 


^;^ 


Section  of  a  Trireme.      Note  how  the  Galley 
Slaves  rowed  in  Three  Rows. 


29.   Nouns  of  the  Second  Declension  end  in  -us,  -er,  -ir,  -um. 
Those  ending  in  -um  are  neuter ;  most  others  are  masculine. 


30. 


PARADIGM. 
Gallus,  a  Gaul;  Base,  Gall- 


SiNGULAR.  Case  Endings. 

Nominative  Gallus,  the  Gaul  (as  subject)  -us 

Genitive  Galli,  of  the  Gaul  -i 

Dative  Gallo,  to  or  for  the  Gaul  -0 

Accusative  '  Galium,  the  Gaul  (as  object)  -um 

Ablative  Gallo,  by,  from,  in,  or  with  the  Gaul  -6 


Plural. 

Nominative  Galli,  the  Gauls  (as  subject)  -i 

Genitive  Gallorum,  of  the  Gauls  -5rum 

Dative  Gallis,  to  or  for  the  Gauls  -is 

Accusative  Gallos,  the  Gauls  (as  object)  -6s 

Ablative  Gallis,  by,  from,  in,  or  with  the  Gauls  -is 


12  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  ending  of  the  genitive  singular  is  -i,  which  is  the 
distinguishing  ending  of  this  declension. 

(2)  that  by  dropping  this  ending  from  the  genitive  singular, 
we  obtain  the  base,  Gall-. 

The  vocative  singular  of  Second  Declension  nouns  in  -us  ends 
in  -e,  i.e.  Galle,  O  Gaul.  In  all  other  nouns  of  all  declensions, 
the  vocative  of  each  number  is  the  same  as  the  nominative  of  the 
same  number. 

31.  Masculine  adjectives  ending  in -us  are  declined  exactly  like 
Gallus.  All  the  adjectives  already  studied,  except  nostra,  have 
this  ending  in  the  masculine,  as  magnus  Gallus,  the  large  Gaul. 

32.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Garros  Gallis  damns.  —  We  give  carts  to  the  Gauls.  (2)  Galll 
ad  Hispaniam  commeant.  —  Gauls  go-often  to  Spain. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  sentence  1  carros,  the  direct  object,  is  in  the  accusa- 
tive, and  that  Gallis,  the  indirect  object,  is  in  the  dative. 

(2)  that  in  sentence  2  the  prepositional  phrase,  to  Spain,  is 
used  with  a  verb  denoting  motion  or  direction  and  is  expressed 
in  Latin  by  ad  with  the  accusative.  On  the  other  hand,  in  sen- 
tence 1  the  phrase,  to  the  Gauls,  is  used  with  the  verb  give,  con- 
veying no  idea  of  motion  or  direction,  and  is  put  in  the  dative. 

33.  H  ULE.  —  The  indirect  object  of  a  transitive  verb  is 
put  in  the  dative  case, 

34.  VOCABULARY. 

amicus,  -i,  m.,  friend.  Gallus,   -I,   m.,    Gaul,   a    native  of 
Aqultamis,  -!,  m.,  Aquitanian,  a  na-  Gallia. 

tive  of  the   southwestern  part  of  Germanus,  -i,  m.,  German. 

France.  numerus,  -i,  m.,  number. 

carrus,  -i,  m.,  cart.  Oceanus,  -i,  m.,  ocean. 

do,  dare,  give.  vicus,  -i,  m.,  village. 
ad,  prep.,  to  or  towards,  governing  ace. 


v*-^' 


OFTH 

UNIVER 

OF 


SI'TY  J 


LESSON  V. 


13 


35.   ^-^^^^^^^-^^^-^  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  in  full  with  meanings  bonus  amicus  and  proximus  numerus, 
including  the  vocative. 

(2)  Conjugate  with  meanings  in  the  present  indicative,  active  and 
sive,  the  verb  do.^ 


36.  EXERCISES. 

I.  (1)  Belgas  Gallos  appellant;  Belgae  Gall!  appellantur. 
(2)  Proximi  vici  sunt  in  provincia.  (3)  Ad  provinciam  commea- 
mus.  (4)  Garros  Gallis  datis.  (5)  Aquitani  ad  proximum 
pceanum  commeant.  (6)  Galli  proximos  amicos  armant. 
(7)  Reliqui  vIci  Gallis  dantur.  (8)  German!  magnos  v!cos  Gallis 
dant.  (9)  German!  ad  magnos  v!cos  Gallorum  commeant. 
(10)  Nostra  lingua  Aquitani  Gall!  appellantur. 

II.  (1)  The  villages  are  large.  (2)  They  ravage  the  large 
villages.  (3)  We  give  the  villages  to  the  Gauls.  (4)  The  Gauls 
often-go-to  the  villages  of  the  Germans.  (5)  The  Gauls  give  the 
trenches  to  the  Germans.  (6)  We  import  the  rest-of-the  carts  to 
our  provinces. 

1  Note  that  a  of  the  stem  of  the  verb  do  is  short,  but  is  lengthened  in  the  2d 
singular.  So  we  have  do,  das,  dat,  damus,  datis,  dant,  in  the  present  indicative 
active. 


EomaK  Wae  Galley. 


14 


CAESAR'S   FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 


LESSON  VI. 

PRESENT  INDICATIVE  ACTIVE  AND  PASSIVE  OF  THE  SECOND 
CONJUGATION. 


Political  Honors.  When  Caesar  was  only 
forty-one  years  old,  he  had  held  the  highest 
offices  in  the  Roman  government,  ending  with 
the  consulship.  Had  he  not  been  a  very  great 
man,  he  would  have  been  satisfied  with  these 
honors,  and  we  would  then  have  heard  not  even 
his  name.  However,  Caesar  realized  that  great 
renown  in  his  age  could  come  only  through  a 
'%"::.?:T\V:,VTZ  brilUantmiUtary  career,  and  so  he  scorned  an 
STANDS  Onk  of  HIS  TwELVB    aDDointment  as  governor  of  a  rich  and  tranquil 

Attendants     or      Lictors 

WITH  THE  Bundle  of  Rods    province,  where  he   might  have  become  very 

OR   Fasces   over  his   Left  -^,       ,     ,         ^      ,      ,,   . 

Shoulder.  wealthy  but  not  at  all  famous. 


37.  The  present  infinitive  of  the  Second  Conjugation  ends  in 
-ere,  therefore  the  characteristic  vowel  (the  vowel  before  -re  of 
the  present  infinitive)  is  long  e. 

PARADIGMS. 

Present  Indicative  of  the  Verb  MoveQ. 

Principal  Parts  :  moveo,  movere. 

Pre 8.  Stem  :  move-. 


Active 

Passivb. 

SINGULAR. 

ENDINGS. 

SINGULAR. 

ENDINGS. 

1.  moveo,  I  move 

-o 

1.  moveor,  I  am  moved 

-r 

2.   moves,  you  move 

-s 

2.   mov6ris  (movere),  you 
are  moved 

-ris  or  -re 

3.   movet,  he  moves 

-t 

3.   movetur,  he  is  moved 

-tur 

LESSON  VL  15 

PLURAL.  ENDINGS.  PLURAL.  ENDINGS. 

1.  movemus,  we  move      -mus  1.   movemur,  we  are  moved  -mur 

2.  movetis,  you  move       -tis  2.  mov§mini,  you  are  moved       -mini 

3.  movent,  they  move      -nt  3.   moventur,  they  are  moved      -ntur 

Obset've :  — 

(1)  that  the  personal  endings,  both  active  and  passive,  are 
exactly  the  same  as  those  of  the  First  Conjugation  verb  liberd,  and 
are  added  to  the  present  stem  mov6-  in  the  same  manner. 

(2)  that  this  stem  is  found  by  dropping  -re  of  the  present 
infinitive. 

(3)  that  e  of  the  stem  is  not  lost  before  -6  of  the  first  person,  but 
is  shortened,  as  moved. 

(4)  that  e  is  short  in  the  same  persons  and  numbers  as  a  in 
libers ;  §  16  (4),  §  23  (3). 

(5)  that  the  active  may  also  be  translated  /  am  moving,  you  are 
moving,  etc.,  and  the  passive,  lam  being  moved,  etc. 

38.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Galli,  amici  Belgarum,  sunt  in  provincia.  —  The  Gauls, 
friends  of  the  Belgians,  are  in  the  province.  (2)  Hispania,  magna 
prSvincia,  occupatur.  —  Spain,  a  large  province,  is  being  seized. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  sentence  1  amici,  an  appositive  noun,  describes 
Galli,  denotes  the  same  persons,  and  agrees  with  it  in  case  accord- 
ing to  rule  in  §  25-1. 

(2)  that  in  sentence  2  the  same  is  true  of  provincia,  denoting 
the  same  thing  as  Hispania. 

39.  VOCABULARY. 

habed,  habere,  have^  hold.  a  (ab  before  vowels  or  ^),  prep,  gov- 

moved,  movere,  wove,  disturb.  erning  abl.,  from,  away  from. 

obtineo,  obtinere,  hold.  e  (ex  before  vowels  or  ft),  prep,  gov- 

pertineo,  pertinere,  pertain,  extend.  erning  abl.,  from,  out  of. 
prohibeo,    prohibere,  prevent,    keep 
away. 


16  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

40.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

Conjugate  as  in  §  37  the  present  indicative,  active  and  passive,  of  habed, 
obtineo,  prohibeo,  writing  meanings  and  tabulating  the  personal  endings. 

41.  EXERCISES. 

I.  (1)  Habemus;  movetis;  prohibes;  pertinet;  habemiir; 
movemini;  prohiberis.  (2)  Liberaminl;  habemini;  accusamur; 
movemur;  superantur;  prohibentur.  (3)  Galli  amicl  Gerina- 
norum  appellantur.  (4)  Germanos,  amicos  Belganim,  superamus. 
(5)  Celtae  Belgas^  amicos  habent.  (6)  Reliquos  vicos  Celtarum 
obtinetis.  (7)  Proximl  vicl  a  Sequana  ad  Oceanum  pertinent. 
(8)  Galll  carros  e  proximis  vicis  movent.  (9)  Fiiga  Germanorum 
Gallos,  nostros^  amicos,  movet.  (10)  Galli  Hispaniam,  magnam 
provinciam,  obtinent. 

II.  (1)  We  hold,  you  are  held ;  we  move,  we  are  moved ;  they 
are  kept  away ;  they  are  held ;  we  are  accused ;  you  are  being 
moved  (sing.) ;  you  are  being  liberated.  (2)  The  Germans  are 
kept  away  from  Gaul.  (3)  The  Germans  have  the  Gauls  (as)^ 
friends.  (4)  Spain,  a  great  province,  extends  to  Gaul.  (5)  The 
carts  are  held  in  Spain.  (6)  The  Belgians  move  a  great  number 
of  carts  from  (out  of)^  Gaul.  (7)  The  Gauls  give  the  villages  of 
(their)  ^  friends  to  the  Germans.  (8)  You  are  kept  away  (from)^ 
the  province. 

1  Supply  as. 

2  Masc.  plu.  ace.  of  nostra. 

8  Words  enclosed  in  parentheses  are  not  to  be  translated. 


A  SiLVEE  Denakius,  a  Common  Eoman  Coin, 
WOBTH  17  Cbnts. 


LESSON  VII. 


17 


LESSON   VII. 

NEUTER  NOUNS  OF  THE  SECOND  DECLENSION.  —  AD JECTIVES 
OF  THE  FIRST  AND  SECOND  DECLENSIONS. 


Caesar  in  Gaul.  As  already  stated,  Caesar's  deter- 
mination to  carve  out  for  himself  a  great  career  led  him 
to  accept  the  governorship  of  Gaul,  where  by  eight  years 
of  the  hardest  sort  of  campaigning,  he  greatly  extended 
the  boundaries  of  Gaul  and  proved  himself  not  only  a 
very  clever  politician,  but  also  a  peerless  military  cap- 
tain. As  the  law  did  not  allow  a  general  to  enter  Rome 
while  commanding  an  army,  Caesar,  during  all  this  time, 
did  not  visit  that  city  and  was  deprived  of  all  the  social 
pleasures  and  exciting  open-air  spectacles  that  made  a 
Roman's  life  worth  living. 


Roman  Impera- 

TOK. 


42.  PARADIGM. 

Neuter  Nouns  of  the  Second  Declension. 
oppidum,  town;  Base,  oppid-. 


Singular. 

Case  Endings. 

Plural. 

Case  Endings. 

Nominative 

oppidum 

-um 

oppida 

-a 

Genitive 

oppidi 

-i 

oppidorum 

-orum 

Dative 

oppido 

-6 

oppidis 

-is 

Accusative 

oppidum 

-um 

oppida 

-a 

Ablative 

oppido 

-« 

oppidis 

-is 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  ending  -um  is  the  ending  of  all  neuter  nouns  of  the 
Second  Declension  according  to,  the  gender  rule  of  §  29. 

(2)  that  the  nominative  and  accusative  plural  end  in  short  -a, 
and  that  the  accusative  singular  has  the  same  ending  as  the  nomi- 
native singular.     This  is  true  of  neuter  nouns  of  all  declensions. 

(3)  that  all  other  case  endings  are  the  same  as  those  of  mascu- 
line nouns  of  the  Second  Declension,  §  30. 


18  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

Neuter  adjectives  of  the  Second  Declensiou  are  declined  exactly 
like  neuter  nouns  of  the  same  declension.  Observe  the  combina- 
tion magnum  oppidum,  a  great  town;  bases  magn-  oppid-. 

43.  All  the  adjectives  given  in  the  preceding  lessons  belong  to 
the  First  and  Second  Declensions ;  the  masculine  and  neuter  ad- 
jectives belonging  to  the  Second  and  the  feminine  to  the  First. 
These  forms  are  summarized  in  the  paradigm  below. 


The  Adjective  Latus,  wide. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

latus 

lata 

latum 

lati 

latae 

lata 

Gen. 

lati 

latae 

lati 

latorum 

latarum 

latorum 

Dat. 

lato 

latae 

lato 

latis 

latis 

latis 

Ace. 

latum 

latam 

latum 

latds 

latas 

lata 

Ah. 

lato 

lata 

lata 

latis 

latis 

latis 

44.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Provinciam  magnam  vastamus.  —  We  are  laying  waste  a 
great  province.  (2)  Reliquos  Belgas  incitatis.  —  You  arouse  the 
rest-of-the  Belgians.  (3)  Proxima  oppida  sunt  divisa.  —  The  near- 
est towns  are  divided. 

Observe: — 

(1)  that  the  adjective  magnam  is  in  feminine  singular  accusa- 
tive to  agree  with  provinciam  in  G.  N.  C. 

(2)  that  the  adjective  reliquos  is  masculine  plural  accusative  to 
agree  with  Belgas  in  G.  N.  C. 

(3)  that  the  adjective  proxima  is  neuter  plural  nominative  to 
agree  with  oppida  in  G.  N.  C. 

(4)  that  all  adjectives  in  these  sentences  are  attributive  except 
divisa.     Explain  its  agreement,  §  10  (2). 


LESSON   VII.  19 

45.  RULE. — Adjectives  and  participles  agree  with  their 
nouns  in  G.  N.  O. 

46.  VOCABULARY. 

Nouns.  Adjectives. 

bellum,  -i,  n,,  war.  bonus,  -a,  -um,  good. 

institutum,  -i,  n.,  custom.  magnus,  -a,  -um,  greats  large. 

oppidum,  -i,  n.,  town.  multi,  -ae,  -a  (plu.),  many. 

periculum,  -i,  n.,  perils  danger.  proximus,  -a,  -um,  nearest. 

regnum,  -i,  n.,  royal  power.  reliquus,  -a,  -um,  remaining,  the-rest-of. 

responsum,  -i,  n.,  response. 

47.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

Decline  together,  naming  cases :  magnum  bellum,  periculum  proximum, 
bonum  responsum. 

48.  EXERCISES. 

I.  (1)  In  nostra  provincia  sunt  magna  oppida.  (2)  Bella  Gal- 
lorum  multa  pericula  habent.  (3)  Instituta  Germanorum  Gallia  ^ 
prohibentur.  (4)  Celtae  regnum  obtineut.  (5)  German!  multa 
responsa  Belgis  dant.  (6)  German!  reliquos  Belgas  multls  v!c!s 
prohibent.  (7)  German!  reliqu!  Belgas  in  multls  vic!s  habent. 
(8)  Multa  bella  proximas  provincias  vastant.  (9)  Proxima  bella 
multas  provincias  incitant.  (10)  Reliquae  provinciae  multa  op- 
pida habent. 

II.  (1)  The  Gauls  keep  away  danger  (from)  the  towns. 
(2)  The  Germans  have  many  friends  in  the  villages.  (3)  The 
Germans  have  friends  in  many  villages.  (4)  Many  carts  are  im- 
ported into  Gaul.  (5)  The  Belgians  import  many  carts  into 
Gaul.  (6)  The  Gauls  hold  the  royal  power  in  the  nearest  prov- 
inces.    (7)  The  nearest  towns  are  divided. 

1  Prohibeo  in  Caesar  is  regularly  followed  by  the  ablative  without  a  preposition. 


20 


CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


LESSON   VIII. 
THIRD  DECLENSION  OF  NOUNS:    CONSONANT  STEMS. 


Caesar,  Dictator.  Controlled  by  Caesar's  enemies,  the  Roman 
senate  not  only  refused  him  a  hard-earned 
triumphal  celebration,  but  voted  to  de- 
prive him  of  the  office  in  which  he  had  so 
well  served  his  country.  With  his  loyal 
army  of  Gallic  veterans,  Caesar  marclied 
to  Rome,  where  he  was  elected  dictator. 
No  massacres  marred  Caesar's  triumph, 
which  resulted  in  the  best  government 
Rome  ever  had.  His  plans  for  the  happi- 
ness of  his  country  were  cut  off  by  his  assassination  at  the  hands  of  men 
who  owed  to  their  noble  victim  their  honors  and  lives. 


Roman  Triumphal  Cab. 


49.  In  the  Third  Declension  there  are  two  classes  of  nouns : 
(1)  those  whose  stems  ^  end  in  a  consonant,  and  (2)  those  whose 
stems  end  in  the  vowel  i. 


50. 

PARADIGMS. 

First  Class. 

—  Consonant  Stems. 

lex,  f., 

virtus,  f., 

mercator,  m. 

,         flumen,  n., 

law 

bravei'y 

trader 

river 

Stem 

OR 

leg- 

virtut- 

mercator- 

flumin- 

Base: 

SlNGDLAB. 

Casb  Endings. 

Nom. 

lex  (= 

legs) 

virtus  (=virtuts)   mercator 

M,    F.         N. 

flumen          _         _ 

Gen. 

Iggis 

virtutis 

mercatoris 

fluminis        -is       -is 

Dat. 

legi 

virtuti 

mercatori 

flumini          -i         -i 

Ace. 

legem 

virtutem 

mercatorem 

flumen          -em    — 

Abl 

lege 

virtute 

mercatore 

flumine         -e       -e 

1  The  stem  of  a  noun  may  differ  from  the  base  in  the  addition  of  a  vowel, 
which  is  often  dropped  before  the  case  ending;  e.g.  Gallus,  base  Gall-,  stem 
Gallo,  genitive  singular  Galli. 


LESSON   VIIL 

2 

Plural. 

Nom. 

leges 

virtutes 

mercatOres 

fltimina 

-es      -a 

Gen. 

legum 

virtutum 

mercatorum 

fluminum 

-um    -um 

Dat. 

legibus 

virtutibus 

mercatoribus 

fluminibus 

ibus  -ibus 

Ace. 

leges 

virtutes 

mercatores 

flumina 

-es      -a 

Abl. 

legibus 

virtutibus 

mercatoribus 

fluminibus 

-ibus  -ibus 

21 


Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  genitive  singular  of  all  these  nouns  ends  in  -is,  the 
distinguishing  ending  of  this  declension. 

(2)  that  the  base  (in  nouns  of  this  class  the  same  as  the  stem) 
is  found  by  dropping  this  ending  -is  from  the  genitive  singular. 

(3)  that  as  the  nominative  singular  is  often  unlike  the  stem, 
it  is  necessary  in  nouns  of  this  declension  to  memorize  the  geni- 
tive singular  as  well  as  the  nominative  singular. 

(4)  that  the  nominative  and  accusative  plural  of  the  neuter 
noun  fliimen  ends  in  -a,  while  the  accusative  singular  is  the  same 
as  the  nominative  singular  like  neuter  nouns  of  the  Second  De- 
clension.    Compare  oppidum,  §  42. 

51.  VOCABULARY. 

consul,   c5nsulis,  m.,  consul,  one  of      lex,  legis,  f.,  law. 

the  two  chief  magistrates  of  Rome.        mercator,  mercatoris,  m.,  trader. 
fliimen,  fluminis,  n.,  river.  nobilitas,  nobilitatis,  f.,  nobility. 

humanitas,  humanitatis,f.,re^nemen<.       virtiis,  virtiitis,  f.,  bravery,  virtue. 
cum,  prep,  governing  abl.,  with,  in  company  with. 

52.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

Decline  together,  underscoring  endings :  magnus  Belga,  consul  bonus, 
reliqua  nobilitas  (sing,  only),  proximum  fliimen  (plu.  only). 

53.  EXERCISES. 

I.  (1)  Mercatores  ad  Gallos  commeant.  (2)  Nobilitas  Galliae 
instituta  bona  habet.  (3)  Humanitas  et  virtus  consulmn  mag- 
nae  appellantur.  (4)  Consules  Hispania  prohibentur.  (5)  Belgae 
ad  Sequanam,  magnum  flumen,  pertinent.     (6)  Mercatores  mul- 


22 


CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


tos  carros  ad  Belgas  important.     (7)  Consules  bonas  leges  Belgis 
dant.     (8)  Celtae  sunt  cum  mercatoribus  in  vicis. 

II.  (1)  The  consuls  give  many  laws  to  the  Germans.  (2)  The 
traders  go-often  with  the-rest-of  the  Gauls  to  the  great  rivers. 
(3)  The  river  Seine  extends  to  the  nearest  province.  (4)  Many 
carts  are  imported  to  the  large  villages.  (5)  The  bravery  of  the 
consuls  keeps  the  Germans  away  (from)  the  nearest  towns. 

LESSON   IX. 

PRESENT  INDICATIVE,  ACTIVE  AND  PASSIVE,  OF  THE  THIRD 
CONJUGATION. 


'J^^ 


A  Bit  of  Swiss  Scenery. 


The  Ancient  Swiss.  Caesar's  first  campaign  was  against  the  Swiss, 
whom  the  Romans  called  Helvetii.  We  all  know  the  sort  of  country 
Switzerland  is  —  three-fourths  of  its  surface  mountains  and  glaciers,  not 
one  acre  in  six  fit  for  ploughing  and  planting.  Small  wonder  that  these 
brave  Swiss  determined  to  take  away  from  their  weaker  neighbors,  the 
Gauls,  the  green  and  fertile  fields  of  "  the  pleasant  land  of  France." 


LESSON  IX. 


23 


54.  The  present  infinitive  of  the  Third  Conjugation  ends  in  -ere ; 
therefore  the  characteristic  vowel  (vowel  before  -re  of  the  present 
infinitive)  is  short  e. 

The  verbs  studied  may  be  grouped  as  follows :  — 


!^ONJ. 

Pres.  Indic. 

Pres.  Infix. 

Pres.  Stem. 

Char.  Vowel. 

I. 

libero 

liberare 

libera 

a 

II. 

moveo 

movere 

move 

e 

III. 

divide 

dividere 

divide 

e  (variable) 

55.  PARADIGMS. 

Present  Indicative  of  the  Verb  Divido. 
Prin.  Parts  :  divido,  dividere. 
divide-. 


Stem 


Active, 
singular. 

1.  divido,  I  divide. 

2.  dividls,  you  divide. 

3.  dividit,  he  divides. 


1.  dividimus,  we  divide. 

2.  dividitis,  you  divide. 

3.  dividunt,  they  divide. 


Passive. 


ENDINGS. 

ENMNGS. 

-6 

1. 

dividor,  I  am  divided. 

-r 

-S 

2. 

divideris  (re),  you  are 

-ris  (-re) 

-t 

divided. 

3. 

dividitur,  he  is    di- 
vided. 

-tur 

-mus 

1. 

dlvidimur,     we    are 

-mur 

-tis 

divided. 

-nt 

2. 

dividimini,   you   are 
divided. 

-mini 

3. 

dividuntur,  they  are 
divided. 

-ntur 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  personal  endings,  both  active  and  passive,  are  the 
same  as  in  the  First  and  Second  Conjugations. 

(2)  that  the  short  e  of  the  stem  appears  only  in  the  second 
singular  passive. 

(3)  that  in  the  first  singular,  active  and  passive,  the  character- 
istic vowel  of  the  stem  is  lost  before  -6  and  -or  as  in  the  First  Con- 
jugation. 

(4)  that  in  other  forms  it  becomes  i  or  u. 


24  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

56.  The  adjective  noster,  nostra,  nostrum,  our,  differs  from  other 
adjectives  of  the  First  and  Second  Declensions  only  in  the  nomi- 
native singular  masculine.  It  accordingly  has  as  genitive  singular 
forms  nostri,  nostrae,  nostri,  having  as  its  base  nostr-. 


57.  VOCABULARY. 

contends,  contendere,  contend,  Jight,  duco,  ducere,  lead,  draw. 

hasten.  gero,  gerere,  carry  on  or  wage. 

divido,  dividere,  divide,  separate.  incolo,  incolere,  inhabit,  dwell  in. 

inter,  prep,  governing  ace,  between,  among. 


58.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Present  indicative,  active  and  passive,  of  duco  and  gero. 

(2)  Decline  noster  in  full  in  all  genders. 


59.  EXERCISES. 

I.  (1)  Ducitis,  ducimini ;  dividimus,  dividimur ;  incolunt,  inco- 
luntur;  ducis,  duceris ;  liberamur;  habemur;  ducimur;  dant;  pro- 
hibent ;  gerunt.  (2)  Belgae  nostra  oppida  incolunt,  (3)  Celtae 
ab  Aquitanis  flumine  dividuntur.  (4)  Consules  multa  bella  cum 
Gallis  gerunt.  (5)  Mercatores  ad  Sequanam  flumen  ducitis. 
(6)  Virtus  Germanorum  nostros  consules  movet.  (7)  Bellum 
cum  magno  numero  Gallorum  geritur. 

II.  (1)  We  lead,  v^e  are  being  led;  you  divide,  you  are 
divided;  they  inhabit;  you  (sing.)  fight;  it  is  inhabited;  they 
are  being  divided.  (2)  A  large  river  divides  our  provinces  from 
the  Gauls.  (3)  Our  consuls  carry  on  many  wars  with  the 
nobility  of  the  divided  Belgians.  (4)  The  nearest  towns  ex- 
tend to  the  large  rivers.  (5)  The  traders  are  led  to  the  nearest 
rivers.  (6)  The  Germans  fight  with  the  Gauls  between  the 
rivers  and  the  villages. 


LESSON  X. 


25 


LESSON  X. 

THIRD  DECLENSION  J-STEMS,  NOUNS  AND  ADJECTIVES. 

A  Great  Emigration.  In  search  of  other  and  better  homes,  the 
Swiss  started  westward,  368,000  strong,  driving  before  them  their  cattle 
and  carrying  with  them  their  wives  and  children  loaded  in  big  wagons, 
which  must  have  looked  something  like  the  "prairie  schooners"  once  to 
be  seen  on  our  Western  plains.  The  story  of  this  great  emigration  and 
of  the  plucky  fight  put  up  by  these  ancient  Swiss  in  their  eifort  to  escape 
from  the  rough,  icebound  fastnesses  of  Switzerland,  we  shall  be  prepared 
to  begin  in  Lesson  XL 

60.  The  sterns^  of  the  second  class  of  the  Third  Declension 
nouns  end  in  -i.  Such  nouns  have  (1)  nominatives  ending  in  -is 
and  -es,  as  finis,  end,  and  no  more  syllables  in  the  genitive  than  in 
the  nominative;  (2)  nominatives  ending  in  -ns  and  -rs,  as  cliens, 
dependent;  (3)  neuter  nominatives  ending  in  -e,  -al,  and  -ar,  as 
vectigal,  (ax  ;  (4)  nominatives  that  are  monosyllables  ending  in  an 
-s  or  -X  preceded  by  a  consonant,  as  pars,  part. 


PARADIGMS. 

pars,  f . ,  part 

finis,  m.,  end, 

territories  (in  plu.) 

Base  : 

part- 

fin- 

Stem: 

parti- 

Singular. 

fini- 

Case  Endings, 

Nominative 

pars 

finis 

— 

Genitive 

partis 

finis 

-is 

Dative 

parti 

fini 

-i 

Accusative 

partem 

finem 

-em 

Ablative 

parte 

Plural. 

fine  or  fini 

-e  (-i) 

Nominative 

partes 

fines 

-es 

Genitive 

partium 

finium 

-turn 

Dative 

partibus 

finibus 

-ibus 

Accusative 

partes  (-is) 

fines  (-is) 

-es  (-is) 

Ablative 

partibus 

finibus 

-ibus 

1  See  footnote,  page  20. 


26 


CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


Observe :  — 

(1)  that,  unlike  consonant  stems,  nouns  of  this  second  class  do 
not  have  the  base  and  stem  the  same. 

(2)  that  the  genitive  plural  ends  in  -ium  and  accusative  plural 
in  -is  as  well  as  in  -es. 

(3)  that  the  ablative  singular  sometimes  ends  in  -i. 

61.  Most  adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension  have  the  masculine 
and  feminine  alike,  but  have  distinct  forms  in  the  neuter  nomina- 
tive and  accusative,  as  may  be  observed  in  the  paradigms  below. 
Such  adjectives  are  known  as  Adjectives  of  Two  Terminations, 
and  have  i-stems. 


PARADIGM. 

M.  and  f.  omnis, 

n. 

omne,  all. 

Base: 

omn- 

Stem: 

omni- 

SlNGULAR. 

Plural. 

M.  r. 

N. 

M.  F. 

N. 

Nominative 

omnis 

omne 

omnes 

omnia 

Genitive 

omnis 

omnis 

omnium 

omnium 

Dative 

omni 

omni 

omnibus 

omnibus 

Accusative 

omnem             omne 

omnes,  omnis 

omnia 

Ablative 

omni 

omni 

omnibus 

omnibus 

Note  the  ablative  singular  ending  in  -i  and  neuter  nominative  and  accusa- 
tive plural  ending  in  -ia. 


62. 


VOCABULARY. 


alius,  alia,  aliud,  other. 

fortis,  -e,  brave. 

nobilis,  -e,  noble,  well-known. 

omnis,  -e,  all. 

tres,  tria,  three. 

unus,  -a,  -um,  one. 


animus,  -i,  m.,  mind,  spirit. 
finis,  finis,  m.,  end  (in  sing.), 

territories  (in  plu.). 
mons,  montis,  m.,  mountain,  hill. 
pars,  partis,  f .,  part. 
efEemino,  effeminare,  weaken. 
et,  coordinate  conj.,  a7id. 
de,  prep,  governing  abl.,  from,  down  from,  about,  concerning. 

The  adjectives  alius  and  iinus  are  somewhat  irregular  in  declension,  but 
the  forms  occurring  in  the  exercises  present  no  diflQculties, 


FIRST  REVIEW. 


27 


63. 


WRITTEN  WORK. 


(1)  Decline  together :  finis  n5bilis,  fortis  animus. 

(2)  Decline  tres  in  full  like  the  plural  of  omnis. 

64.  EXERCISES. 

I.  (1)  Galli  tres  vicos  et  omDia  oppida  obtinent.  (2)  Merca- 
tores  animos  omnis  nobilitatis  effeminant.  (3)  Gallia  est  omnis 
divTsa  in  partes  tres.  (4)  Belgae  tinam  partem  incolunt. 
(5)  Aquitani  aliam  partem  Galliae  incolunt.  (6)  Fltimen  de  mon- 
tibus  ad  Oceanum  pertinet.  (7)  Celtae  tertiam  partem  finium 
incolunt.     (8)   Multa  bella  in  omnibus  nostris  finibus  geruntur. 

II.  (1)  Our  territories  extend  between  the  mountains  and  the 
rivers.  (2)  The  town  is  divided  into  many  parts.  (3)  We 
inhabit  three  parts  of  Gaul.  (4)  (In)  our  language  the  river  is 
called  the  Seine.  (5)  All  the  traders  weaken  the  spirits  of  the 
brave  Belgians. 

FIRST   REVIEW. 

WRITTEN   WORK. 

I.  (a)  List  in  a  column  on  the  left  margin  of  a  sheet  of  paper 
the  Latin  nouns  from  which  the  following  English  words  are 
wholly  or  partly  derived:  amicable,  belligerent,  cause,  consular, 
finish,  flume,  fossil,  fugitive,  institution,  legal,  linguist,  magnani- 
mous, mercatorial,  mountain,  nobility,  numerical,  partial,  perilous, 
provincial,  reign,  response,  virtue. 

(6)  Index  the  Latin  nouns  thus  obtained  in  seven  vertical 
columns  as  follows,  indicating  the  stem  of  the  Third  Declension 
nouns  by  c  or  i  (see  §  49)  above  the  number  3 :  — 


NoM.  Sing. 

Gen.  Sing. 

Gender  Dec. 

NoM.  Plu. 

Gen.  Plu.    Meaning. 

carrus 

carri 

M.         2 

carri 

carrorum        cart 

oppidum 

oppidi 

N.          2 

oppida 

oppidoruin      town 

virtus 

virtutis 

F.         3c 

virtutes 

virtutum         bravery 
(plu.  acts  of 
bravery) 

28  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

II.  (a)  List  in  a  column  the  Latin  adjectives  from  which  the 
following  English  words  are  wholly  or  partly  derived :  bonus, 
fortitude,  latitude,  longitude,  magnitude,  nobility,  nostrum,  omni- 
bus, proximity,  relic. 

(6)  Index  the  Latin  adjectives  thus  obtained  in  the  following 

manner : 

) 

NoM.  Sing.  Gen.  Sing.         Nom.  Plu.  Gen.  Plu.         Meaning. 

raagnus,  -a,  um     magni,  -ae,  -I     magnl,  -ae,  -a      magnorum,  great, 

-arum,  -oruni  large. 

fortis,  -e  fortis,  -is  fortes,  -ia  i'ortium,  brave, 

-ium  strong. 

tertius,  -a,  -um     tertii,  -ae,  -i       not  found  in  third. 

plural.     Why  ? 

III.  (a)  List  in  a  column  the  Latin  verbs  from  which  the  fol- 
lowing English  words  are  wholly  or  partly  derived :  accusation, 
appellation,  army,  belligerent,  contention,  devastation,  division, 
effeminacy,  essence,  habit,  incitement,  inducement,  spectator, 
(in)superable,  liberty,  movable,  obtain,  occupation,  pertinacious, 
prohibition. 

(b)  Index  the  verbs  thus  obtained  as  follows : 


Pres.  Indicative. 

Pres.  Infinitive. 

Stem. 

Con  J. 

Meaning. 

incolo 

incolere 
RAPID  ORAL 

incole- 
DRILL. 

3 

inhabit 

IV.  Make  any  intelligible  combination  of  Latin  adjectives  ob- 
tained in  the  second  list  with  Latin  nouns  in  the  first  list,  taking 
care  to  make  a  proper  G.N. C.  agreement  and  to  use  the  same 
noun  but  once.  If  time  permits,  this  drill  may  be  profitably  ex- 
tended by  giving  the  genitive  singular  and  the  nominative  plural 
of  each  of  these  combinations. 

V.  Translate  into  Latin,  using  appropriate  prepositions  :  away 
from  the  town,  out  of  the  town,  down  from  the  town,  in  the  town, 
to  the  town,  into  the  town ;  among  the  Celts,  with  the  Celts. 


LESSON   XI. 


29 


VI.  Give  short  original  English  sentences  to  illustrate  each  of 
the  following  constructions :  predicate  noun,  predicate  adjective, 
direct  object,  indirect  object,  genitive  case,  appositive  (1)  of  sub- 
ject, (2)  of  direct  object,  (3)  of  indirect  object. 

MEMORY  WORK. 

VII.  Review  all  verb  paradigms  by  giving  the  corresponding 
active  and  passive  together,  as  libero,  liberor,  liberas,  liberaris. 

VIII.  Review  the  gender  rules  of  the  First  and  Second  Declen- 
sions. 


LESSON   XI. 

DECLENSION  OF  THE   DEMONSTRATIVE   fl^ZC.  —  ABLATIVE  OF 

SEPARATION. 


65.    Tlie  divisions  of  Gaul. 

Gallia  est  omnis  divisa  in  partes 
tres ;  quarum^  tinam  incolunt  Bel- 
gae,  aliam  Aquitani,  tertiam  qui^ 
ipsorum^  lingua  Celtae,  nostra^ 
Galli  appellantur. 


The  Three  Parts  of  Gaul. 


1  quarum,  fem.  plu.  gen.  of  the  relative  pronoun,  of  which,    qui,  masc.  plu. 
nom.  of  ss.me,  who ;  supply  antecedent  those. 

2  ipsorum,  masc.  plu.  gen.  of  pronoun  ipse,  of  themselves^  their  own. 
*  nostrS  agrees  in  G.  N.  C.  with  what  word  understood  ? 

4 


30  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


66. 

PARADIGM 

The  Demonstrative  Hie, 

this. 

Singular 

. 

Plural. 

M. 

p 

N. 

M. 

p. 

N. 

Nom. 

hie 

haec 

hoc 

hi 

hae 

haec 

Gen. 

huius 

huius 

huius 

hOrum 

harum 

horum 

Dat. 

huic 

huic 

huic 

his 

his 

his 

Ace. 

hunc 

hanc 

hoc 

hOs 

has 

haec 

Abl. 

h5c 

hac 

hoc 

his 

his 

his 

67.  MODEL   SENTENCES. 

(1)  Hi  omn6s  oppido  mercatores  prohibent.  —  All  these  keep  the 
traders  away  from  the  town.  (2)  Haec  flumina  Gallos  a  provincia 
dividuiit. —  These  rivers  separate  the  Gauls  from  the  province. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  sentence  1  Hi  is  used  as  a  demonstrative  pronoun 
and  is  the  subject  of  prohibent. 

(2)  that  in  sentence  2  haec  is  used  as  a  demonstrative  adjective, 
agreeing  in  G.  N.  C.  with  flumina  according  to  the  rule  already 
given :  adjectives  and  participles  agree  with  their  nouns  in 
G.  N.  C. 

(3)  that  the  verbs  in  these  sentences  denote  separation,  and 
that  oppido  and  provincia,  the  things  from  which  there  is  sepa- 
ration, are  put  in  the  ablative,  the  latter  with  and  the  former 
without  a  preposition. 

68.  RULE.  —  Words  signifying  separation  or  privation  are 
followed  hy  the  ablative  with  or  without  the  prepositions  ab,  de, 

or  enc» 


Garumna,  -ae,  m., 
the  Garonne, 

Matrona,  -ae,  m., 
the  Marne, 


VOCABULARY. 

se,   ace.   plu.   of  the  reflexive  pro- 

.  rivers  in  Gaul.  ^^^^'  meaning  themselves. 

differO,  differre,  differ. 


LESSON   XII.  31 

70.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Put  hie  in  agreement  with  each  of  the  following  nouns:  virtus, 
oppidum,  consul. 

(2)  Decline  together  each  combination  thus  formed. 

71.  EXERCISES. 

I.  (1)  Haec  flumina  Aquitanos  a  montibus  dividunt.  (2)  Hi 
Belgae  legibus  inter  se  differunt.  (3)  Garumna  fiumen  Gallos 
ab  AquTtanis  dividit.  (4)  Nostri  fines  his  montibus  ab  Oceano 
dividuntur.  (5)  Reliqui  Galli  huius  provinciae  institutis  inter 
se  differunt.  (6)  Tres  partes  nostrorum  finium  incoluu- 
tur.  (7)  Nostri  consules  hos  mercatores  provinciis  prohibent. 
(8)  Lingua  German!  inter  se  differunt. 

IT.  (1)  Many  rivers  separate  the  Germans  from  all  these  terri- 
tories.    (2)  These  mountains  are  between  the  river  and  the  town. 

(3)  The  brave  nobility  of  the  Gauls  fights  with  these  Germans. 

(4)  The  spirits  of  all  the  Gauls  are  weakened  (by)  these  laws. 

(5)  The  brave  Celts  are  being  led  to  these  large  towns.     (6)  The 
consuls  are  giving  three  parts  of  these  territories  to  the  Gauls. 

LESSON   XII. 

DECLENSION  OF  THE  DEMONSTRATIVE  IS  —THE  POSSESSIVE 

GENITIVE. 

72.  The  nations  of  Gaul. 

(1)  Gallia  est  omnis  divisa  in  partes  tres,  quarum  unam  in- 
colunt  Belgae,  aliam  AquitanI,  tertiam  ipsorum  lingua  Celtae, 
nostra  Galli  appellantur.  Hi  omnSs  lingua,  institutis,  legibus 
inter  se  differunt. 

73.  Like  the  demonstrative  hie,  is  may  be  used  both  as  a 
demonstrative  adjective  and  as  a  demonstrative  pronoun,  meaning 
this  or  that  in  the  singular,  and  these  or  those  in  the  plural.  As 
the  Latin  language  has  no  third  personal  pronoun,  is  supplies 
this  want,  meaning  he,  she,  it,  or  they,  according  to  its  form. 


32 


CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


74. 

PARADIGM. 

The  Demonstrative  Is. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

is 

ea 

id 

ei,  ii 

eae 

ea 

Gen. 

eius 

eius 

eius 

eorum 

earum 

eorum 

Dat. 

ei 

ei 

ei 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

Ace. 

eum 

earn 

id 

eos 

eas 

ea 

Abl. 

eo 

ea 

eo 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

Compare  the  endings  of  is  with  those  of  magnus  and  hie. 

75.  MODEL   SENTENCES. 

(1)  Mercatores  ea  in  oppida  Belgarum  important.  —  The  traders 
import  these  things  to  the  toivns  of  the  Belgians.  (2)  Id  flumen  fines 
Gallorum  dividit.  —  That  river  separates  the  territories  of  the  Gauls. 
(3)  Consul  earn  liberat.  —  Tlie  consul  frees  her. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  sentence  1  ea  is  used  as  a  demonstrative  pronoun 
and  is  the  direct  object  of  important. 

(2)  that  in  sentence  2  id  is  used  as  a  demonstrative  adjective, 
agreeing  in  G.  N.  C.  with  fliimen. 

(3)  that  in  sentence  3  earn  is  used  as  a  personal  pronoun  and 
is  the  direct  object  of  the  verb  liberat. 

(4)  that  in  sentences  1  and  2  the  nouns  Belgarum  and  Gallorum 
are  in  the  genitive  case  and  denote  the  persons  to  whom  oppida 
and  fin6s  belong. 

76.  R  TILE.  —  The  possessive  genitive  denotes  the  person  to 
whom  or  thing  to  which  something  belongs. 

77.  VOCABULARY. 

cultus,  m.  (a  noun  of  the  fourth  de-      fortis 


clension),  civilization.,  abl.  cultti. 
absum,  abesse  (compound  of  prep, 
ab  and  verb  sum),  to  he  away.,  to 
he  distant. 


hrave  ;  superlative  fortissi- 
mus,  -a,  -um,  bravest  (declined  like 
latus). 
longe,  adv.  (from  adj.  longus) , /ar ; 
superlative  longissime,  farthest^ 
very  far. 


LESSON  XIL  33 

minime,    adv.,    superlative    degree,      atque,  coordinate  conjunction,  and, 

least;  minime  saepe,  very  seldom.  and  also. 

saepe,  adv.,  often.  -que,!  a  coordinate  conjunction,  and. 

78.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Put  the  demonstrative  pronoun  is  in  agreement  with  each  of  the 
following  nouns  :  lex,  flumen,  mercator. 

(2)  Decline  together  each  combination  thus  formed,  giving  double 
forms  of  the  demonstrative  when  such  occur. 

(3)  Decline  fortissimus,  -a,  -um,  by  endings  only,  writing  out  the 
entire  nominative  singular. 

79.  EXERCISES. 

I.  (1)  Fortissiml  Belgarum  a  flnibus  eorura  Aquitanorum 
longissime  absuiit.  (2)  Mercatores  ad  ea  oppida  Gallorum  saepe 
comraeant.  (3)  Carrl  in  eas  provincias  minime  sa^pe  importan- 
tur.  (4)  AquitanI  Germanlque  sunt  fortissiml  horum  omnium 
minimeque  saepe  ad  flumina  commeant.  (5)  El  GermanI  a  cultu 
atque  humanitate  eorum  oppidorum  longissime  absunt.  (6)  Con- 
sules  cum  els  Germanis  saepe  contendunt.  (7)  Oppida  eorum 
mercatoribus  dantur.  (8)  Consul  eos  accusat.  (9)  Leges  els 
damns.     (10)  Mercatores  ad  eos  dticuntur. 

IT.  (1)  All  the  consuls  often  give  laws  to  those  villages  of  the 
Celts.  (2)  These  rivers  divide  the  bravest  (masc.  plu.)  of  them 
from  the  Germans.  (3)  The  trader's  friend  arms  him.  (4)  You 
give  him  a  brave  spirit.  (5)  We  lead  her  to  that  town.  (6)  He 
divides  it  among  the  traders, 

1  Que  is  called  an  enclitic  because  it  never  stands  alone,  but  is  used  as  a  suffix 
of  the  word  before  which  it  is  translated,  e.g.,  minimeque,  and  least. 


A  Gold  Denarius  worth  $4 


84 


CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


LESSON   XIIL 


THE  RELATIVE  PRONOUN. 


80.    The  Belgians  characterized. 

Horum  omnium  fortissimi  sunt  Belgae,  propterea  quod  ^  a  cultu 
atque  htimanitate  provinciae  longissime  absunt,  minimeque  ad  eos 
mercatores  2  saepe  commeant^ 


81. 


PARADIGMS. 

The  Relative  Qui. 
Singular. 


Plural. 


M.                    F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

qui            quae 

quod 

qui 

quae 

quae 

Gen. 

cuius        cuius 

cuius 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 

Bat. 

cui            cui 

cui 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Ace. 

quem        quam 

quod 

quos 

quas 

quae 

Abl, 

quo           qua 

quo 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Meanings  of 

THE   Relative   Pronoun. 

Nominative 

who,  which, 

that. 

Genitive 

whose. 

of  whom,  of  which. 

Dative 

to  or  for  wh 

om,  which. 

Accusative 

whom, 

which,  that. 

Ablative 

by,  from,  in 

,  with  whom,  which. 

Qui,  though  masculine,  may  be  translated  by  either  who  or  which, 
e.g.  cdnsul  qui,  the  consul  who;  mons  qui,  the  mountain  which.  The 
same  is  true  of  the  feminine  quae. 


82. 


MODEL   SENTENCES. 


(1)  Gallia  quam  incolimus  in  partes  tres  divisa  est.  —  Gaul 
which  we  inhabit  is  divided  into  three  parts.  (2)  Celtae  quos  accu- 
samus  Galliam  incolunt.  —  The  Celts  whom  we  blame  inhabit  Oaul. 

1  Propterea  quod,  a  combination  usually  translated  because,  formed  of  propterea, 
adv.,  on  this  account,  and  quod,  subordinate  conj.,  because. 
^  Mercatores  is  nominative.- 


LESSON  xm.  a5 

(3)  German!,  quibuscum*  Belgae  bellum  gerunt,  sunt  fortes. — 
The  Germans,  with  whom  the  Belgians  carry  on  war,  are  brave. 

(4)  Is  qui  est  consul  acousatur.  —  He  (i.e.  any  one)  who  is  consul 
is  blamed. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  each  sentence  the  relative  pronoun  is  in  the  same 
gender  and  number  as  its  antecedent. 

(2)  that  in  each  sentence  the  case  of  the  relative  pronoun  differs 
from  that  of  the  antecedent,  if  the  construction  of  the  subordinate 
clause  requires  it. 

(3)  that  in  sentence  4  Is,  the  antecedent  of  the  relative  pronoun, 
does  not  refer  to  any  particular  person,  but  means  the  man,  he, 
or  07ie,  a  usage  of  very  common  occurrence  in  Latin. 

83.  RULE.  — A  relative  pronoun  agrees  with  its  antecedent 
in  gender  and  number.^  but  its  case  depends  upon  its  construc- 
tion in  the  clause  in  which  it  stands. 

84.  VOCABULARY. 

Helvetius,  -i,  m.,  Swiss,  Helvetian.         continenter,  adv.,  continually,  con- 

Rhenus,  -i,  m.,  the  Rhine.  stantly. 

Rhodanus,  -i,  m.,  the  Rhone.  non,  adv.,  not. 

Sequanus,  -i,  in.,  Sequanian,  one  of     quoque,  conj.,  also  (placed  after  em- 

the  Sequani.  phatic  word). 

trans,  prep,  governing  the  accusative,  across. 

85.  EXERCISES. 

I.  (1)  Mercatores  ad  eos  Belgas  ea,  quae  animos  effeminant, 
important.  (2)  German!,  quibuscum  bellum  continenter  geritur, 
sunt  proxim!  eis  Belg!s.  (3)  Hi  German!,  quibuscum  Belgae 
multa  bella  gerunt,  trans  Rhenum  incolunt.  (4)  Animi  reliquo- 
rum  Gallorum,  ad  quos  mercatores  ea  important,  effeminantur. 

(5)  German!  Belgaeque  hos  mercatores  prohibent,  qui  ea  impor- 

1  The  preposition  cum  is  enclitic  with  the  relative,  reflexive,  interrogative,  and 
personal  pronouns. 


36 


CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


tant.     (6)  Helvetii  quoque  a  cultu  et  htimanitate  longe  absunt. 

(7)  Rhodanus,    trans   quern    Helvetii    incolunt,   longe    pertinet. 

(8)  Id  fliimen  ad  vicos  pertinet,  quos  fortissimi  German!  incolunt. 

(9)  German!  ea  prohibent,  quibus  animi  effeminantur. 

(In  sentences  5,  8,  and  9,  the  antecedents  are  separated  by  one  or  more 
words  from  the  relative  pronouns,  an  arrangement  not  permitted  in  English, 
which  lacks  distinct  G.  N.  C.  forms  of  the  relative.) 

(In  the  sentences  below  place  each  verb,  except  sum,  at  the  end  of  its  own 
clause  and  determine  the  G.  N.  C.  of  each  relative  before  translating.) 

II.  (1)  The  Gauls,  whose  towns  the  Germans  hold,  are  nearest 
to  the  Belgians.  (2)  The  Helvetians  hold  these  large  towns, 
which  are  across  the.  Rhone.  (3)  (From)  all  these  towns  are 
kept  away  all  those  (things)  that  the  trader  imports  from  (i.e.  out 
of)  Gaul.  (4)  The  Sequanians,  to  whom  the  Helvetians  give 
customs  and  laws,  are  far  away  from  the  Aquitanians.  (5)  The 
wars,  which  we  carry  on,  are  waged  with  these  Gauls. 

LESSON   XIV. 


SECOND  DECLENSION  NOUNS  IN  lUS  AND  J tTilf.  — ABLATIVE 
OF  ACCOMPANIMENT. 


86.   Hostile  peoples. 


A  Gaul. 


Gallos  ab  Aquitanis  Garumna  flu  men,  a 
Belgis  Matrona  et  Sequana  dividit.  Ho- 
rum  omnium  fortissimi  sunt  Belgae,  prop- 
terea  quod  a  cultu  atque  htimanitate  pro- 
vinciae  longissime  absunt,  minimeque  ad 
eos  mercatores  saepe  com  meant  atque  ea, 
quae  ad  effeminandos  animos^  pertinent,  im- 
portant; proximique  sunt  Germanis,  qui 
trans  Ehenum  incolunt,  quibuscum  conti- 
nenter  bellum  gerunt. 


1  Ad  effeminandos  animos  (known  as  a  gerundive  construction)  is  best  trans- 
lated to  weaken  their  spirits  or  courage. 


LESSON  XIV. 


37 


87.  PARADIGMS. 

Helvetius,  a  Swiss;  Base,  Helve ti-.  proelium,  battle;  Base,  proeli- 


Singular. 

Nominative 

Helvetius 

proelium 

Genitive 

Helve'ti  (Helvetil) 

proeli  (proelii) 

Dative 

Helvetia 

proelio 

Accusative 

Helvetium 

proelium 

Ablative 

Helvetia 

Plural. 

proelid 

Nominative 

Helvetii 

proelia 

Genitive 

Helvetiorum 

proeliorum 

Dative 

Helvetiis 

proeliis 

Accusative 

Helvetios 

proelia 

Ablative 

Helvetiis 

proeliis 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  these  nouns  differ  from  the  nouns  of  the  Second  Declen- 
sion formerly  declined  only  in  the  genitive  singular,  where  ii  is 
usually  contracted  to  a  single  i. 

(2)  that  the  accent  of  this  form  is  on  the  same  syllable  as  in  the 
nominative,  cf.  consi'li  and  impe'ri  in  the  vocabulary  §  90. 


88 


MODEL   SENTENCES. 


(1)  Galli  cum  mercatoribus  ad  provinciam  commeant.  —  77ie 
Gauls  go  often  icith  the  traders  to  the  province.  (2)  Bellum  cum 
Germanis  gerimus.  —  We  carry  on  war  with  the  Germans. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  these  sentences  mercatoribus  and  Germanis  are  abla- 
tives governed  by  the  preposition  cum  and  denote  the  persons  in 
company  with  whom  the  action  of  the  verb  takes  place. 

(2)  that  this  ablative,  known  as  the  Ablative  of  Accompani- 
ment, answers  the  question  "  With  whom  ?  " 

89.  RULE. — Accompaniment  is  expressed  hy  the  ablative 
regularly  with  cum, 

OF- THE 
Uril\/r  ooi-*.. 


38  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

90.  VOCABULARY. 

c5nsilium,  consi'li,  n.^plan,  design.  fere,  adv.,  almost,  nearly. 

imperium,    impe'ri,    n.,    command,  aut,  coordinate  conj.,  or;  aut  .  .  . 

control.  aut,  either  .  .  .  or. 

proelium,  proell,  n.,  battle.  cum,  subordinate  conj.,  token,  while. 

cotidianus,  -a,  -um,  daily.  quibuscum,  abl.  of  interrogative  pro- 

8UUS,  -a,  -um,  poss.  adj.,  his,  her,  its,  noun  and  prep,  cum  (§  82,  note), 

their,  according  to  the  subject.  with  whom  f 
praecedo,  praecedere,  precede,  surpass. 


91.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

Put  into  agreement  and  decline  together  cotidianus  and  c5nsilium    hie 
and  imperium. 


92.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Hi  Galli  proximos  Belgas  humanitate  praecedunt. 
(2)  HelvetiT,  quorum  consilia  et  Instituta  differunt,  cum  eis  Bel- 
gis  contendunt.  (3)  Nostri  amici,  Galli,  in  suls  finibus  cum 
Sequanis  aut  cum  Belgis  cotidiana  proelia  gerunt.  (4)  Bellum 
magnum  cum  eis  German  is  geritur.  (5)  Multi  German!  cum 
Belgis  ad  eos  fines  commeant.  (6)  Hos  mercatores  cum  suis 
amicis  ad  oppida  Helvetiorum  duxerunt.  (7)  Quibuscum  Galli 
bellum  continenter  gerunt? 

II.  (1)  The  Germans  contend  (in)  daily  battles  with  the  Gauls. 
(2)  War  is  waged  with  these  Germans  in  the  territories  of  the 
Belgians  or  of  their  ^  friends.  (3)  We  often  resort  to  the  towns 
of  the  Swiss  with  our^  friends.  (4)  The  Belgians  carry  on  wars 
with  the  rest  of  the  Gauls.  (5)  [Answer  in  a  complete  Latin 
sentence  the  question  in  sentence  7,  part  I.] 

1  The  Romans  rarely  used  a  possessive  adjective  when  the  possessor  was  clearly 
indicated  without  it.  The  possessive  adjectives  should  therefore  be  frequently 
supplied  in  translating  from  Latin  into  English  and  omitted  in  translating  from 
English  into  Latin. 


LESSON  XV.  39 

93.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Qua*  de  causa  Helvetii  quoque  reliquos  Gallos  virttite  prae- 
cedunt.  Reliquos  Gallos  praecedunt  quod  cum  Germanis  coriten- 
dunt.  Fere  cotidianis  proeliis  cum  Germanis  contendunt.  Aut 
suisfinibus  Helvetii  eos  prohibent,  aut  ipsi^  in  finibus  eorum 
(Germanorum)  bellum  gerunt.  Helvetii  cum  Germanis  conten- 
dunt, cum  eos  suis  finibus  prohibent. 

1  Qua,  rel.  adj.  qua  de  causa, /or  which  reason,  or  better, /or  this  reason.  At 
the  beginuiug  of  a  sentence,  the  relative  is  usually  translated  by  a  demonstrative. 

2  ipsi,  intensive  pronoun,  nom.  plu.,  themselves. 


LESSON   XV. 

VERBS  OF  THE  THIRD  CONJUGATION  IN  JO —ABLATIVE  OF 

MEANS. 

94.  Tlie  warlike  Swiss. 

Qua  de  causa  Helvetii  quoque  reliquos  Gallos  virttite  praeced- 
unt, quod  fere  cotidianis  proeliis  cum  Germanis  contendunt,  cum 
aut  suls  finibus  eos  prohibent,  aut  ipsI  in  eorum  finibus  bellum 
gerunt. 

95.  A  few  verbs  of  the  Third  Conjugation  end  in  -io  in  the  first 
singular,  and  are  conjugated  in  the  present  indicative  according 
to  the  following  paradigms. 

PARADIGMS. 

Present  Indicative  of  the  Verb  Capio. 

Principal  Parts  :  capio,  capere. 

Pres.  Stem  :  cape-. 

Active.  Passive. 

singular. 

1.  capi5,  I  take.  1.   capior,  I  am  taken. 

2.  capis,  you  take.  2.    caperis  (-ere),  you  are  takeii. 

3.  capit,  he  takes.  3.  capitur,  he  is  taken. 


40  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

PLURAL. 

1.  capimus,  we  take.  1.  capimur,  we  are  taken. 

2.  capitis,  you  take.  2.   capimini,  you  are  taken. 

3.  capiunt,  they  take.  3.  capiuntur,  they  are  taken. 

Observe :  — 

That  the  present  indicative  of  capio  differs  from  that  of  divido 
only  in  the  first  singular  and  the  third  plural. 


96.  MODEL   SENTENCES. 

(1)  Nostri  fines  fluminibus  continentur. —  Our  territories  are 
bounded  by  rivers.  (2)  Ea  carris  importamus.  —  We  import  these 
things  in  carts. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  sentence  1  the  ablative  fluminibus  denotes  the  means 
by  which  our  territory  is  bounded. 

(2)  that  in  sentence  2  the  ablative  carris  denotes  the  instrument 
or  means  by  or  in  which  we  carry  these  things.  This  construction, 
known  as  the  Ablative  of  Means,  answers  the  question  "  By  what 


means 


?" 


97.  It  ULE.  —  The  means  or  instrument  of  an  action  is  de- 
noted hy  the  ablative  without  a  preposition. 


98.  VOCABULARY. 

initium,  ini'ti,  n.,  beginning.  attingo,  attingere,  touch  upon. 

septentrio,  septentrionis,  m.  (usually  capio,  capere,  take. 

plu.),  literally  the  Seven   Plough  contineo,  continere,  hound,  hem  in. 

Oxen,  the  constellation  known  as  dico,  dicere,  say,  appoint. 

the  Great  Bear  or  Dipper,  hence  iacio,  iacere,  throw,  hurl. 

the  North.  vergo,  vergere,  incline,  slope. 

telum,  -i,  n.,  missile,  spear.  etiam,  adv.,  also,  even. 

quo,  abl.  sing,  of  interrogative,  hy  what  f 


LESSON  XV.  41 

99.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Conjugate  iacio  in  the  present  indicative,  active  and  passive ;  at- 
tingo  in  the  present  indicative,  active,  and  dico  in  the  passive. 

(2)  Decline  septentrio  in  the  plural  only. 

100.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Capimus,  capimur ;  iaciunt,  iaciuntur ;  capitis,  capimim ; 
iacis,  iaceris ;  capit,  capitur.  (2)  Capiunt,  duciint ;  caperis,  du- 
ceris,  moveris;  iaciuntur,  dividuntur,  continentur.  (3)  Celtae 
nostra  lingua^  Galll  appellantur.  (4)  Multos  vicos  Gallorum 
nostris  longis  tells  vastamus.  (5)  Nostri  fines,  qui  ad  septentrio- 
nes  vergunt,  montibus  continentur.  (6)  Belgae,  qui  cum  Germa- 
nis  continenter  contendunt,  tells  Sequanoruin  superantur.  (7)  Quo 
fltimine  Galli  ab  Aquitanis  divisl  sunt  ? 

II.  (1)  We  take,  we  are  taken ;  you  (sing.)  hurl,  you  (sing.)  are 
hurled,  they  hurl,  they  are  hurled.  (2)  You  are  thrown ;  you  are 
divided ;  you  are  held ;  they  are  being  taken ;  they  are  being  led ; 
they  are   being  held;    he  is   led;  he  is   taken;   he  is  aroused. 

(3)  With  our  spears  we  keep  away  the  Germans  from  the  towns. 

(4)  Our  friends,  the  Germans,  are  hemmed  in  by  many  mountains 
and  rivers.  (5)  Our  province  is  separated  from  the  Germans  by 
three  rivers.  (6)  [Answer  in  a  complete  Latin  sentence  the  ques- 
tion in  sentence  7,  part  I.] 

101.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Eorum  finium  pars  initium  capit  a  flumine  Rhodano.  Earn 
partem  Gallos  obtinere  dictum  est.^  Pars,  quam  Gallos  obtinere 
dictum  est,  initium  capit  a  Rhodano.  Ea  pars  continetur  Garumna 
flumine,  Oceano,  finibus  Belgarum.  Attingit  etiam  ab  Sequanis  ^ 
et  Helvetiis  fltimen  Rhenum.     Ea  pars  vergit  ad  septentriones. 

1  What  ablative  is  lingua? 

2  dictum  est,  passive  ind.  perf.,  3d  sing,  of  dico,  it  has  been  said.  Earn  partem 
.  .  .    dictum  est,  it  has  been  said  the  Gauls  hold  this  part  (literally,  to  hold). 

*  ab  Sequanis,  etc.,  on  the  side  occupied  by  the  Sequani,  etc.,  i.e.  on  the  east. 


42 


CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


LESSON   XVI. 


PERFECT  INDICATIVE  OF  >S  Z7i»f.  —  COMPARISON  OF 
ADJECTIVES. 

102.    The  third  part  of  Gaul 

Eorum  una  pars,  quam  Gallos  ob- 
tinere  dictum  est,  initium  capit  a 
fltimine  Rhodano;  coutinetur  Ga- 
rumna  flumiue,  Oceano,  flnibus  Bel- 
garum  ;  attiugit  etiani  ab  Sequanis  et 
Helvetiis  flumen  Khenum ;  vergit 
ad  septentriones. 

8EPTENTRIONE8.  103.    TliG   pcrfect  in   Latin  is  the 

past  time  tense  of   greatest  importance  and  of   most  frequent 
occurrence. 

PARADIGM. 

Perfect  Indicative  of  the  Verb  Sum. 

Principal  Parts  :  sum,  esse,  fui. 
Pkrfect  Stem  :  fu-. 


Singular. 

1.  fui,  I  was,  I  have  been. 

2.  fuisti,  you  were,  you  have  been= 

3.  fuit,  he  was,  he  has  been. 

Plural. 

1.  fuimus,  we  were,  we  have  been. 

2.  fuistis,  you  were,  you  have  been. 

3.  fuerunt  (or  fuere),  they  were,  they  have  been. 


Personal  Endings. 
-i 

-isti 
-it 


-imus 
-istis 
-erunt  (or  -ere). 


Observe  : — 

(1)  that  the  perfect  stem  fu-,  to  which  the  personal  endings 
are  attached,  is  found  by  striking  off  the  ending  -i  from  the  third 
principal  part. 


LESSON  XVI. 


43 


(2)  that  the  perfect  tense  has  a  different  set  of  personal  end- 
ings. These  personal  endings  are  the  same  for  the  perfect  indica- 
tive tenses  of  all  conjugations  in  the  active  voice. 

(3)  that  the  perfect  tense  has  two  meanings,  corresponding  to 
the  English  past  and  to  the  present  perfect  respectively. 

104.  As  in  English,  adjectives  in  Latin  have  three  degrees  of 
comparison,  —  positive,  comparative,  and  superlative,  —  and  are 
regularly  compared  as  follows : 


Positive. 

M.  F.      N. 

fortis,  -e  (base  fort-) 
brave 


M.  F.         N. 

longus,  -a,  -um, 
long 


(base  long-) : 


Comparative. 

M.   F.         N. 

fortior,  -ius ; 
braver 

M.    F.  N. 

loiigior,  -ius ; 
longer 


Superlative. 

M.  F.        N. 

fortissimus,  -a,  -um 
bravest  or  very  brave 

M.  F.       N. 

longissimus,  -a,  -um 
longest  or  very  long 


Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  comparative  is  formed  by  adding  to  the  base  of  the 
positive  -lor  for  the  masculine  and  feminine,  and  -ius  for  the  neuter. 

(2)  that  the  superlative  is  formed  by  adding  to  the  base  of  the 
positive  -issimus,  -a,  -um. 

105.  The  masculine  and  feminine  of  comparatives  are  declined 
exactly  like  the  noun  mercator  in  §  50,  while  the  neuter  conforms  to 
the  principles  governing  the  declension  of  neuter  nouns  §  42,  (2). 


PAKADIGM. 
The  Comparative  Adjective  Inferior. 

Singular.  Plural. 


M.    F. 

N. 

M.   F. 

N. 

Nominative 

inferior 

inferius 

inferiores 

inferiora 

Genitive 

inferioris 

inferioris 

inferiorum 

inferiorum 

Dative 

Inferior! 

inferior! 

inferioribus 

inferioribus 

Accusative 

inferiorem 

inferius 

inferiores 

inferiora 

Ablative 

inferiore 

inferiore 

inferioribus 

inferioribus 

106.    Superlatives  as  fortissimus,  -a,  -um,  are,  as  already  stated, 
declined  exactly  like  latus,  -a,  -um,  in  §  43. 


44  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

107.  VOCABULARY. 

sol,  solis,  m.  (no  gen.  plu.),  sun.  orior  (what  is  known  as  a  deponent 

extremus,  -a  -um,  sup.  adj.,  farthest,  verb,  passive  in  form  but  active 

most  distant.  in    meaning ;    conjugated    in   the 

Inferior,  inferius,  comp.  adj.,  lower.  present  like  the  passive  of  capio), 

oriens,  m.,  f.,  n.  (orientis,  genitive),  begin,  arise. 

adj.,  rising.  specto,  spectare, /ace,  ZooA:. 

108.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Compare  latus  (lat-)  and  nobilis  (nobil-). 

(2)  Decline  in    full :   the  comparative  fortior ;   oriens  as  liberans  in 
App.  §  10.     Why  is  oriens  called  an  adjective  of  One  Termination  ? 

(3)  Conjugate  the  verb  absum,  abesse,  afui,  §  77,  in  the  perfect  indica- 
tive, and  orior  with  meanings  in  the  present  indicative. 


109.  EXERCISES   FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Fuimus,  fuistis,  afuerunt,  afuisti,  fuit,  afui.  (2)  Lon- 
gius  flu  men  in  finibus  Belgarum  fuit.  (3)  Nostri  fines  fuerunt 
longissimi.  (4)  Fortissimos  Gallorum  longioribus  tells  supera- 
mus.  (5)  In  vicls  fortiorum  AquTtanorum  fuistis.  (6)  Longe 
afuinius  ab  oppidis  Germanorum,  qui  fuerunt  nobilissimi.  (7)  In 
latioribus  partibus  nostrorum  finium  fuimus. 

II.  (1)  We  were  in  the  widest  parts  of  the  territory.  (2)  He 
was  far  away  from  the  three  longer  rivers.  (3)  You  were  be- 
tween the  rivers  and  the  mountains.  (4)  We  lead  the  traders  to 
the  farthest  villages.  (5)  You  have  been  in  the  territories,  which 
the  consuls  are  laying  waste.  (G)  The  consuls  were  with  the 
braver  Gauls  in  the  lower  parts  of  this  territory. 

110.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Fines  Belgarum  initium  ab  extrema  parte  Galliae  capiunt.  Id 
est :  Belgae  oriuntur  ab  extremis  Galliae  finibus.  Fines  Belga- 
rum pertinent  ad  inferiorem  partem  fluminis  Rheni.  Belgae  spec- 
tant  in  septentrionem  et  earn  partem  qua  ex  parte  sol  oritur. 


LESSON  XVII.  46 


LESSON  XVII. 


PERFECT  INDICATIVE  ACTIVE  OF  THE  FIRST  THREE  CONJU- 
GATIONS: PRINCIPAL  PARTS. 

111.  The  Belgians. 

Belgae  ab  extremis  Galliae  finibus  oriuntur;  pertinent  ad  in- 
feriorem  partem  fltiminis  Rheni;  spectant  in  septentrionem  et 
orientem  solem. 

112.  The  principal  parts  of  a  Latin  verb  consist  of:  (1)  pres. 
ind.  act.  1st  sing.  (2)  pres.  inf.  act.  (3)  perf.  ind.  act.  1st  sing. 
(4)  perf.  pass,  participle. 

The  principal  parts  of  a  verb  must  be  thoroughly  memorized, 
because  from  them  are  formed  all  other  parts  of  the  verb.  The 
Latin  verb  has  three  stems  found  in  the  last  three  principal  parts : 
the  present  stem,  the  perfect  stem,  and  the  participial  stem.  The 
method  of  finding  these  stems  from  the  principal  parts  is  indica- 
ted in  the  following  table : 


II. 


III. 


Principal  Parts. 

PBB8.  IND.  ACT.            PRES.  INF.  ACT.             PERF.  IND.  ACT. 

PERP.  PA88.  PART. 

libero 

liberare 

liberavi 

hberatus 

I  liberate           to  liberate 

I  liberated 

having  been  liberated 

STEMS: 

PRES.  libera- 

PERF.  liberav-  part, 

.  liberat- 

moveo 

movere 

movi 

motus 

/  move 

to  move 

/  moved 

having  been  moved 

STEMS: 

pres.  move- 

PERF.  mOV-          PART 

.  mot- 

divide 

dividere 

divisi 

divisus 

Idtvide 

to  divide 

/  divided 

having  been  divided 

STEMS: 

PRES.  divide- 

PERF.  diviS-       PART. 

divis- 

capio 

capere 

cepi 

captus 

I  take 

to  take 

I  took 

having  been  taken 

stems: 
5 

PRES.  cape- 

PERF.  Cep-           PART 

.  capt- 

46  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

113.  PARADIGM. 

Perfect  Indicative  Active  of  Liberd. 
Perfect  Stem:  liberay-. 

Singular.  Personal  Endings. 

1.  llberavi,  I  liberated,  I  have  liberated,  I  did  liberate  -i 

2.  liberavisti,  you  liberated,  you  have  liberated,  etc.  -isti 

3.  liberavit,  he  liberated,  he  has  liberated,  etc.  -it 

Plural. 

1.  liberavimus,  we  liberated,  we  have  liberated,  etc.  -imus 

2.  liberavistis,  you  liberated,  you  have  liberated,  etc.  -istis 

3.  liberaverunt  or  liberavere,  they  liberated,  they 

have  liberated,  etc.  -erunt  or  -ere 

Observe :  — 

That  the  personal  endings  are  the  same  as  those  of  fui  in  §  103 
and  are  added  to  the  perfect  stem. 

114.  Table    of    the   Perfect    Indicative   Active   of   the 

Second  and  Third  Conjugations. 

Singular.  Plural. 

mov-  )  [-1  f-imus 

divis-  [  I  -isti  j  -istis 

cep-    J  1-it  1-erunt  (or-ere) 

Observe :  — 

That  the  forms  mOv-,  divis-,  cSp-  are  perfect  stems,  to  each  of 
which  are  added  the  personal  endings. 

115.  VOCABULARY. 

Aqultania,  -ae,  f.,  Aquitania,  one  of      Pyrenaeus,  -a,  -um,  Pyrenean  (moun- 
the  three  parts  of  Gaul.  tains). 

appello,  appellare,  appellavi,  appellatus,  call,  name. 
diico,  ducere,  duxi,  ductus,  lead,  draw. 
habe5,  habere,  habui,  habitus,  have,  hold. 
iacio,  iacere,  i6ci,  iactus,  throw,  hurl. 


LESSON  XVIL  47 

116.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Conjugate  with  meanings  the  perfect  indicative  active  of  the 
verbs  of  the  vocabulary. 

C23  Tabulate  as  in  §  112  the  several  stems  of  these  verbs. 


117.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Appellavimus ;  duxistis;  habuimus.  (2)  Appellavistis ; 
duximus;  habuistis.  (3)  Appellaverunt ;  duxi;  iecisti.  (4)  lece- 
runt;  liberavimus;  movi.  (5)  Movit;  divTsistis;  ceperunt. 
(6)  Habuimus;  duxisti;  appellavi.  (7)  Cepit;  liberavistis ;  divisi- 
mus.  (8)  Moverunt ;  iecimus ;  appellavistis.  (9)  Multa  tela  in 
oppida  iecisti.  (10)  Nostros  fines  divisimus.  (11)  Vicos  Gal- 
lorum  ceperunt.  (12)  Belgas  amicos  appellavistis.  (13)  Gallos 
in  Aquitaniam  duximus.  (14)  Aquitanos  liberavit.  (15)  Multa 
oppida  cepistis.     (16)  Garros  duximus. 

II.  (1)  We  led ;  you  have  had,  they  have  had.  (2)  You  (sing.) 
have  called ;  he  led ;  you  had.  (3)  They  led ;  we  have  had ;  they 
hurled.  (4)  We  divided ;  you  took ;  he  has  moved.  (5)  They 
have  moved ;  they  have  divided ;  they  have  taken.  (6)  We  took ; 
I  liberated ;  you  (sing.)  have  hurled.  (7)  I  have  divided  ;  they 
took ;  we  moved.  (8)  You  divide,  you  divided ;  he  moves,  he  has 
moved.  (9)  You  have  divided  the  territories.  (10)  You  have 
the  noblest  friends. 


118.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Aquitania  est  una  trium  partium  Galliae.  A  Garumna  flumine 
ad  Pyrenaeos  montes  pertinet.  Aquitania  pertinet  ad  Pyrenaeos 
montes  et  partem  Oceani.  Ea  pars  Ocean!  est  ad^  Hispaniam. 
Fines  Aquitanorum  spectant  inter  occasum  solis^  et  septentrio- 
nes. 

1  ad,  towards,  near,  off. 

3  occasum  soils,  setting  of  the  sun,  i.e.  the  west. 


48 


CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


LESSON   XVIII. 

IMPERFECT    AND    FUTURE  OF    ^  tTilf.  —  ABLATIVE  OF   SPECI- 
FICATION. 

119.    The  Aquitanians. 

Aquitania  a  Garumna  fluinine  ad  Pyrenaeos  montes  et  earn  par- 
tem Oceani,  quae  est  ad  Hispaniam,  pertinet ;  spectat  inter  occa- 
sum  solis  et  septentriones.     [Cap.  I.  Finis.]  ^ 


120. 


PARADIGMS. 


Present,  Imperfect,  and   Future   Indicative  op   the   Verb 

Sum. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


1.  sum,  I  am. 

2.  es,  you  are. 

3.  est,  he  is. 

1.  eram,  I  was. 

2.  eras,  you  were. 

3.  erat,  he  was. 


IMPERFECT. 


sumus,  we  are. 
estis,  you  are. 
sunt,  they  are. 

eramus,  we  were, 
eratis,  you  were, 
erant,  they  were. 


1.  er5,  I  shall  be. 

2.  eris,  you  will  be. 

3.  erit,  he  will  be. 


erimus,  we  shall  be. 
eritis,  you  will  be. 
erunt,  they  will  be. 


Observe :  — 

That  the  first  personal  ending  of  the  first  two  tenses  is  -m  in 


stead  of  -6. 
121. 


MODEL  SENTENCES. 


(1)  Hi  omnes  lingua  inter  se  differunt.  —  All  these  differ  from 
one  another  in  language.  (2)  Helvetil  reliquos  Gallos  virtute 
praecedunt.  —  The  Helvetians  surpass  the  rest  of  the  Gauls  in 
bravery. 

1  Capitis  primi  finis,  i.e.,  end  of  Chapter  I  of  Caesar's  story. 


LESSON  XVIII.  49 


Observe :  — 


(1)  that  in  sentence  1  the  ablative  lingua  denotes  that  in  re- 
spect to  which  all  these  differ  from  one  another. 

(2)  that  in  sentence  2  the  ablative  virtute  denotes  that  in  re- 
spect to  which  the  Helvetians  surpass  the  rest  of  the  Gauls. 

(3)  that  with  this  ablative  no  preposition  is  used. 

This  construction  is  called  the  Ablative  of  Specification. 

122.  B,  ULE.  —  Specification  is  denoted  hy  the  ablative  with- 
out a  preposition. 

123.  VOCABULARY. 

contendo,  contendere,  contendl,  contentus,  fight,  hasten. 
gero,  gerere,  gessi,  gestus,  carry  on,  wage. 
incite,    incitare,   incitavl,   incitatus,  incite,  arouse. 
obtineo,  obtinere,  obtinui,  obtentus,  hold,  obtain. 
supero,    superare,    superavi,    superatus,  overcome,  surpass. 
qua,  abl.  fem.  sing,  of  interrogative, 
in  what  f  in  what  respect  f 


124.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  The  imperfect   and  future  indicative  of  absum  with  meanings. 

(2)  The  principal  parts  of   pertineo,  extend  (like  obtineo),  with  the 
meanings  of  each  part  as  in  table,  §  112. 

(3)  The  perfect  indicative  active  of  gero  with  meanings. 


125.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Eriraus,  eramus,  fuimus.  (2)  Erunt,  fuerunt,  erant. 
(3)  Ero,  erat,  eris.  (4)  Fuistis,  estis,  eritis,  eratis.  (5)  Erat, 
erit,  fuit,  ful,  eram,  sum.  (6)  Oppida,  quae  cepimus,  sunt  tria 
numero.  (7)  Galll,  quos  virtute  praeceditis,  erant  nobilissimL 
(8)  Galll,  quorum  vicos  GermanI  superaverunt,  legibus  inter  se 
differunt.  (9)  Belgae,  quibuscum  multa  bella  gessistis,  erant 
divisi  consilils.       (10)  Qua  Galli  Germanos  superaverunt  ? 


60  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

II.  (1)  You  (sing.)  were,  you  will  be,  you  are,  you  have  been. 
(2)  We  shall  be,  we  were,  we  have  been.  (3)  He  is,  he  was,  he 
will   be,  he  has   been,  they  have  been,  you  were,   I  shall   be. 

(4)  We  led  our  friends  to  the  towns,  which  are  many  in  number. 

(5)  You  fought  in  the  lower  province  with  the  consuls,  who  are 
far  different  in  customs  and  bravery.  (6)  We,  who  surpass  many 
in  bravery  and  refinement,  have  aroused  the  braver  Germans. 
(7)  [Answer  in  a  complete  Latin  sentence  the  question  in  sentence 
10,  part  I.] 

LESSON   XIX. 

THE  PLUPERFECT  AND   FUTURE   PERFECT  INDICATIVE 
ACTIVE  OF  THREE  CONJUGATIONS. 

126.    Tlie  nations  of  Oaul  and  their  characteristics, 

(In  reading  this  description  of  Gaul,  the  student  should  verify  on  the  map 
the  several  divisions  and  boundaries.  Remember  that  Caesar  is  writing  a 
history,  which  will  be  unintelligible  without  a  geographical  foundation.) 

Gallia  est  omnis  divisa  in  partes  tres;  quarum  unam  inco- 
lunt  Belgae,  aliam  AquitanI,  tertiam  qui  ipsorum  lingua  Celtae, 
nostra  Galli  appellantur.  Hi  omnes  lingua,  institutls,  legibus 
inter  se  differunt.  Gallos  ab  Aquitanis  Garumna  flumen,  a  Belgis 
Matrona  et  Sequana  dividit.  Horum  omnium  fortissimi  sunt  Bel- 
gae, propterea  quod  a  cultu  atque  humanitate  provinciae  longis- 
sime  absunt,  minimeque  ad  eos  mercatores  saepe  commeant  atque 
ea,  quae  ad  effeminandos  animos  pertinent,  important ;  proxi- 
mique  sunt  Germanis,  qui  trans  Rhenum  incolunt,  quibuscum  con- 
tinenter  bellum  gerunt.  Qua  de  causa  Helvetii  quoque  reliquos 
Gallos  virtute  praecedunt,  quod  fere  cotidianis  proeliis  cum  Ger- 
manis contendunt,  cum  aut  suls  finibus  eos  prohibent,  aut  ipsi  in 
eorum  finibus  bellum  gerunt. 

Quote  verbatim  the  case  rules  applying  to  the  words  underscored  in  the 
above  passage  and  show  how  these  rules  apply. 


f  G 

•g'ovia 


'ien;*^^ 


(  ^^  /   ^1  Mediolamum 

■»         y^  C     I      S    A 

•'*  \     L  1 


ron«L 


LESSON   XIX.  51 

127.  PARADIGMS. 

Pluperfect  and  Future  Perfect  Active  of  Libera. 

Pbkfkct  Stem  :  liberiY-. 

Pluperfect  Tense, 
singular.  plural. 

1.  libera veram,  I  had  liberated.  libera veramus,  we  had  liberated. 

2.  liberaveras,  you  had  liberated.         liberaveratis,  you  had  liberated. 

3.  liberaverat,  he  had  liberated.  liberaverant,  they  had  liberated. 

Future  Perfect  Tense. 

1.  liberavero,  I  shall  have  liberated,      libera verimus,  we  shall  have  liberated. 

2.  liberaveris,  you  will  have  liber-     libera veritis,  you  will  have  liberated. 

ated. 

3.  liberaverit,  he  will  have  liberated,     liberaverint,  they  will  have  liberated. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  pluperfect  tense  is  formed  by  adding  to  the  perfect 
stem  the  various  forms  of  the  imperfect  of  the  verb  sum. 

(2)  that  the  future  perfect  tense  is  formed  by  adding  to  the 
perfect  stem  the  various  forms  of  the  future  of  the  verb  sum  with 
the  exception  of  the  third  plural,  where  erunt  is  changed  to  erint. 

128.  Table  of  the  Pluperfect  and  Future  Perfect  In- 
dicative OF  THE  Second  and  Third  Conjugations. 

Perfect  Stems. 


mov- 
divis- 
c6p- 


m6v-  1 
divis- 1 
c6p-    J 

By  adding  the  above  tense  endings  to  fu-,  the  perfect  stem  of  the 
verb  sum,  we  obtain  the  pluperfect  and  future  perfect  of  this  verb. 
In  precisely  the  same  way  are  formed  the  same  tenses  of  all  verbs. 


Singular  Tense  Endings. 

Plural  Tense  End 

Pluperfect. 

-eram 

-eramus 

-eras 

-eratis 

-erat 

[-erant 

Future  Perfect. 

f-ero 

T-erimus 

J-eris 

J-eritis 

-erit 

-erint 

52  *         CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

129.  VOCABULARY. 

coniuratio,  coniGrationis,  f.,  conspir-      cupiditas,   cupiditatis,  f.,  ambition^ 
acy,  plot.  desire. 

accuse,  accusare,  acctisavi,  accusatus,  accuse,  blame. 

contineo,  continere,  continui,  contentus,  bound,  hem  in. 

facio,  facere,  feci,  factus,  make,  do,  form. 

induco,  inducere,  induxi,  inductus,  lead  in  or  on,  induce,  influence. 

occupo,  occiipare,  occupavi,  occupatus,  seize. 

prohibeo,  prohibere,  prohibul,  prohibitus,  keep  aioay,  prevent. 

vasto,  vastare,  vastavi,  vastatus,  lay  waste,  destroy,  devastate. 

130.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

Conjugate  fully  the  perfect,  pluperfect,  and  future  perfect  of  sum, 
vasto,  induco,  and  facio,  underscoring  the  perfect  stems  of  each  form, 
and  writing  the  meaning  of  the  third  plural  of  each  tense. 

131.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Acciisavimiis,  accusaverimus,  aocusaveramus.  (2)  Pro- 
hibueras,  prohibueris;  fuisti.  (3)  Fecerunt,  fecerint,  fecerant ; 
fuerant.  (4)  Inducuntur,  induxeris,  induxerant ;  fuerit.  (5)  Vas- 
tas,  vastaveris,  vastaverant;  fuerant.  (6)  Eras,  eris,  erunt,  fue- 
runt,  fuerint.  (7)  Bella  gessisti  et  superaris.  (8)  Fuga  eorum 
Gallorum  Belgas  movit.  (9)  Cupiditas  regni  eum  Helvetium 
induxit.  (10)  Coniuratio  eius  nobilissimi  Helveti  hos  onmes 
incitaverat. 

II.  (1)  They  seize,  they  have  seized,  they  had  seized,  they  will 
have  seized.  (2)  You  lay  waste,  you  laid  waste,  you  had  laid 
waste,  you  will  have  laid  waste.  (3)  We  hem  in,  we  are  hemmed 
in,  we  shall  have  hemmed  in,  we  had  hemmed  in.  (4)  You 
(sing.)  are  being  led,  you  have  led,  you  had  led,  you  will  have 
led.  (5)  He  has  made,  he  makes,  he  had  made,  he  will  have 
made.  (6)  I  am  kept  away,  I  have  kept  away,  I  had  kept 
away,  I  shall  have  kept  away.  (7)  The  Germans  had  seized 
many  towns  of  the  Belgians,  who  were  across  the  river  Rhine. 
(8)  The  nobility  of  the  Helvetians  formed  a  conspiracy.      (9)  A 


LESSON  XX. 


53 


desire  of  royal  power  had  influenced  the  noblest  of  the  Helve- 
tians.    (10)  We  threw  our  missiles  down  from  a  great  mountain. 


LESSON   XX. 

THE  IMPERFECT,   ACTIVE  AND  PASSIVE,  OF  THE  FIRST  AND 
SECOND   CONJUGATIONS.  — ABLATIVE  OF  CAUSE. 

132.  Boundaries  of  these  natioiis. 

Eorum  una  pars,  quam  Gallos  obtinere  dictum  est,  initium  capit 
a  flumine  Rhodano;  continetur  Garumna  flumine,  Oceano,  finibus 
Belgarum ;  attingit  etiam  ab  Sequanis  et  Helvetiis  flumen  Rhe- 
num  ;  vergit  ad  septentriones.  Belgae  ab  extremis  Galliae  finibus 
oriuntur;  pertinent  ad  inferiorem  partem  fluminis  Rheni ;  spectant 
in  septentrionem  et  orientem  solem.  Aquitania  a  Garumna  flu- 
mine ad  Pyrenaeos  montes  et  eam  partem  OceanT,  quae  est  ad  His- 
paniam,  pertinet ;  spectat  inter  occasum  solis  et  septentriones. 

State  the  reasons  for  the  cases  of  all  words  underscored  in  the  above 
passage,  quoting  rules  whenever  possible. 

133.  Those  forms  of  the  English  verb  which  denote  the  action 
as  continuous  or  progressive  in  past  time,  as,  /  was  liberating,  are 
represented  in  Latin  by  the  imperfect  tense. 


134. 


PARADIGMS. 


Imperfect   Indicative,   Active    and   Passive,   of   the   Verb 

Libero. 

Present  Stem  :  libera-. 

Active  Voice, 
singular.  plural. 

1.  liberabam,   I    was   liberating,    I      liberabamus,    we    were     liberating, 

liberated.  etc. 

2.  liberabas,    you  were   liberating,      liberabatis,     you    were    liberating, 

etc.  etc. 

3.  liberabat,  he  was  liberating,  etc.        liberabant,    they    were    liberating, 

etc. 


64 


CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


Passive  Voice. 


1.  liberabar,  I  was  being  liberated, 

I  was  liberated. 

2.  liberabaris,  you  were  being  liber- 

ated, etc. 


liberabamur,  we  were  being  liber- 
ated, etc. 

liberabamini,  you  were  being  liber- 
ated, etc. 


3.  liberabatur,  he  was  being  liber-      liberabantur,  they  were  being  liber- 
ated, etc.  ated,  etc. 

135.   TABLE  OF  THE  IMPERFECT   INDICATIVE,  ACTIVE   AND 
PASSIVE,  OF  THE  FIRST  AND  SECOND  CONJUGATIONS. 


iSENT  Stems. 

Tense  Sign. 

ACTIVE. 

Personal 

Endin( 

SING. 

PLU. 

occupa- 

r-m 

-mus 

move- 

•hi- 

-s 

-tis 

prohibe- 

PASSIVE. 

-t 

-nt 

occupa-  ] 

f' 

-mur 

mone-     I 

-bi- 

-ris 

-mini 

prohibe  J 

-tur 

-ntur 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  imperfect  tense  of  these  conjugations  is  foVmed  by 
adding  to  the  present  stem  the  sign  of  the  imperfect  tense,  -ba,  and 
the  personal  endings,  both  active  and  passive. 

(2)  that  the  tense  sign,  -ba,  naturally  long  is  shortened  before 
final  -m,  -r,  -t,  and  before  -nt. 


136. 


MODEL   SENTENCES. 


(1)  Nobiles  virttite  appellantur.  —  They  are  called  noble  because 
of  their  bravery.  (2)  Cupiditate  regni  id  fecit.  —  He  did  this  on 
account  of  his  desire  for  royal  power. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  sentence  1  the  ablative  virtute  expresses  the  cause 
or  reason  why  they  are  called  noble. 

(2)  That  in  sentence  2  the  phrase  cupiditate  regni  expresses 
the  reason  why  he  did  this.  This  ablative  is  called  the  Ablative 
of  Cause  and  answers  the  question  "  Why  ?  " 


LESSON   XX.  55 

137.  RULE.  — Cause  is  expressed  hy  the  ablative  (^usually 
without  a  preposition) . 

138.  VOCABULARY. 

civitas,  civitatis,  f.,  state.  dives,  m.,  f.,  n.  (divitis,  genitive), 

copia, -ae,  f., ;)Z6W«I/,  in  sing.; /orces,  rich;    superlative    dltissimns,   -a, 

in  plu.  -um,  richest. 

Orgetorix,  Orgetorigis,  m.,  Orc/efonaj,       qua  re,  on  account   of  what  thing, 
a  leader  of  the  Swiss.  why  f 

apud,  prep,  governing  ace,  among, 
with. 
arm5,  armare,  armavi,  armatus,  arm,  equip. 
effemino,  effeminare,  effeminavi,  effeminatus,  weaken. 
imports,  importare,  importavi,  importatus,  import,  carry  in. 
persuadeo,   persuadere,   persuasi,   persuasus,  persuade    (followed  by 

dative  translated  as  direct  object) , 
spect5,  spectare,  spectavi,  spectatus,  look,  face. 

139.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

Conjugate  with  meanings  anno  and  contined  in  the  imperfect,  active 
and  passive,  also  persuadeo  in  the  perfect  active. 

140.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Effemiuant,  effeminantur,  effeminabantur.  (2)  Armat, 
armabat,  armatur,  armabatur.  (3)  Spectatis,  spectabatis,  specta- 
vistis,  spectaveratis,  spectaveritis.  (4)  Persuadet,  persuadebat, 
persuaserunt,  persuadebant.  (5)  Prohibebant,  prohibuerunt,  pro- 
hibebamus,  prohibebamur.  (6)  Orgetorix  regni  cupiditate  indu- 
citur.  (7)  Ea  coniuratione  nobilitatis  Orgetorix  Helvetiis 
persuaserat.     (8)  Qua  re  Orgetorix  coniurationem  fecit  ? 

II.  (1)  We  are  armed,  we  were  armed,  you  had  armed,  you 
were  arming.  (2)  They  were  importing,  they  were  being  im- 
ported, we  were  importing,  we  have  imported.  (3)  I  was  per- 
suading ;  you  (sing.)  were  facing ;  he  was  keeping  away ;  we  were 
accusing;  you  were  moving;  they  were  liberating.     (4)  On  ac- 


56  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

count  of  his  bravery,  he  persuaded  the  Swiss.  (5)  On  account  of 
this  conspiracy,  the  consuls  waged  these  wars.  (6)  [Answer  in  a 
complete  Latin  sentence  the  question  in  sentence  8,  part  I.] 

141.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Orgetorix  fuit  nobilis  et  dives.  Apud  Helvetios  fuit  longe 
nobilissimus  et  ditissimus.  Cum  (when)  Marcus  Messala  et 
Marcus  Piso  erant  consules,  Orgetorix  cupiditate  regni  induce- 
batur.  Marco  Messala  et  Marco  Pisone  consulibus,^  inductus^ 
cupiditate  regnl,  Orgetorix  conitirationem  nobilitatis  fecit.  Clvi- 
tati  Helvetiorum  persuasit  ut  (that)  de  suls  finibus  exirent  (they 
should  emigrate).  Helvetiis  persuasit  ut  cum  omnibus  copiis 
exirent. 

1  Marco  Messala  .  .  .  consulibus,  M.  Messala,  etc.,  being  consuls,  a  construc- 
tion known  as  the  ablative  absolute,  best  translated  by  the  cum  clause  in  the 
previous  sentence. 

2  inductus,  a  perf.  pass,  participle.  The  perfect  passive  participle,  the  fourth 
principal  part  of  a  transitive  verb,  is  declined  exactly  like  the  adjective  Ifttus,  -a, 
-um,  agreeing  in  G.  N.  C.  with  the  noun  or  pronoun  to  which  it  belongs. 

SECOND   REVIEW. 

I.  List  in  a  column  and  index  as  taught  in  the  First  Review 
the  Latin  nouns  from  which  the  following  English  words  are 
wholly  or  partly  derived :  copious,  counsel,  flume,  imperial, 
initial,  mountainous,  solar.  Add  to  this  list  in  the  index  the 
following:  civitas,  proelium,  telum. 

II.  List  in  a  column  and  compare  as  in  §  104  the  Latin 
adjectives  from  which  the  following  English  words  are  derived : 
fortitude,  latitude,  longitude,  nobility. 

III.  List  in  a  column  the  Latin  verbs  from  which  the  following 
English  nouns  are  wholly  or  partly  derived  and  give  the  conjugation, 
principal  parts,  and  meaning  of  each,  distinguishing  as  in  §  112  the 
various  stems  of  each :  absence,  accusation,  appellation,  arma- 
ment, capture,  content,  contention,  (con)tingency,*  (de)vastation, 

*  Only  the  first  two  principal  parts  are  required  of  verbs  found  from  nouns 
marked  with  an  asterisk. 


LESSON  XXI.  67 

duct,  (e)jection,  fact,  habit,  incitement,  inducement,  (in)spec- 
tion,  obtaining,  occupation,  persuasion,  prohibition,  (in)superable, 
verge.*    Add  to  this  list  the  verb  gero. 

IV.  List  the  following  English  adverbs  in  a  column,  placing 
opposite  each  in  a  second  column  their  Latin  equivalents  :  almost, 
continually,  even,  far,  least,  not,  often. 

V.  Decline  consecutively  the  list  of  ten  nouns  formed  in  L,  by 
giving  the  nominative  singular  of  the  first  noun,  the  genitive 
singular  of  the  second,  etc.,  the  nominative  plural  of  the  sixth, 
the  genitive  plural  of  the  seventh,  etc.,  and  finally  the  ablative 
plural  of  the  tenth  noun,  thus  giving  one  form  of  each  noun,  and 
place  the  demonstrative  hie  in  G.  N.  C.  agreement  with  each  form,  t 
In  a  second  column  decline  consecutively  the  same  list,  starting 
with  the  nominative  singular  of  the  fourth  and  ending  with  the  ab- 
lative plural  of  the  third,  placing  the  demonstrative  is  in  G.  N.  C. 
agreement  with  each  form.  Continue  the  same  exercise,  starting 
with  the  sixth  noun  and  placing  the  relative  qui  in  G.  N.  C.  agree- 
ment with  each  form. 

VI.  Conjugate  in  full  in  the  active  voice  the  present  indicative 
of  iaciS,  imperfect  of  habeS,  future  of  absum,  perfect  of  persuaded, 
pluperfect  of  faciS,  future  perfect  of  induce.  In  the  passive  voice 
present  indicative  of  obtineO,  imperfect  of  obtineS. 

*  Only  two  principal  parts  are  required. 

t  A  model  of  this  scheme  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix,  §  30. 

LESSON  XXL 

IMPERFECT  ACTIVE  AND  PASSIVE  OF  THE  THIRD  CONJUGA- 
TION. —  IRREGULAR  ADJECTIVES  OF  THE  FIRST  AND  SEC- 
OND DECLENSIONS. 

142.   A  powerful  noble  plots  to  make  himself  king  of  the  Swiss. 

Apud  Helvetios  longe  nobilissimus  fuit  et  ditissimus  Orgetorlx. 
Is,  M.  Messala  et  M.  Pisone  consulibus,  regni  cupiditate  inductus 
coniurationem  nobilitatis  fecit  et  civitati  persuasit,  ut  de  finibus 
suis  cum  omnibus  copiis  exirent. 


58 


CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


143.  Memorize  the  imperfect  indicative,  active  and  passive,  of 
divide,  App.  §  21,  noting  that  g  of  the  present  stem,  divide-,  is 
lengthened  before  -ba,  the  tense  sign  of  the  imperfect. 


144. 


PARADIGM. 


Declension  of  TOtus,  whole,  an  Irregular  Adjective  of  the 
First  and  Second  Declensions. 


Nominative 

Genitive 

Dative 

Accusative 

Ablative 


Singular. 

M.  F.  N. 

tOtus  tota  tdtum 

totius  totius  totius 

tdtl  toti  toti 

totum  totam  totum 

toto  tota  toto 


Plukal. 

The  plural  of  this  adjective 
is  declined  like  that  of  the  ad- 
jective latus,  §  43. 


Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  singular  of  totus  is  declined  exactly  like  latus  in 
all  cases  except  the  genitive  and  dative. 

(2)  that  the  genitive  singular  ends  in  -ius  and  the  dative  singular 
in  -i  in  all  genders  like  the  same  cases  of  ille. 

145.   The  following  nine  adjectives  have  the  genitive  in  -ius  and 
the  dative  in  -i : 


alius,  alia,  aliud,  another. 
niillus,  nQlla,  nullum,  no. 
solus,  sola,  solum,  alone. 
totus,  tota,  totum,  whole^  entire. 
ullus,  ulla,  Gllum,  any. 


unus,  una,  tinum,  one. 

alter,  altera,  alterum,i  the  other,  the 

second. 
neuter,  neutra,  neutrum,  neither. 
uter,  utra,  utrum,  which  (of  two). 


1  Alter  usually  has  short  -ius  in  the  genitive  singular,  alterius. 


146. 


VOCABULARY. 


locus,  -i,  m.,  place;  plu.  (neuter), 
loca,  loc5rum. 

natiira,  -ae,  f.,  nature,  character. 

perfacilis,  -e,  adj.,  very  easy. 

facile,  adv.,  from  facilis,  easily  ;  com- 
parative degree,  facilius. 


undique,  adv.,  on  all  sides,  from  all 

sides. 
cum,  conj.,  with  subj.,  since. 
quod,  conj.,  because,  with  indicative 

and  subjunctive. 


LESSON   XXI.  69 

dico,  dicere,  dixi,  dictus,  say,  speak,  appoint. 

potior,  potiri,  potitus  sum,  get  control  of.     (This  verb  governs 

the  ablative  translated  as  direct  object.     Potior  is  passive  in 

form,  but  active  in  meaning.    Such  verbs  are  called  deponents.) 
praesto,  praestare,  praestiti,  praestatus,  stand  before,  surpass. 

(Like  persuadeo  this  verb  governs  a  dative  translated  as  a 

direct  object.) 

147.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Conjugate  with  meanings  the  imperfect  indicative  active  and  pas- 
sive of  duc6  and  the  perfect  indicative  active  of  dic6. 

(2)  Decline  in  singular  and  plural  alius;  also  alter  and  locus  in 
G.  N.  C.  agreement. 

148.  EXERCISES   FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Incolebat,  incolebatur;  gerebat,  gerebatur;  ducebat, 
ducebatur ;  dicebat,  dicebatur,  (2)  Gerebamus ;  incolebamus ; 
ducebamus,  dficebamur;  dicebamus,  dicebamur ;  dividebamus, 
dividebamur.  (3)  Dicebant,  dicebaris ;  ducebar,  ducebamini ; 
gerebatis;  dividebamini.  (4)  Helvetii  inducebantur ;  flumina 
vergebant ;  bella  gerebantur ;  alios  praecedebatis.  (5)  Alii  con- 
sules  cupiditate  regnl  inducebantur.  (6)  Orgetorix  solus  oranes 
nobilissimos  et  ditissimos  virtute  praecedebat.  (7)  Quod  undi- 
que  fluminibus  latissimis  continebamur,  eos  facilius  prohibebamus. 
(8)  Aliud  flumen  Rhenus  appellabatur. 

II.  (1)  We  were  leading,  we  were  being  led;  we  were  dividing, 
we  were  being  divided ;  we  were  inhabiting.  (2)  You  were  divid- 
ing, you  were  being  divided.  You  (sing.)  were  leading,  you  (sing.) 
were  being  led ;  you  were  hastening.  (3)  We  were  carrying  on 
war ;  they  were  touching  upon  another  river ;  you  were  surpass- 
ing the  whole  state.  (4)  The  rivers  of  the  whole  of  Gaul  are 
very  wide  and  deep.  (5)  The  noblest  Helvetians  were  led  by 
Orgetorix,  the  richest  (man)  of  the  whole  state. 

149.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Imperium  totius  Galliae  erat  perfacile.  Totius  Galliae  imperio 
potiri  erat  perfacile.     Id  erat  perfacile  cum  (since)  Helvetii  vir- 


60 


CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 


tute  omnibus  praestarent.^  Orgetorix  dixit  id  esse  perfacile  cum 
Helvetil  virttite  omnibus  praestarent.^  Orgetorix  dixit  potiri 
imperio  totius  Galliae  esse  perfacile  cum  Helvetil  virtute  omnibus 
praestarent.  Helvetil  undique  loci  natura  continentur.  Hoc^ 
id  ^  eis  facilius  persuasit,  quod  Helvetil  undique  loci  natura  con- 
tinentur. 

1  praestarent,  imperfect  subjunctive  ;  translate  here  as  imperfect  indicative. 

2  An  ablative  of  cause,  translated  on  this  account,  fo?'  this  reason. 

8 Id  is  the  direct  object  of  persuasit.  Since  the  indirect  object,  eis,  is  trans- 
lated after  this  verb  as  direct  object,  supply  "  to  do  "  before  id. 

LESSON   XXII. 
THE  FOURTH  DECLENSION  OF  NOUNS. 

150.  Tlie  bravery  and  restlessness  of  the  Swiss  favor  the  plans  of 
Orgetorix. 

Dixit  perfacile  esse,  cum  virtute  omnibus  praestarent,  totius 
Galliae  imperio  potiri.  Id  hoc  facilius  els  persuasit,  quod  undique 
loci  natura  Helvetil  continentur. 

151.  Nouns  of  the  Fourth  Declension  end  in  -us  and-u.  Those 
ending  in  -us  are  usually  masculine ;  those  in  -u  are  always  neuter. 


152. 


PARADIGMS. 


The  Fourth  Declension  of  Nouns  :  Stems  ending  in  U. 


passus, 

m.,  pace. 

cornu,  n.. 

,  horri, 

wing  (of  an  ! 

army 

Stem: 

passu 

1-. 

Stem 

:  cornu-. 

Base: 

pass-. 

Base 

:  corn-. 

SiNOULAK 

Case  Endings. 

M. 

N. 

Nominative 

passus 

cornu 

-US 

-a 

Genitive 

passus 

cornus 

-us 

-08 

Dative 

passui 

cornu 

-ui 

-U 

Accusative 

passum 

cornu 

-um 

-U 

Ablative 

passu 

cornu 

-u 

-a 

LESSON  XXII. 


61 


Plural 

Case  Endings. 

Nominative 

passus 

cornua 

M. 
-US 

-ua 

Genitive 

passuum 

cornuum 

-uum 

-uum 

Dative 

passibus 

cornibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

Accusative 

passus 

cornua 

-US 

-ua 

Ablative 

passibus 

cornibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

Ohsenie :  — 

That  the  quantity  of  the  -u  in  passus  serves  to  distinguish  cases 
otherwise  alike  in  form. 

Lacus,  m.,  lake,  is  declined  exactly  like  passus  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  dative  and  ablative  plural,  which  end  in  -ubus  instead  of 
-ibus. 


153. 


VOCABULARY. 


ager,  agri,  m.,  field,  territory  (de- 
clined like  the  masculine  of  the 
adjective  noster  in  §  56). 

cornu,  cornus,  n.,  hoim,  icing  (of  an 
army). 

exercitus,  -us,  ra.,  trained  army. 

liira,  -ae,  m.,  the  Jura  mountains,  a 
range  extending  from  the  Rhone  to 
the  Rhine. 

lacus,  -us,  m.,  lake. 


Lemannus,  -i,  m.,  the  ancient  name 

for  Lake  Geneva, 
occasus,  lis,  m.,  setting. 
passus,  -us,   m.,  pace  (the  distance 

covered   in   two  steps,  about  live 

feet). 
alter,  -a,  -um,  the  other,  the  second  of 

a  series. 
altus,  -a,  -um,  high,  deep. 
t5tus,  -a,  -um,  whole,  entire. 


154. 


WRITTEN  WORK. 


lacul. 


(1)  Decline  in  full  lacus,  exercitus ;  occasus  in  sing.  only. 

(2)  Decline  ager ;  also  altera  pars. 

(3)  Compare  with  meanings  altus  (alt-). 

155.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Passu,  passuum ;  lacubus  ;  cornua ;  passibus  ; 
(2)  Inter  lacus  et  montes  sunt  latissima  flumina.  (3)  Una  ex 
parte  (on  one  side)  nostri  fines  ad  inferiorem  partem  Rheni  per- 
tinebant.  (4)  Tertia  ex  parte  nostra  provincia  ab  Helvetils  lacu 
Lemanno  dividitur.  (5)  Consules  ad  agros  Helvetios  ^  cum  tino 
cornu  exercitus  contendebant.  (6)  Omnes  alios  yirtute  facile 
6 


62 


CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


praecedebamus  quod  cotidianis  proeliis  cum  exercitu  Germanorum 
contendebamus.  (7)  Nobilissimi  eramus,  quod  institutls  et  legi- 
bus  differebamus.  (8)  Orgetorix  coniurationem  fecit  et  toti  no- 
bilitati  persuasit.  (9)  Totum  exercitum  ex  agris  duxerat  et  im- 
perium  alterius  partis  Galliae  occupabat.  (10)  Lacus  Lemannus 
altissimus  agrum  Helvetium*  a  nostra  provincia  dividebat. 

II.  (1)  Of  many  paces;  of  one  lake;  in  the  other  lakes;  by 
the  wings  of  the  other  army.  (2)  On  one  side  our  fields  are  sepa- 
rated from  the  Germans  by  the  highest  mountains.  (3)  Those 
places  were  hemmed  in  by  other  rivers.  (4)  One  Gaul  was  lead- 
ing a  wing  of  the  army,  a  second  held  the  control  of  the  fields,  a 
third  was  hastening  to  the  lake.  (5)  This  river,  which  was  called 
the  Rhine,  was  very  far  away  from  our  fields.  (6)  Many  paces 
were  between  our  armies  and  the  army  of  the  whole  of  Gaul. 
(7)  We  were  separated  from  these  traders  by  wider  rivers  and 
deeper  lakes. 


156. 


DEVELOPMENT   EXERCISES. 


Una  ex  parte  fines  Helvetiorum  flumine  Rheno  continentur. 

Rhenus  est  flumen  altissimum  et 
latissimum,  quod  flumen  agrum  Hel- 
vetium^  a  Germanis  dividit.  Ei 
fines  altera  ex  parte  monte  lura 
continentur.  Is  mons  altissimus  est 
inter  Sequanos  et  Helvetios.  Tertia 
ex  parte  fines  Helvetiorum  lacu 
Lemanno  et  flumine  Rhodano  con- 
tinentur.    Id    flumen    nostram    pro- 

EoMAN    Centurions   or    Captains  .       .  i    tt  i         •       j      -j* 

CARRYING  THEIR  staff  OF  OFFICE,      viuciam  ab  Hclvetiis  dividit. 


1  Tbi^  word,  usually  used  substantively,  is  bere  an  adjective. 


LESSON  XXIII. 


63 


LESSON    XXIII. 

FUTURE  INDICATIVE  ACTIVE  AND  PASSIVE  OF  THE  FIRST 
AND   SECOND  CONJUGATIONS. 

157.    The  ancient  Siviss  were  hemmed  in  by  mountains  and  rivers. 

Id  hoc  faciliiis  els  per- 
suasit,  quod  undique  loci 
natura  Helvetii  continentur: 
una  ex  parte  flumine  K-heno 
latissimo  atque  altissimo,  qui 
agrum     Helvetium     a     Ger- 


■  manls  dividit ;  altera  ex 
parte  monte  lura  altissimo, 
qui  est  inter  Sequanos  et 
Helvetios;  tertia  lacu  Le- 
manno  et  flumine  Rhodano, 
qui    provinciam    nostram    ab 

HelvetilS  dividit.  Ancient  Switzerland. 

158.  PARADIGMS. 

Future  Indicative  of  the  Verb  LiberS. 

Present  Stem  :   libera-. 

Active  Voice. 


OERMANI 


SINGULAR. 

1.  liberabo,  I  shall  liberate. 

2.  liberabis,  you  will  liberate. 

3.  liberabit,  he  will  liberate. 


PLURAL. 

liberabimus,  we  shall  liberate, 
liberabitis,  you  will  liberate, 
liberabunt,  they  will  liberate. 


Passive  Voice. 

1.  liberabor,  I  shall  be  liberated.  liberabimur,  we  shall  be  liberated. 

2.  liberaberis,  you  will  be  liberated.      liberabimini,  you  will  be  liberated. 

3.  liberabitur,  he  will  be  liberated.        liberabuntur,  they  will  be  liberated. 

Observe :  — 

That  the  future  tense  of  this  verb  is  formed  by  adding  to  the 
present  stem  the  sign  of  the  future  tense  -bi,  and  the  personal 


64  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

endings,  both  active  and  passive.  In  the  first  singular  active, 
the  1  of  the  -bi  is  lost  before  6,  while  in  the  third  plural,  active 
and  passive,  the  i  becomes  u.  In  the  second  singular  passive,  the 
i  becomes  e. 

All  verbs  of  the  First  and  Second  Conjugations  form  their 
futures  in  the  same  way,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  following :  present 
occupo,  future  occupabo,  present  moveo,  future  movebo. 

159.  VOCABULARY. 

dolor,  doloris,  m.,  grief.  finitiinus,  -a,  -urn,  wear,  neighboring  ; 

hom5,  hominis,  m.  or  f.,  man,  hu-  when  used  substantively,  «eiV//i,&or. 

man  being.  late,  adv.,  from  latus,  widely. 

iumentum,  -i,  n.,  beast  of  burden.  minus,  adv.,  in  comparative  degree, 

cupidus,    -a,    -um,   fond,    desirous,  less, 

eager  for  (followed  by  genitive). 

aificio,  aflBcere,  affeci,  affectus,  affect,  afflict. 

bello,  1,^  wage  war,  bellandi,  gen.  of  what  is  known  as  the  gerund, 

translated,  of  warring. 
fio,  fieri,  f actus  sum  (used  as  the  passive  of  facio),  be  made,  become, 

happen. 
infero,  inferre,  intuli,  illatus,  wage   (war)   upon;    bellum  finitimis 

inferre,  wage  war  upon  neighbors. 
possum,  posse,  potui,  be  able;  possent,  imperfect  subjunctive, 
vagor,  vagarl,  vagatus  sum  (deponent  verb),  wander  about,  roam. 

160.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Conjugate  with  meanings  armo,  moved,  and  contineo  in  the  future 
indicative,  active  and  passive. 

(2)  Compare  cupidus  (cupid-)- 

161.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Appellabit,  appellabitur ;  habebit,  habebitur ;  prohibebit, 
prohibebitur.  (2)  Superabimus,  superabimur;  prohibebimus, 
prohibebimur ;  accusabimus,  accusabimur.  (3)  Obtinebunt, 
obtinebuntur ;     dabunt,     dabuntur;     incitabunt,     incitabuntur. 

1  A  numeral  to  the  right  of  a  verb  indicates  that  its  principal  parts  are  regu- 
lar ;  that  is,  like  those  of  the  model  verb  of  the  conjugation  indicated. 


LESSON  XXIV.  65 

(4)  Effeminabitis ;  importabuntur ;  commeabis;  prohibeberis ; 
habebimini.  (5)  Haec  iumenta  magna  cornua  habebant  et  late 
vagabantur.  (6)  Magno  dolore  afficiebamur  quod  montibus  et 
fliiminibus  a  Gallis  dividebamur.  (7)  Fortissimi  Gallorum  suls 
finibus  (see  §  68),  Germanos  cotidiaius  proelils  proliibebunt. 
(8)  Germani  agros  Gallorum  obtinebunt  quod  els  virtute  praesta- 
bunt.  (9)  Haec  oppida  quae  sunt  inter  montes  et  lacus,  multis 
bellls  vastabuntur.  (10)  In  nostris  finibus  ad  vicos  Gallorum 
vagabimur. 

II.  (1)  He  will  move,  he  will  be  moved ;  he  will  conquer,  he 
will  be  conquered ;  he  will  hold,  he  will  be  held.  (2)  We  shall 
call,  we  shall  be  called ;  we  shall  give,  we  shall  be  given ;  we 
shall  move,  we  shall  be  moved.  (3)  They  will  accuse,  they  will 
be  accused ;  they  will  prevent,  they  will  be  prevented ;  they  will 
free,  they  will  be  freed.  (4)  You  will  wander;  we  shall  be 
weakened ;  I  shall  hold ;  they  will  resort.  (5)  The  Gauls  will 
resort  with  all  their  forces  to  these  lakes  and  rivers. 

162.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

His  rebus  (abl.  of  cause,  on  account  of  these  facts)  minus  late 
vagabantur.  His  rebus  flebat  ut  minus  late  vagarentur  (imperf. 
subj.,  trans,  as  if  vagabantur).  Flebat  ut  bellum  finitimis  minus 
facile  Inferre  possent  (trans,  last  word  as  if  imp.  ind.).  Qua 
ex  parte  (abl.  of  cause,  trans,  on  this  account)  magno  dolore  afficie- 
bantur. 

LESSON   XXIV. 

FUTURE  ACTIVE  AND  PASSIVE  OF  THE  TfflRD  CONJUGATION. 
—  THE   GENITIVE  OF  THE  WHOLE. 

163.  Tlie  Swiss  long  for  opportunities  of  war  and  conquest. 

His  rebus  flebat,  ut  et  minus  late  vagarentur  et  minus  facile 
fmitimis  bellum  Inferre  possent ;  qua  ex  parte  homines  bellandi 
cupidi  magno  dolore  afficiebantur. 


Q6  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

164.  PARADIGM. 

Future  Indicative,  Active  and  Passive,  of  the  Verb  Divido. 

Present  Stem  :   divide-. 

Active  Voice, 
singular.  plural. 

1.  dividam,  I  shall  divide.  dividemus,  we  shall  divide. 

2.  divides,  you  will  divide.  dividetis,  you  will  divide. 

3.  dividet,  he  will  divide.  divident,  they  will  divide. 

Passive  Voice. 

1.  dividar,  I  shall  be  divided.  dividemur,  we  shall  be  divided. 

2.  divideris,  you  will  be  divided.  dividemini,  you  will  be  divided. 

3.  dividetur,  he  will  be  divided.  dividentur,  they  will  be  divided. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  the  future  of  the  Third  Conjugation  the  final  e  of 
the  stem  is  lengthened,  and  to  this  modified  form  are  added  the 
personal  endings. 

(2)  that  this  final  e  of  the  stem  is  lost  in  the  first  singular  and 
is  short  before  final  -t  and  before  -nt. 

165.  MODEL   SENTENCES. 

(1)  Unam  partem  Galliae  Belgae  incolunt.  —  The  Belgians  in- 
habit one  ixirt  of  Oaul.  (2)  Fines  multa  milia  passuum  patebant. 
—  Tlie  territories  extended  many  thousands  of  paces;  i.e.  many 
miles. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  sentence  1  unam  partem  denotes  a  part,  while  the 
genitive  Galliae  denotes  the  whole  to  which  the  part  belongs. 

(2)  that  the  same  will  be  seen  to  be  true  of  milia  and  passuum  in 
sentence  2.  This  construction  is  known  as  the  Genitive  of  the 
Whole. 

166.  R  ULE,  —  The  whole,  depending  upon  a  word  denoting 
a  part,  is  expressed  by  the  genitive. 


LESSON  XXIV.  67 

167.  VOCABULARY. 

fortitudS,  fortitudinis,  f.,  bravery.  multitudo,    multitudinis,   f.,    mnlti- 

gloria,-ae,f.,firZory;  gloria  belli  atque  tude,  a  large  number;  multitudo 

fortitudiuis,  reputation  for  bravery  hominum,  population. 

in  war.  se,   reflexive   pronoun,    ace.    or  abl. 

Iatitud5,  latitudinis,  f.,  icidth.  case,  himself,  herself  itself  them- 

longitiido,  longitudinis,  f.,  length.  selves,  according  to  the  meaning  of 

mille,  n.,  thousand.     In  singular  in-  the  subject. 

declinable  and  usually  an  adjec-  angustus,  -a,  -um,  narrow. 

tive.    The  plural,  milia,  mUium,  autem,  conj.,  moreover,  however. 

a  noun,  is  declined  like  the  neuter  pro,  prep,  governing  abl.  case,  for^  in 

plural  of  omnis,  §  61.  view  of 

arbitror,  arbitrari,  arbitratus  sum  (deponent  verb),  think. 
pate5,  patere,  patui,  — ,  extend. 

168.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Conjugate  with  meanings  the  future  indicative,  active  and 
passive,  of  duco  and  the  future  indicative  active  of  gero. 

(2)  Put  omnis  in  agreement  with  mille  in  the  plural  and  decline 
them  together. 

(3)  Compare  angustus  (angust-)  showing  all  gender  endings. 

(4)  Decline  latitude  in  the  singular  only. 

169.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Dticemus,  ducemur;  dividemus,  dividemur;  incolet,  in- 
coletiir.  (2)  Dividet,  dividetur;  bellum  geret,  bellum  geretxir; 
diicet,  ducefcur.  (3)  Prohibebimini;  inducemini,  inducetis ;  dicent, 
dicemur.     (4)  Agri  eius  Helveti  tria   milia  passiium   patebant. 

(5)  Haec    flumina   Germanos   a   finibus    Gallorum     dividebant. 

(6)  Cum  tribus  milibus  Germanorum  bellum  geremus.     (7)  Hel- 
vetii    multa    milia    passuum    ad    fines     Gallorum    vagabantur. 

(8)  Haec  oppida  Gallorum  omnibus  nostris  copils  occupabimus. 

(9)  Omnes  finitimos  gloria  belli  atque  fortitudinis  praec6demus. 

(10)  Hi  homines  erant  bellandi  cupidi  et  ad  nostram  provinciam 
vagabantur. 


68  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

II.  (1)  You  will  lead,  you  will  be  led;  you  will  divide,  you 
will  be  divided ;  you  will  inhabit ;  you  will  wage.  (2)  We  shall 
influence,  we  shall  be  influenced ;  we  shall  say ;  we  shall  prevent, 
we  shall  be  prevented.  (3)  He  will  lead,  he  will  be  led;  it  will 
be  inhabited ;  he  will  hasten  ;  it  will  be  waged.  (4)  The  consuls 
with  a  large  part  of  their  forces  will  hasten  into  the  territories 
of  the  Swiss.  (5)  In  the  number  of  large  towns,  the  Gauls  sur- 
passed the  Swiss.  (6)  The  Swiss  will  lead  a  great  number  of 
troops  into  the  territories  of  their  neighbors  and  will  fight  (in) 
many  battles. 

170.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Helvetii  angustos  fines  habebant.  Helvetii  arbitrabantur  s6 
habere  angustos  fines.  Ei  fines  erant  angusti  pro  mnltitudine 
hominum  et  pro  gloria  belli  atque  fortitudinis.  Fines  Helveti- 
orum  multa  milia  passuum  in  latitudinem  et  longitudinem  pate- 
bant. 

LESSON  XXV. 

IMPERFECT  INDICATIVE,  ACTIVE  AND  PASSIVE,  OF  THE  THIRD 
CONJUGATION  IN  JO.  —  ACCUSATIVE  OF  EXTENT. 

171.  Tlieir  bravery  and  population  entitle  them  to  larger  territories. 

Pro  multitudine  autem  hominum  et  pro  gloria  belli  atque  forti- 
tudinis angustos  se  fines  habere  arbitrabantur,  qui  in  longitudi- 
nem milia  passuum  CCXL,  in  latitudinem  CLXXX  patebant. 
[Cap.  II.  Finis.] 

172.  The  imperfect  and  future  of  capio  differ  from  the  same 
tenses  of  other  verbs  of  the  Third  Conjugation  only  in  the  insertion 
of  i  before  e  of  the  present  stem. 

Review  the  present  and  memorize  the  imperfect  and  future  of 
capi5,  App.,  §  22. 


LESSON  XXV.  69 

ACCUSATIVE  OF  EXTENT. 

173.  (1)  Regnura  miiltos  annos  obtiniierat. — He  had  held  the 
royal  power  for  many  years.  (2)  Agri  tria  milia  passuum  patebant. 
—  The  fields  extended  three  miles. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  sentence  1  the  accusative  multos  annSs  denotes  the 
time  during  which  he  had  held  the  royal  power. 

(2)  that  in  sentence  2  the  accusative  milia  denotes  the  extent 
of  space  over  which  the  fields  extended.  This  accusative,  known 
as  the  Accusative  of  Extent,  answers  the  question  "  How  far  ?  " 
"How  long?" 

174.  R  ULJEJ.  —  Duration  of  time  and  extent  of  space  are 
expressed  hy  the  accusative  without  a  preposition, 

175.  VOCABULARY. 

amicitia,  -ae,  f.,  friendship^  alliance,      pax,  pads,  f.,  peace. 

annus,  -i,  m.,  year.  semen tis,     sementis,     f.,    planting, 

auctoritas,  auctoritatis,  f.,  authority,  sowing. 

influence.  maximus,  -a,  -um,  greatest,  superla- 

frumentum,  -i,  n.,  grain;   in  plu.,  tive  of  adj .  magnus. 

standing  grain.  quot,  interrogative,  how  many  ? 

iter,  itineris,  n.  road,  march,  route ;  iter  facere,  to  march. 

adduco,  -diicere,  -duxi,  -ductus,  lead  to,  influence. 

coemo,  coemere,  coemi,  coemptus,  buy  up,  purchase. 

compare,  1,  prepare. 

confirm5,  1,  confirm,  establish. 

constituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -stitutus,  decide. 

permoveo,  2,  move  thoroughly,  arouse,  alarm. 

suppeto,  -petere,  -petivi,  -petitus,  be  available,  hold  out. 


176.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Conjugate  with  meanings  afficio,  iacio,  and  dico  in  the  present, 
imperfect,  and  future  indicative,  active  and  passive. 

(2)  Decline  iter  and  proximus  in  agreement. 


70  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

177.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)    lacis,   iaceris;     afficis,   afficeris;     capiebas,    capieMris. 

(2)  Afficiunt,  afficiuntur ;  iaciebat,  iaciebatur ;  capient,  capientur. 

(3)  Iaceris,  iacieris,  iaciebaris ;  capietis,  capiebant.  (4)  Affici- 
mus,  afficiemus;  iaciebantur,  iaciuntur,  iacientur,  iacietis. 
(5)  Auctoritate  Orgetorigis  adducti,  bellum  multos  annos  gereba- 
mus.  (6)  Agri,  qui  flumine  Rheno  continebantur,  multa  milia 
passuum  patebant.  (7)  Helvetil  magno  dolore  afficiebantur  et 
ad  fines  Gallonim  vagabantur.  (8)  Quot  milia  passuum  fines 
Helvetiorum  patebant? 

II.  (1)  They  hurl,  they  are  hurled,  they  will  be  hurled ;  they 
will  take,  they  were  being  taken.  (2)  You  were  being  affected, 
you  will  be  affected;  you  will  be  alarmed;  you  will  be  hurled. 
(3)  We  were  making,  we  shall  make;  we  shall  establish,  we  shall 
be  established ;  we  shall  be  affected.  (4)  We  shall  have  narrow 
territories,  which  will  extend  many  miles  in  (in  with  ace.)  length. 

(5)  They  will  make  a  march  three  miles  with  all  their  forces. 

(6)  Because  of  their  bravery  the  Helvetians  waged  war  for  many 
years.  (7)  [Answer  in  a  complete  Latin  sentence  the  question  in 
sentence  8,  part  I.] 

178.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

His  rebus  (by  these  things)  Helvetii  adducebantur.  Auctoritate 
Orgetorigis  permovebantur.  His  rebus  adducti  et  auctoritate 
Orgetorigis  permoti,  Helvetii  constituerunt  ea  comparare.  Ea  ad 
proficiscendum  (to  starting  out)  pertinebant.  Constituerunt  ea 
quae  ad  proficiscendum  pertinerent  (imp.  subj.,  transl.  as  if  perti- 
nebant) comparare.  Constituerunt  iumentorum  et  carrorum  quam 
maximum  (transl.  greatest  possible)  numerum  coemere.  Consti- 
tuerunt quoque  sementes  quam  maximas  facere  ut  (that)  in  itinere 
copia  frumenti  suppeteret  (imp.  subj.,  transl.  might  be  available). 
Cum  proximis  civitatibus  pacem  et  amicitiam  confirmabant.  Ea 
omnia  Helvetii  constituerunt  facere. 


LESSON  XXVI. 


71 


LESSON   XXVI. 

FIFTH  DECLENSION    OF    NOUNS.  —  DECLENSION    OF   REFLEX- 
IVE AND  INTENSIVE  PRONOUNS. 

179.  Tlie  Swiss  make  elaborate  preparations  for  their  great  trek. 
His   rebus   adducti   et   auctoritate 

Orgetorigis  permoti  constituerunt  ea, 

quae  ad  proficiscendum  pertinerent, 

comparare,  iumentorum  et  carrorum 

quam  maximum  numerum  coemere, 

sementes  quam  maximas  facere,  ut  in 

itinere  copia  frumenti  suppeteret,cum  ancient  ploughbot. 

proximis  civitatibus  pacem  et  amicitiam  conflrmare. 

180.  Nouns  of  the  Fifth  Declension  are  feminine  except  dies, 
which  is  usually  masculine,  though  often  feminine  in  the  singular. 


181.  PARADIGM. 

Fifth  Declension  of  Nouns. 

dies,  m.,  f.,  day.  res,  f.,  thing. 

Stem  :  die-.  Stem  :  re-. 

Base  :  di-.  Base  :  r-. 


Case  Ending s. 


Singular. 
Nominative       dies 
Genitive  diei 

Dative  diei 

Accusative        diem 
Ablative  die 


Plural.  Singular.  Plural. 

dies                   res  res 

dierum              rei  rerum 

diebus               rei  rebus 

dies                   rem  res 

diebus               re  rebus 


Plu. 


Sing. 

-es  -es 

-li  -erum 

-8i  -ebus 

-em  -es 

-e  -ebus 


Observe :  — 

That  in  dies  e  is  long  except  in  the  accusative  singular,  although 
according  to  the  general  law  of  quantity  one  would  expect  to  find 
a  short  vowel  before  another  vowel. 


72  CAESAR'S   FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

Dies  and  res  are  the  only  nouns  of  this  declension  which  are 
fully  declined  in  the  plural. 

182.  Sui  is  a  reflexive  pronoun,  reflecting  back  to  the  subject 
for  its  meaning,  of  himself,  herself  itself  themselves.  Memorize  its 
declension  in  the  App.,  §  15.  It  will  be  found  to  have  no  nom- 
inative.    Why? 

183.  Ipse,  -a,  -um  is  an  intensive  pronoun,  ordinarily  an  apposi- 
tive,  himself  herself  itself  Memorize  its  declension  in  the  App., 
§16. 

184.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Se  amicos  Belgarum  appellant.  —  TJiey  call  themselves  friends 
of  the  Belgians.  (2)  Helvetii  ipsi  eos  suis  finibus  prohibent. — 
Tlie  Helvetians  themselves  keep  them  aivay  from  their  (the  Helve- 
tians^) territories.  (3)  In  eorum  finibus  bellum  gerunt.  —  They 
wage  ivar  in  the  territories  of  these  (i.e.  their  enemies).  (4)  Copias 
secum  duxit.  —  He  led  his  forces  with  him.  (5)  Suas  copias 
cum  eo  miserunt.  —  They  sent  their  forces  with  him. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  sentence  1  themselves  is  a  reflexive  pronoun  referring 
to  the  subject  of  the  verb  and  is  translated  by  se,  while  in  sentence 
2  themselves  is  in  apposition  with  Helvetians,  intensifies  its  mean- 
ing, and  is  translated  by  ipsi. 

(2)  that  in  sentence  4  him  refers  to  the  subject  he  and  is  trans- 
lated by  s6,  while  in  sentence  5  him  does  not  refer  to  the  subject 
and  is  translated  by  eo,  the  ablative  of  is. 

(3)  that  in  sentence  4  the  preposition  cum  becomes  enclitic 
with  se. 

(4)  that  in  sentence  2  their  denotes  the  same  person  as  the  sub- 
ject and  is  translated  by  the  possessive  adjective  suus,  -a,  -um, 
while  in  sentence  3  their  does  not  refer  to  the  subject  and  is 
translated  by  eorum,  the  genitive  plural  of  is,  ea,  id. 

(5)  that  in  sentence  4  the  possessive  is  omitted  because  not  re- 
quired for  clearness  or  emphasis. 


LESSON  XXVI.  73 

SUMMARY. 

A  third  personal  pronoun  is  translated  by  the  reflexive  when 
referring  to  the  subject ;  otherwise  by  a  demonstrative.  Similarly, 
possession  in  the  third  person  is  translated  by  suus,  -a,  -um,  when 
referring  to  tlje  subject,  otherwise  by  the  genitive,  singular  or 
plural,  of  a  demonstrative.  When  merely  intensive  and  not^re- 
flexive,  the  compound  personal  pronouns,  himself^  etc.  are  trans- 
lated by  ipse,  -a,  -um. 

185.  VOCABULARY. 

\iiermmva.,-\ji\.,  a  period  of  two  years.      ipse,    -a,    -um,    intensive    pronoun, 
dies,  diei,  m.,  day.  himself  herself  itself 

legatio,  legationis,  f.,  embassy.,  mis-      sui,  genitive  of  the  reflexive  pronoun, 
sion.  meaning    of  himself    themselves^ 

profectio,  profectionis,  f.,  departure.  etc.,  according  to  the  subject. 

res,  rel,  f.,  thing.  satis,  adv.,  enough. 

conficio,  conficere,  confeci,  confectus,  accomplish,  complete,  exhaust. 

deligo,  deligere,  delegi,  delectus,  choose,  select. 

suscipio,    suscipere,  suscepi,   susceptus  (sub,   under;    capio,    take), 
undertake;  sibi  suscipere,  to  take  upon  one^s  self. 

186.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Write  out  the  imperfect  and  future  indicative,  active  and  passive, 
of  deligo  and  suscipio. 

(2)  Decline  annus  and  legati5. 

187.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Belgae  ipsi  se  et  eos  accusant.  (2)  Orgetorix  ipse  has 
res  fecit ;  Orgetorix  has  res  ipsas  fecit.  (3)  Galll  suas  copias  in 
eorum  fines  multos  dies  ducent.  (4)  Mercatores  ipsI  eos  fortes 
appellant.  (5)  Helvetii  eas  res  sibi  susceperunt.  (6)  Ipsi  sua 
oppida  occupant;  ipsi  eorum  oppida  occupant.  (7)  Galli  ipsi 
legibus  et  institutls  inter  se  differunt.  (8)  Arbitrabantur  se^ 
angustos  fines  habere.  (9)  Sunt  inter  eos  montes  et  fltimina. 
(10)  Suas  copias  secum  dtixerunt. 

1  Masculine  plural  accusative.  Accusative  because  subject  of  the  infinitive 
habere.    Why  masculine  plural? 


74  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

II.  (1)  The  Belgians  are  liberating  themselves.  (2)  The  Bel- 
gians themselves  liberated  them.  (3)  The  town  itself  was  near 
to  them.  (4)  Orgetorix  arouses  him.  (5)  Orgetorij^  arouses 
himself.  (6)  Orgetorix  himself  arouses  the  Gauls.  (7)  They 
will  complete  these  things  for  themselves.  (8)  Th^ey  will  march 
with  him  into  his  territories.  (9)  He  will  give  his  territories  to 
them. 

188.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISES. 

Ad  eas  res  conficiendas  (for  completing  these  things)  biennium 
est  satis.  Biennium  esse  sibi  satis  duxerunt.^  In  (for)  tertium 
annum  profectio  lege  confirmatur.  Legationem  ad  civitates  Orge- 
torix sibi  suscepit. 

1  With  the  accusative  and  infinitive  duco  means,  consider. 

THIRD   REVIEW. 

I.  List  in  a  column  with  meanings  the  Latin  nouns  from  which 
the  following  English  words  are  wholly  or  partly  derived  :  authori- 
tative, locality,  itinerary,  lake,  pacify,  agrarian,  real,  human,  pace, 
multitudinous,  natural,  million,  latitude,  legation,  annual.  Add 
to  this  list  the  Latin  nouns  for  friendship,  grain,  departure. 

II.  List  in  a  column  and  index  as  in  the  First  Review  the 
Latin  adjectives  meaning :  easy,  neighboring,  great,  desirous,  com- 
paring the  last  named. 

III.  List  in  a  column  and  give  the  principal  jjarts  and  mean- 
ings of  each  Latin  verb  from  which  the  following  English  words 
are  wholly  or  partly  derived :  vagrant,  potent,  patent,  adduce,  con- 
stitution, confirmation,  confection,  delegation.  Add  to  this  list 
the  Latin  verbs  meaning :  prepare,  alarm,  get  possession,  under- 
take. 

IV.  Write  in  a  column  the  following  English  words,  placing 
opposite  each  its  Latin  equivalent :  from  all  sides,  moreover,  than, 
enough. 


THIRD  REVIEW.  75 

V.  Decline  consecutively  as  in  the  Second  Review  the  first  ten 
nouns  in  I.,  starting  (a)  with  the  third  noun  and  putting  t5tus  in 
G.  N.  C.  agreement  with  each  form ;  (b)  with  the  sixth  noun,  put- 
ting alius  in  agreement  with  each  form ;  (c)  with  the  eighth,  put- 
ting alter  in  agreement  with  each  form.  Index  as  in  the  previous 
review  lessons  the  remaining  nouns  in  I,  noting  that  one  of  these 
nouns  varies  in  the  meaning  of  the  plural. 

VI.  Conjugate  in  full  the  imperfect  and  future  indicative,  active 
and  passive,  of  permoveo,  delig5,  and  suscipid,  marking  all  long 
vowels  with  care. 

VII.  Review  the  translation  of  the  text  at  the  head  of  Lessons 
XXI-XXV,  inclusive.  Select  in  this  text  all  examples  of  the 
Genitive  of  the  Whole  and  of  the  Accusative  of  Extent,  illustrat- 
ing these  constructions  by  short  original  Latin  sentences  translated 
into  English. 

RULES  FOR  THE  GENDER  OF  THIRD  DECLENSION  NOUNS. 

VIII.  (1)  Most  nouns  in  -€s,  which  increase  (have  more  syl- 
lables) in  the  genitive,  nouns  in  -er,  -or,  and  -6s  are  masculine. 

(2)  Most  nouns  in  -€s,  which  do  not  increase  in  the  genitive, 
nouns  in  -6,  -as,  -is,  -us  (genitive  -utis  or  -udis),  -x,  and  in  -s  pre- 
ceded by  a  consonant  are  feminine. 

(3)  Nouns  in  -c,  -i,  -t,  -y,  -1,  -a,  -n,  -e,  -ar,  -us  (genitive  -oris  or 
-eris),  are  neuter. 

Many  exceptions  to  these  rules  will  be  found,  but  these  are  best 
learned  from  practice.  Remember  that,  whatever  their  endings, 
nouns  denoting  males  are  masculine  and  those  denoting  females 
are  feminine. 

Apply  these  rules  to  the  following  third  declension  nouns,  giv- 
ing the  gender  only  of  each:  pater,  tempus,  5rati5,  ius,  frater, 
mos,  mors,  reditio,  facultas,  urbs,  altitudO,  ratis,  nox,  servitus, 
nomen,  animal 


76  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 


LESSON   XXVII. 

PERFECT,  PLUPERFECT,  AND  FUTURE  PERFECT  INDICATIVE 
PASSIVE  OF  THREE  CONJUGATIONS.  — ABLATIVE  OF  AGENCY. 

189.  Orgetorix  secretly  develops  his  ambitious  schemes  to  make 
himself  king. 

Ad  eas  res  conficieiidas  biennium  satis  esse  duxerunt ;  in  tertiiim 
annum  profectionem  lege  conflrmant.  Ad  eas  res  conficiendas 
Orgetorix  deligitur.     Is  sibi  legationem  ad  civitates  suscepit. 

190.  PARADIGMS. 

Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  Indicative 
Passive  op  the  Verb  Libero. 

Singular.  Plural. 

PERFECT. 

1.  llberatus,   -a,   -um    sum,   I  was      1.   liberati,  -ae,  -a  sumus,  we  were 

(or  have  been)  liberated.  (or  have  been)  liberated. 

2.  liberatus,  -a,  -um       es.  2.   liberati,  -ae,  -a  estis. 

3.  liberatus,  -a,  -um       est.  3.   liberati,  -ae,  -a   sunt. 

PLUPERFECT. 

1.  liberatus,  -a,   -um  eram,  I  had      1.   liberati,  -ae,  -a  eramus,  we  had 

been  liberated.  been  liberated. 

2.  liberatus,  -a,  -um      eras.  2.   liberati,  -ae,  -a    eratis. 

3.  liberatus,  -a,  -um      erat.  3.   liberati,  -ae,  -a    erant. 

FUTURE  PERFECT. 

1.  liberatus,    -a,   -um  ero,   I   shall      1.   liberati,  -ae,  -a  erimus,  we  shall 

have  been  liberated.  have  been  liberated. 

2.  liberatus,  -a,  -um      eris.  2.   liberati,  -ae,  -a     eritis. 

3.  liberatus,  -a,  -um      erit.  3.   liberati,  -ae,  -a    erunt. 

Observe:  — 

(1)  that  these  tenses  are  formed  by  adding  to  the  perfect  pas- 
sive participle :  for  the  perfect,  the  present  of  the  verb  sum ;  for 
the  pluperfect,  the  imperfect  of  the  verb  sum ;  and  for  the  future 
perfect,  the  future  of  the  verb  sum. 


mOtus, 

-a, 

-um 

divisus 

-a, 

-um 

captus, 

-a, 

-um  J 

LESSON  XXVII.  77 

(2)  that  this  participle,  like  an  adjective,  agrees  in  G.  N.  C. 
with  the  subject 

191.  Table  of  the  Perfect,   Pluperfect,  and  Future 

Perfect  Indicative  Passive  of  the  Second 
AND  Third  Conjugations. 

PERFECT  PASSIVE  PARTICIPLES. 
Singular.  Plukal. 

PERFECT. 

in5tus,  -a,  -um    1  moti,  -ae,  -a  1 

divisus,  -a,  -um  \  sum,  es,  est.  divisi,  -ae,  -a  [  sumus,  estis,  sunt. 

captus,  -a,  -um   J  capti,  -ae,  -a  J 

PLUPERFECT. 

mOti,  -ae,  -a  1 
eram,  eras,  erat.       divisi,  -ae,  -a  >  eramus,  eratis,  erant. 
capti,  -ae,  -a  J 

FUTURE    PERFECT. 

motus,  -a,  -um    1  moti,  -ae,  -a  1 

divisus,  -a,  -um   |  ero,  ens,  erit.  divisi,  -ae,  -a  J  erimus,  eritis,  erunt. 

captus,  -a,  -um   J  capti,  -ae,  -a  J 

192.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Helvetii  agros  vastaverunt.  —  The  Swiss  devastated  the  fields. 
(2)  Agri  ab  Helvetiis  vastati  sunt.  —  The  fields  ivere  devastated  by 
the  Swiss.  (3)  AgrI  fluminibus  vastati  sunt.  —  TJie  fields  were 
devastated  by  the  rivers. 

,     Observe :  — 

(1)  that  sentences  1  and  2  have  the  same  meaning,  the  one 
being  active,  the  other  passive. 

(2)  that  the  Helvetii,  persons  and  voluntary  agents,  while  the 
subject  in  the  active,  sentence  1,  are  put  in  the  ablative  with  ab 
in  the  passive,  sentence  2.  This  ablative  is  called  the  Ablative 
of  Agency  and  answers  the  question  "  By  whom  ?  " 

7 


78  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

(3)  that  fluminibus  in  sentence  3  is  put  in  the  Ablative  of 
Means  without  a  preposition,  since  rivers  are  not  persons  and 
voluntary  agents. 

193.  R  ULE.  —  The  voluntary  agent  after  a  passive  verb  is 
expressed  by  the  ablative  with  a  or  ah, 

194.  VOCABULARY. 

Casticus,  -!,  Casticus,  a  leader  of  the  senatus,  -us,  m.,  senate, 

Sequani.  Romanus,   -a,   -um   (an    adj.    often 

Catamantaloedes,  -is,  m.,  Cataman-  used  substantively) ,  Boman. 

taloedes,  a  former  leader  of  the  ante,  adv.,  before. 

Sequani.  quo,  masc,  abl.  sing,  of  interroga- 

filius,  fill,  m.,  son  (voc.  sing.  flli).  tive,  (by)  whom. 

pater,  patris,  m.,  father.  a  or  ab,  prep.,  by  (with  Ablative  of 

populus,  -i,  m.,  people,  nation.  Agency). 

195.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Conjugate,  with  meanings,  prohibeo,  gero,  and  faci5  in  the  perfect, 
pluperfect,  and  future  perfect  indicative,  active  and  passive. 

(2)  Decline  filius,  pater,  senatus. 

196.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Superatus  est ;  motus  erat ;  gestum  erit ;  iactus  es ;  pro- 
hibit! sumus.  (2)  Gessisti,  gestum  est ;  duxeras,  ductus  eras ;  dl- 
viseris,  dlvisus  eris.  (3)  Comparaveras ;  dixerunt,  dicti  eratis, 
liberati  sunt ;  capti  sumus ;  armati  erunt.  (4)  Multos  annos 
proximis  cum  civitatibus  pax  ab  Helvetiis  confirmata  est. 
(5)  Nostri  fines  biennium  a  Castico  vastati  sunt  quod  pacem 
non  confirm averamus.  (6)  Fortitudine  et  gloria  belli  Helvetii 
Gallos  omnes  praecedebant.  (7)  Exercitus  Sequanorum  ex  pro- 
vincia  ab  Castico  ductus  erit.  (8)  X  quo  Orgetorix  ad  eas  res 
conficiendas  delectus  est? 

II.  (1)  They  have  been  prevented,  they  have  prevented ;  you 
have  been  led,  you  have  led ;  he  had  been  called,  he  had  called. 
(2)  They  shall  have  been  given,  they  shall  have  given;  you  have 
been  chosen,  you  had  chosen ;  she  has  been  affected,  she  has  af- 


LESSON   XXVIII. 


79 


fected.  (3)  We  shall  have  been  conquered,  we  shall  have  con- 
quered ;  I  had  been  accused ;  you  (sing.)  have  been  influenced ;  it 
will  have  been  weakened.  (4)  For  many  years  we  were  weakened 
by  the  wars.  (5)  A  large  part  of  these  territories  had  been 
seized  by  the  Belgians.  (6)  The  Germans,  whose  towns  had 
been  seized  by  the  Romans,  did  not  make  peace  for  many  years. 
(7)  [Answer  in  a  complete  Latin  sentence  the  question  in  sen- 
tence 8,  part  I.] 

197.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

In  eo  itinere  Orgetorix  Castico,  Sequano,  persuasit,  ut  (that) 
regnum  in  sua  civitate  occuparet  (should  seize).  Casticus  erat 
filius  Catamantaloedis,  qui  regnum  in  Sequanis  multos  annos  ob- 
tinuerat.  Catamantaloedes  populi  Roman!  amicus  a  senatu  appel- 
latus  erat.  Orgetorix  Castico  persuasit  ut  regnum  occuparet  quod 
pater  ante  habuerat. 

LESSON  XXVIII. 

DECLENSION  OF  THE  DEMONSTRATIVE  JI>^M.  —  SYNOPSIS 
OF  VERBS.  — ABLATIVE  OF  TIME. 


198.  Orgetorix  appeals  to 
the  noblemen  of  neighboring 
states  to  set  up  monarchies. 

In  eo  itinere  persuadet 
Castico,  Catamantaloedis 
filio,  Sequano,  cuius  pater 
regnum  in  Sequanis  multos 
annos  obtinuerat  et  a  senatu 
populi  Romani  amicus  ap- 
pellatus  erat,  ut  regnum  in 
civitate  sua  occuparet,  quod 
pater  ante  habuerat. 


To  THB  West  of  the  Swiss. 


80 


CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


199.  The  demonstrative  idem,  used  as  a  pronoun  or  adjective, 
is  a  compound  of  the  demonstrative  is  and  the  suffix  dem.  Mem- 
orize its  declension  in  the  App.,  §  16. 

200.  Synopses   of    the    Verb    Duco    in    the    Indicative. 


Active  3d  Singular.  PAssive  2d  Plural. 

dQcimini,  you  are  led. 
ducebamini,  you  were  being  led. 
ducemini,  you  will  be  led. 
ducti  estis,  you  were  led. 
ducti  eratis,  you  have  been  led. 
Future  Perfect    dtixerit,  he  will  have  led.    ducti  eritis,  you  will  have  been  led. 

Such  an  arrangement  of  a  verb  as  is  shown  above,  giving  each 
tense  in  some  designated  person  and  number,  is  called  a  synopsis. 


Present 

ducit,  he  leads. 

Imperfect 

ducebat,  he  was  leading. 

Future 

ducet,  he  will  lead. 

Perfect 

duxit,  he  led. 

Pluperfect 

duxerat,  he  had  led. 

201. 


MODEL  SENTENCES. 


(1)  Eodem  tempore  principatum  obtinebat.  —  At  the  same  time 
he  teas  holding  the  leadership.  (2)  Tribus  annis  eas  res  confici- 
emus.  —  Within  three  years  we  shall  accomplish  these  things. . 

Observe :  — 

That  in  sentence  1,  the  ablative  phrase  eodem  tempore  denotes 
the  Time  When  he  was  holding  the  leadership,  and  in  sentence  2, 
the  ablative  phrase  tribus  annis  denotes  the  Time  Within  Which 
we  shall  accomplish  these  things. 

202.  E  ULE.  —  Time  When  or  Within  Which  is  denoted  hy 
the  ablative  without  a  preposition. 


203. 


VOCABULARY. 


Aeduus,  -a,  -una,  Aeduan^  one  of  the 
Aedui,  an  important  Gallic  nation. 

Diviciacus,  -i,  m.,  Diviciacus^  an 
Aeduan  leader. 

Duranorix,  Dumnorigis,  m. ,  Dumno- 
rix,  brother  of  Diviciacus. 


dux,  ducis,  m.,  leader,  guide,  general. 
filia,  -ae,  f.,  daughter  (dat.  and  abl. 

plu.   filiabus  to  distinguish  from 

filiis). 
f rater,  fratris,  m.,  brother. 
matrimonium,  -i,  n.,  marriage. 


LESSON  xxviri.  81 

plebs,  pl6bis,  f.,  common  people.  maxime,  adv.,  very,  especially. 

principatus,  -us,  m.,  leadership.  idem,  eadem,  idem,  dem.  pro.  and 

tempus,  temporis,  n.,  time.  adj.,  the  same. 

acceptus,  -a,  -um,    acceptable   (fol-  ac,   conj.,    and    also   (atque  before 

lowed  by  dative).  vowek). 
item,   adv.,   likemse ;    for  itemque 

see  -que,  §  77. 

204.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Write  with  meanings,  synopses  of  prohibeo  in  active  1st  plural 
and  gero  in  the  passive  3d  singular,  assuming  the  subject  of  gero  to  be 
neuter. 

(2)  Put  idem  into  agreement  with  each  of  the  following  nouns  and 
decline  each  combination  in  full :  filia,  frater,  tempus. 

205.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Nostra  prOvincia  ab  Helvetils  elsdem  fluminibus  dividi- 
tur.  (2)  Tertio  anno  Orgetorix,  regni  cupiditate  inductus,  con- 
iurationem  fecit.  (3)  Quot  annis  eaedem  res  ab  Helvetils  confectae 
erimt  ?  (4)  In  *  eundem  annum  profectio  lege  confirmata  erat. 
(5)  Multa  bella  ipsis  cum  Germanis  hoc  anno  gerentur.  (6)  Tres 
annos  Orgetorix  principatum  suae  civitatis  obtinuerat.  (7)  Fines 
Gallorum  eodem  anno  vastati  sunt.  (8)  Magnum  numerum 
carrorum  et  magnam  copiam  frumenti  secum  duxerunt.  (9)  Bel- 
gae  ipsi  suas  copias  ex  agris  Sequanorum  in  oppida  eorum  dticent. 
(10)  Auctoritate  eiusdem  ducis  permovebantur  ac  pacem  proximis 
cum  civitatibus  confirm averunt. 

II.  (1)  Marcus  Messala  was  selected  consul  for  one  year. 
(2)  In  the  same  year  Orgetorix  was  chosen  leader  and  led  the 
Swiss  into  our  province.  (3)  Within  three  days  a  large  number 
of  carts  was  bought  in  the  villages  of  the  same  people.  (4)  For 
many  days  he  held  the  royal  power  in  his  state.  (5)  Our  fields 
will  not  be  laid  waste  this  year.  (6)  [Answer  in  a  complete 
Latin  sentence  the  question  in  sentence  3,  part  I.] 

1  In  as  here  may  have  the  sense  of  for  or  against  followed  by  the  accusative. 
Compare  English  "  against  that  day." 


82  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

206.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Item  Dumnorlgi,  qui  erat  frater  DiviciacI,  persuadet.  Divi- 
ciaciis  eo  tempore  principatum  in  civitate  Aeduorum  obtinebat 
ac  maxim e  plebi  acceptus  erat.  Dumnorlgi  persuasit  ut  (that) 
idem  conaretur  (imp.  subj.,  transl.  should  attempt).  Ei  filiam 
suam  in  matrimonium  dat. 

LESSON   XXIX. 

THE   SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD,  PRESENT  TENSE,  ACTIVE  AND 
PASSIVE.  — THE   DEMONSTRATIVE  ILLE. 

207.  Orgetorix  wins  the  support  of  an  ambitious  Aeduan  by 
making  him  his  son-i7i-law. 

Itemque  Dumnorigl  Aeduo,  fratrl  DiviciacI,  qui  eo  tempore 
principatum  in  civitate  obtinebat  ac  maxime  plebi  acceptus  erat, 
ut  idem  conaretur  persuadet,  elque  filiam  suam  in  matrimonium 
dat. 

208.  The  indicative  mood  states  the  action  of  the  verb  as  a 
fact,  while  the  subjunctive  states  the  action  of  the  verb  as  desired, 
doubtful  or  dependent  for  its  truth  upon  a  statement  of  fact  either 
expressed  or  implied.  No  meanings  are  given  for  subjunctive 
forms  because  the  meanings  vary  widely  according  to  the  degree 
of  uncertainty  expressed  or  implied. 

209.  PARADIGMS. 

Present  Subjunctive,  Active  and  Passive,  of  the  Verb 

Libero,  and  Sum. 

Active.  Passive. 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR.                           PLURAL. 

1.  liberem 

llberemus. 

1.  liberer                 llberemur. 

2.  liberes 

liberetis. 

2.  llbereris  or  -re    llberemini. 

3.  liberet 

liberent. 

3.  liberetur              liberentur. 

1.  sim 

simus. 

(No  Passive.) 

2.  sis 

sitis. 

3.  sit 

sint. 

' 

libere- 

V 

libere- 

movea- 

-m, 

-s, 

-t, 

movea- 

divida- 

-mus, 

-tis, 

-nt. 

divida- 

capia- 

capia- 

LESSON  XXIX.  83 

Observe:  — 

(1)  that  the  active  first  personal  ending  is  -m  instead  of  -6. 

(2)  that  the  vowel  preceding  the  personal  endings  is  long, 
except  before  -nt  and  -m,  -r,  -t  final. 

These  observations  are  true  of  all  tenses  of  the  subjunctive  of 
whatever  conjugation. 

210.    Table  of  the  Present  Subjunctive,  Active  and 

Passive,  of  Three  Conjugations. 

AcTivK.  Passive. 

-r,       -ris  or  -re,  -tur, 
-mur,  -mini,        -ntur. 

How  does  the  present  subjunctive  of  dividam  and  capiam  differ 
from  their  future  indicative  ? 

The  present  subjunctive  of  any  verb  in  the  Latin  language  can 
be  formed  without  difficulty  by  any  student  who  will  memorize 
the  following  five  forms :  sim,  liberem,  moveam,  dividam,  capiam. 

211.  Memorize  the  declension  of  the  demonstrative  ille,  ilia, 
illud,  in  the  App.,  §  16.  Ille  (transl.  that  in  sing.,  those  in  plu.) 
is  contrasted  as  to  use  with  hie  (transl.  this  in  sing.,  these  in  plu.). 
In  general,  hie  is  used  to  designate  what  is  thought  of  as  near  in 
time,  place,  etc.,  to  the  speaker,  while  ille  denotes  what  is  remote. 
For  this  reason  hi,  the  plural  of  hie,  is  used  very  frequently  by 
Caesar  to  refer  to  his  own  soldiers,  while  illi  is  made  to  refer  to 
the  enemy.     Hie  often  means  the  latter,  and  ille,  the  former. 

212.  VOCABULARY. 

conatum, -i,  n.,  attempt  reason;     regularly    followed    by 

dubius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  doubtful.  conj.,  quod,  with  which  it  is  trans- 

ille,  ilia,  illud,  demonstrative  adj.  or  lated  by  the  single  word  because. 

pro.,  that.  quin,  conj.  (followed  by  subj.,  often 

propterea,  adv.,  therefore^  for  that         trans,  as  ind.)  f^ai,  ftwi  «/ia^ 

concilio,  1,  conciliate^  win  over. 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  give. 

perficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus,  accomplish. 

probo,  I,  prove ^  approve. 


84  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

213.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Write,  with  careful  attention  to  marking  long  vowels,  the  present 
subjunctive,  active  and  passive,  of  concilio,  prohibeo,  deligo,  and  perficid, 
and  write  a  synopsis  of  the  last-named  verb  in  the  2d  plural  passive  indic- 
ative. 

(2)  Put  ille  in  agreement  with  each  of  the  following  nouns  and  de- 
cline together :  ezercitus,  coniuratio,  c5natum. 

214.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Hi  fines  angusti,  ill!  lati  sunt.  (2)  Belgae  et  Hel- 
vetii  eos  fines  incolunt ;  illi  latissimos,  hi  angustissimos.  (3)  Illi 
sunt  in  nostris  finibus.  (4)  Tres  dies  nostri  agri  ab  Gallis 
vastati  sunt.  (5)  Dux  Helvetiorum  Castico  exercitum  dedit 
quern  in  Galliam  duxit.  (6)  Orgetorix  regna  suis  amicis  suo 
exercitti  conciliabit.  (7)  Helvetii  arbitrantur  se  fortes  copias 
habere.  (8)  Galli  ipsi  se  liberabunt.  (9)  Tres  partes  illorum 
finium  ab  Helvetiis  vastatae  erant.  (10)  Illis  probat  se  esse 
fortem. 

II.  (1)  These  towns  were  captured,  those  were  freed. 
(2)  These  rivers  are  wide,  those  are  long.  (3)  We  were 
holding  the  royal  power  in  the  state  at  that  time.  (4)  For 
three  years  the  fields  of  the  Gauls  were  laid  waste  by  those 
Germans.  (5)  The  Swiss  were  afflicted  with  great  distress 
on  account  of  (their)  narrow  territories. 

215.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

1.  Conata  perficere  est  perfacile  factu.^  2.  Illis  probat  conata 
perficere  esse  perfacile  f actti  ^ :  id  erat  perfacile  factu  ^  propterea 
quod  suae  civitatis  imperium  obtenturus^  esset  (imp.  subj.  of 
sum :  transl.  as  imp.  ind.).  3.  Non  erat  dubium  quin  Helvetii 
totius  Galliae  pltirimum  possent  (were  the  most  powerful). 
4.  Dixit  non  esse  dubium  quin  Helvetii  totius  Galliae  plurimum 
possent.  5.  Suis  copiis  suoque  exercitti  illis  regna  conciliaturus  ^ 
erat.     6.  Illis  regna  se  conciliaturum  esse  confirmat. 


LESSON  XXX.  85 

1  factu,  what  is  known  as  the  supine  in  u  of  facio,  transl.  as  present  infinitive. 

2  obtenturus,  future  active  participle  of  obtineo,  transl.  going  to  get  or  obtain. 
8  conciliatorus,  future  active  participle  of  concilio,  transl.  going  to  win  over. 

Note  how  in  the  above  short  sentences  the  even-numbered  sentences  ex- 
press the  same  thought  as  those  immediately  preceding  with  the  addition  of 
an  introductory  word  of  saying  or  thinking,  as  probat,  dixit,  or  confirmat. 
After  such  introductory  words  the  main  verbs  of  the  thought,  as  est  and  erat, 
are  changed  into  the  infinitive,  though  best  translated  by  the  indicative  in 
English.  Point  out  how  the  same  change  has  taken  place  in  the  development 
exercises  of  Lessons  XXI,  XXIV,  and  XXVI.  A  thought  thus  expressed  is 
said  to  be  in  indirect  discourse  because  it  is  indirectly  stated. 


LESSON   XXX. 

THE  IMPERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE,  ACTIVE  AND  PASSIVE.— 
CLAUSES  OF  PURPOSE. 

216.  Orgetorix  explains  to  his  confederates  the  grounds  of  his 
confidence. 

Perfacile  factu  esse  illis  probat  conata  perficere,  propterea  quod 
ipse  suae  civitatis  imperium  obtenturus  esset :  [dixit]  non  esse 
dubium  quin  totius  Galliae  plurimum  Helvetii  possent;  se  suis 
copiis  suoque  exercitu  illis  regna  conciliaturum  confirmat. 

217.  PARADIGMS. 

Imperfect  Subjunctive,  Active  axd  Passive,  of  the  Verb 

Libero. 

Present  Infinitive  liberare. 
Active.  Passive, 

singular.  plural.  singular.  plural. 

1.  liberarem         liberaremus.  1.   liberarer  liberaremur. 

2.  liberates  liberaretis.  2.   liberareris  or  -re      liberaremini. 

3.  liberaret  liberarent.  3.   liberaretur  liberarentur, 


movere- 

dividere- 

-m, 

-s» 

-t, 

capere- 

-mus, 

-tis, 

-nt. 

86  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

Observe:  — 

(1)  that  the  imperfect  subjunctive  is  formed  by  adding  the  per- 
sonal endings,  both  active  and  passive,  to  the  present  active  in- 
finitive.    This  is  true  of  all  verbs  of  all  conjugations. 

(2)  that  the  principle  already  stated  in  §  209  holds  true  regard- 
ing the  length  of  the  vowel  preceding  the  personal  endings. 

218.    Table  of  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive,  Active  and 
Passive,  of  Other  Verbs. 

Active.  Passive. 

present  infinitives.  present  infinitives. 


-r,        -ris,  or  -re,  -tur, 
-mur,  -mini,  -ntur. 


219.  MODEL   SENTENCES. 

(1)  Conitirationem  facit  ut  regnum  occupet.  —  He  forms  a  con- 
spiracy in  order  to  seize  the  royal  poiver  (literally,  that  he  may  seize 
the  royal  power).  (2)  Coniurationem  fecit  ut  regnum  occuparet. 
—  He  formed  a  conspiracy-in-order  to  seize  the  royal  j)Otver  (literally, 
that  he  might  seize  the  royal  poiver).  (3)  Caesar  bellum  geret  ne 
Helvetil  fines  Galliae  obtineant.  —  Caesar  will  make  war,  that  the 
Swiss  may  not  hold  the  terntories  of  Gaid.  (4)  Caesar  bellum 
gesserat  ne  Helvetil  fines  Galliae  obtinerent.  —  Caesar  had  made 
war,  that  the  Swiss  might  not  hold  the  territories  of  Gaul. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  verbs  in  the  subordinate  clauses  are  all  in  the  sub- 
junctive mood. 

(2)  that  these  subordinate  clauses  express  the  purpose  or  will  of 
the  action  of  the  principal  clauses,  ut  affirmative  and  ne  negative. 

(3)  also  that  when  the  main  verb  is  in  the  present  or  future 
tenses,  as  in  sentences  1  and  3,  the  subordinate  verb  is  in  the 
present  subjunctive.     On  the  other  hand,  when  the  main  verb  is 


LESSON  XXX.  87 

in  a  past  time  tense  {i.e.  imperfect,  perfect,  or  pluperfect),  the 
subordinate  verb  is  in  the  imperfect  subjunctive. 

220.  R  ULE.  — Purpose  is  expressed  hy  the  subjunctive  mood 
with  tit  (or  utT)  affirmative^  and  ne  negative, 

221.  VOCABULARY. 

fides,  fidel,  f.  (nom.  and  ace.  only  in      firmus,  -a,  -um,  strong,  firm. 

]^\\x.),  pledge,  trust,  loyalty.  potens    m.,  f.,  n.,    (potentis,   gen.), 

ius  iurandum,  iuris  iurandi,  n.    (a         powerful. 

compound  noun,  with  both  parts      per,  prep,  governing  ace,  through, 

declined,  d.  iurl  iurando,  ace.  ius  by  means  of. 

iurandum,  abl.  iure  iurando,  nom.       ut  (uti),  conj.,  as,   with  the  ind., 

and  ace.  plu.  iura  iuranda),  oath.  that,  in  order  that,  with  subj. 

oratio,  orationis,  f.,  speech,  plea.  ne,  conj.,  with  subj.,  that  not. 

quo  consilio,  with  what  purpose? 
sper5,  1,  hope  (followed  by  inf.,  usually  fut.,  with  subject  ace.). 

222.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Conjugate  in  the  present  and  imperfect  subjunctive,  active  and 
passive,  sper5,  obtineo,  diic5,  afficio. 

(2)  Decline  in  G.N.C.  agreement:  idem  and  oratid ;  firmior  and  fides. 

(3)  Compare  firmus  (firm-)  and  potens  (potent-). 

223.  EXERCISES   FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Orgetorix  delectus  est  ut  eas  res  conficeret.  (2)  His 
rebus  adducti  sunt  ne  cum  finitimis  bellum  gererent.  (3)  Hel- 
vetils  persuadet  ut  frumentum  coemant.^  (4)  Hi  latissimos,  ill! 
angustissimos  fines  incolunt.  (5)  Multa  bella  gerebant  ut  latiores 
fines  obtinerent.  (6)  Dumnorix  et  Casticus  coniurationem  fece 
runt  ut  regnum  in  suis  civitatibus  occuparent.  (7)  Ea  bella 
biennium    gerimus   ut   Germanos    nostrls    finibus    prohibeamus. 

(8)  Pacem  cum  GermanTs   fecimus   ne   nostri  fines  vastarentur. 

(9)  Orgetorix  ab  Helvetiis  delectus  est  ut  copias  ad  eosdem  fines 
duceret.  (10)  Quo  consilio  ad  nostram  provinciam  mercatores 
saepe  com  meant? 

1  ut  .  .  .  eoemant,  a  Substantive  Clause  of  Purpose.    Why  substantive? 


88  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

II.  (1)  He  gave  the  Belgians  his  forces  that  they  might  wage 
war  with  the  Germans.  (2)  They  had  established  peace  with 
their  neighbors  that  their  fields  might  not  be  devastated.  (3)  We 
shall  march  three  miles  into  the  territories  of  the  Sequanians  to 
lay  waste  their  fields.^  (4)  (In  order)  to  free  themselves^  the 
Swiss  prepared  these  (things).  (5)  We  purchased  many  beasts 
of  burden  that  we  might  have  a  supply  of  grain  on  the  march. 
(6)  [Answer  in  a  complete  Latin  sentence  containing  a  purpose 
clause  the  question  in  sentence  10,  part  I.] 

224.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Hac  oratione  adducebantur.  Hac  oratione  adducti,  inter  s6 
fidem  et  ius  iurandum  dant.^  Regno  occupato  (the  royal  power 
having  been  seized),  imperio  totius  Galliae  potientur  (Fut.  Ind. 
of  potior).  Sperant,  regno  occupato  sese  posse  potiri  imperio 
totius  Galliae.  Per  tres  potentissimos  ac  firmissimos  populos 
sperant  imperio  ^  totius  Galliae  sese  potlrl  posse. 

1  Purpose  cannot  be  expressed  by  the  infinitive  in  Latin  prose  as  is  done  in 
English. 

2  dant  inter  se  =  exchange  (literally,  give  among  themselves). 

3  imperio  may  be  omitted  allowing  potiri  to  be  followed  by  the  genitive  in- 
stead of  the  ablative.    See  §  146. 


LESSON  XXXI. 

THE  PERFECT  AND  PLUPERFECT    SUBJUNCTIVE,  ACTIVE  AND 
PASSIVE.  — RESULT  CLAUSES. 

225.  Tlie  princely  conspirators  plan  to  extend  their  kingdoms  over 
the  whole  of  Gaul. 

Hac  oratione  adducti  inter  se  fidem  et  ius  iurandum  dant,  et 
regno  occupato  per  tres  potentissimos  ac  firmissimos  populos 
totius  Galliae  sese  potiri  posse  sperant.     [Cap.  III.  Finis.] 


LESSON  XXXI.  89 

.    Perfect   and  Pluperfect   Subjunctive,   Active   and 
Passive,  of  the  Verb  Libero. 

ACTIVE. 

Singular.  Plural, 

perfect  tense. 

1.  liberaverim.  libera  verimus. 

2.  liberaveris.  liberaveritis. 

3.  liberaverit.  libera  verint. 

PLUPERFECT    TENSE. 

1.  liberavissem.  liberavissemus. 

2.  liberavisses.  liberavissetis. 

3.  liberavisset.  libera  vissent. 

PASSIVE. 
Singular.  Plural, 

perfect  tense. 

1.  liberatus,  -a,  -um  sim.  liberati,  -ae,  -a  simus. 

2.  liberatus,  -a,  -um  sis.  liberati,  -ae,  -a  sitis. 

3.  liberatus,  -a,  -um  sit.  liberati,  -ae,  -a  sint. 

pluperfect   TENSE. 

1.  liberatus,  -a,  -um  essem.         liberati,  -ae,  -a,  essemus. 

2.  liberatus,  -a,  -um  esses.  liberati,  -ae,  -a,  essetis. 

3.  liberatus,  -a,  -um  esset.  liberati,  -ae,  -a,  assent. 

Observe:  — 

(1)  that  the  perfect  and  pluperfect  active  subjunctive  are 
formed  by  adding  to  the  perfect  stem  liberav-  the  suffixes  -erim, 
-eris,  etc.,  and  -issem,  -isses,  etc.,  respectively.  In  what  person  does 
the  perfect  active  subjunctive  differ  from  the  future  perfect  active 
indicative  ? 

(2)  that  the  perfect  and  pluperfect  subjunctive  passive  differ 
from  the  corresponding  tenses  of  the  indicative  only  in  the  mood 
of  the  auxiliaries. 

(3)  All  verbs  in  Latin  form  these  tenses  in  precisely  the  same 
way,  as  may  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  Appendix. 


90  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

227.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Belgae  tam  potentes  sunt  iit  Germanos  suis  finibus  prohi- 
beant.  —  The  Belgians  are  so  powerful  that  they  keep  the  Germans 
from  their  territories.  (2)  Helvetii  montibiis  et  flu  minibus  conti- 
nebantur  ut  non  vagarentur.  —  The  Swiss  were  hemmed  in  hymouii- 
tains,  so  that  they  did  not  wander  about. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  prohibeant  and  vagarentur,  the  verbs  in  the  subordinate 
clauses,  are  in  the  subjunctive  and  express,  not  purpose,  but  a 
fact  resulting  from  the  action  or  state  expressed   by  the    main* 
clause,  ut  (that)  denoting  affirmative,  and  ut  non  {that  not)  denot- 
ing negative  result. 

(2)  that  these  subjunctives  are  translated  by  the  indicative. 
Note  that  the  tenses  of  the  subjunctive  are  determined  by  the 

same  principles  as  in  purpose  clauses  in  §  219  (3). 

228.  R  ULE.  —  Result  is  expressed  hy  the  subjunctive  with 
ut,  that,  so  that  (^negative,  ut  non}. 

229.  VOCABULARY. 

causa,  -ae,  f.,  cause,  reason,   case;  mos,  moris,  m.,  cws^om. 

causara  dicere,  to  plead  a  case.  poena,  -ae,  f.,  punishment. 

ignis,  ignis,  m.  (an  i-stem  with  abl.  vinculum,   -i,  n.,   chain,  fetter;  ex 

sing.  igni),^re.  vinculis,  in  chains. 

indicium,    indici,    n.,     informQtion,  quam,  interrog.  adv.,  how? 

evidence.  tam,  adv.,  so. 

cogo,  cogere,  co6gI,  coactus,  compel,  collect. 

cremo,  1,  burn  (igni  cremare,  to  burn  to  death). 

damno,  1,  condemn. 

enuntio,  1,  announce,  tell. 

oportet,  oportere,  oportuit,  impersonal  ^  verb,  it  is  necessary. 

sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum,  deponent  yevh,  follow. 

1  An  impersonal  verb  is  one  used  only  in  the  third  person  and  having  no 
personal  subject. 


LESSON  XXXI.  91 

230.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Conjugate  in  full  the  perfect  and  pluperfect  subjunctive,  active 
and  passive,  of  enuntio,  moveo,  cogo,  iaciS,  and  sum. 

(2)  Decline  ignis  and  mos. 


231.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Hae  copiae  fueriint  firmissimae  ut  eas  non  superaremus. 

(2)  His  rebus  flebat  ut  minus  late  vagarentur.  (3)  Hi  montes 
eos  undique  continebant  ut  mercatores  ad  eos  non  commearent. 
(4)  Hac  oratione  addticemur  ut  regnum  occupemus.  (5)  Pacein 
Helvetii  confirmant  ne  agri  vastentur.  (6)  Ex  vinculis  causara 
dixit  ne  igni  cremaretur.  (7)  Orgetorix  erat  tarn  potens  ut  ad 
eas  res  conficiendas  deligeretur.  (8)  Fines  tain  angusti  erant  ut 
magno  dolore  afficerentur.  (9)  Casticus  est  tarn  acceptus  Orgetorigl 
ut  hic  suam  flliam  in  matrimonium  illi  det.  (10)  Quara  acceptus 
plebi  erat  Orgetorix  ? 

II.  (1)  The  Belgians  were  so  brave  that  they  surpassed  all 
the-rest-of  the  Gauls.  (2)  They  are  very  far  away  from  the 
province    so    that    they   are    least    weakened    by   the    traders. 

(3)  This  Sequanian  was  very  acceptable  to  the  common  people,  so 
that  he  easily  persuaded  them.  (4)  The  trader  imports  all  these 
things,  that  he  may  be  the  richest  of  the  Gauls.  (5)  They  con- 
tend so  often  in  almost  daily  battles  that  they  are  very  brave. 
(6)  [Answer  in  a  complete  Latin  sentence  containing  a  result 
clause  the  question  in  sentence  10,  part  I.] 

232.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Ea  coniuratio  est  Helvetiis  per  indicium  enuntiata.  Moribus 
suis  (abl.  of  cause)  Orgetorigem^  ex  vinculis  causam  dicere  (to 
plead)  coegerunt.  Oportebat  poenam  Orgetorigem  damnatum 
sequi.     Haec  poena  erat  ut  igni  cremaretur. 

1  Orgetorigem,  accusative,  subject  of  the  infinitive  dicere. 


92 


CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


LESSON   XXXII. 

PLACE   TO    WHICH    AND   FROM   WHICH.  —  DECLENSION    OF 

DOMUS. 

233.  Discovering  his  conspiracy,  the  Swiss 
arrest  Orgetorix. 

Ea  res  est  Helvetiis  per  indicium  entin- 
tiata.  Moribus  suis  Orgetorlgem  ex  vin- 
culls  causam  dicere  coegerunt;  damnatum 


Ancient  Fetters.                 poenam  SCquI  OpOfteb 

at,  ut  Ignl  cremareti 

34. 

PARADIGM. 

Declension  of 

THE  Noun  Domus, 

house,  home. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

Nominative 

domus 

domus 

Genitive 

domus 

domuum,  domorum  ' 

Dative 

domui,  domo 

domibus 

Accusative 

domum 

domos,  domus 

Ablative 

domo,  domu 

domibus 

Locative  i 

domi,  at  home. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  domus  is  declined  according  to  the  Fourth  Declension 
but  also  shows  certain  forms  of  the  Second  Declension. 

(2)  that  in  the  ablative  singular  and  the  accusative  plural  these 
second  declension  forms  occur  more  frequently  than  the  alternative 
form,  and  should  therefore  be  learned  first. 

Domus  is  feminine,  though  we  should  expect  to  find  it  mascu- 
line, whether  regarded  as  a  fourth  or  second  declension  noun. 

235.  MODEL   SENTENCES. 

ad  Galliam,  to  or  towards  Gaul. 

in  oppidum,  into  the  town. 

Genavam,  to  Geneva. 

domum,  home. 

rus,  to  the  country. 

1  The  locative  case  (denoting  place  where)  occurs  in  names  of  towns  and  a  few 
other  words. 


(1)  Exercitum  ducit,  he  leads 
the  army. 


LESSON  XXXII.  93 


(2)  Exercitum  dticit,  he  leads 


ab  Hispania,  away  from  Spain. 
de  monte,  down  from,  the  mountain. 
ex  oppido,  out  of  the  town. 


the  army.  \  Genava,  from  Geneva. 

domo,  from  home. 

[  rure,  from  the  country. 
Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  sentence  1  Place  To  Which  is  expressed  by  the 
accusative  with  ad  or  in. 

(2)  that  in  sentence  2  Place  From  Which  is  expressed  by  the 
ablative  with  ab,  de,  or  ex. 

(3)  that  in  both  constructions,  with  names  of  towns,  domus,  and 
rus,  the  prepositions  are  omitted. 

These  constructions  may  also  refer  to  persons,  as  ad  Caesarem, 
to  Caesar;  a  Caesare, /rom  Caesar. 

236.  E  ULES.  —  1.  Place  To  Which  is  expressed  hy  the  accu- 
sative with  ad  or  in,  hut  with  names  of  towns,  cloinus,  and  rus 
the  preposition  is  omitted. 

2.  Place  From  Which  is  expressed  hy  the  ablative  with  ah,  de, 
or  exy  but  with  names  of  towns.,  dotnus,  and  rus,  the  preposition 
is  omitted. 

237.  VOCABULARY. 

cliens,  clientis,  m.  or  f .,  retainer.  Roma,  -ae,  f.,  Rome. 

dictio,  dictionis,  f.,  pleading.  rus,  ruris,  n.,  counti^  as  opposed  to 

domus,  -us,  f.,  home,  house.  the  town. 

f  am  ilia,  -ae,  f.,  house  servants,  retinue,    decern,  mimeral  adj.,  indeclinable,  ten. 

Genava,  -ae,  f.,  Geneva,  a  town  of  the    eodem,  adv.,  to  the  same  place. 

Allobroges.  quo,  int.  adv.,  whither  f  to  what  place  ? 

iudicium,  -i,  n.,  trial.  unde,  interrog.  adv.,  whence  f   from 

obaeratus,  -I,  m.,  debtor.  what  place  f 

condiico,  3,  lead  together,  lead. 

eripio,  eripere,  eripui,  ereptus,  snatch  away,  rescue. 

238.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  cliens  in  full. 

(2)  Write  synopses  of  eripi5  in  the  active  3d  plural,  and  c5nstitu6  in 
the  passive  3d  singular,  indicative  and  subjunctive. 

8 


94 


CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 


239.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Decern    milia    obaeratoruin    ad    iudicium    contendent. 

(2)  Consules   exercitum   Roma   ad   oppida  Belgarum   duxerunt. 

(3)  Galli  domum  cum  suo  exercitu  contend6runt.  (4)  Helvetii, 
a  quibus  haec  oppida  capta  sunt,  Genava  iter  facient.  (5)  Suam 
filiam  Orgetorigi  dedit  ut  ei  persuaderet.  (6)  Roma  rus  iter  fac- 
iam.  (7)  Orgetorix  delectus  est  ut  legationem  ad  civitates  susci- 
peret.  (8)  Vici,  ad  quos  mercatores  corameabant,  a  Belgis  capti 
erant.  (9)  Nostri  fines  de  montibus  ad  haec  flumina  pertinent. 
(10)  Unde  et  quo  Orgetorix  legationem  duxit  ? 

II.  (1)  Orgetorix  led  a  powerful  army  from   these  states  to 
Geneva.     (2)  Caesar  hastened  from  Rome  and  led  his  friends 

with  him  into  the  country.  (3)  Dumnorix  will 
hasten  home  to  collect^  a  large  army.  (4)  The 
towns  from  which  Orgetorix  will  lead  his  forces 
will  be  captured  by  the  Belgians.  (5)  [Answer 
in  a  complete  Latin  sentence  the  question  in 
sentence  10,  part  I.] 


240.      DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Dies  causae  dictionis  constituta  est.  Die 
constituta  Orgetorix  ad  iudicium  omnem  suam 
f amiliam  undique  coegit.  Ea  f amilia  erat  ad  ^ 
hominum  milia  decem.  Omnes  clientes  ob- 
aeratosque  suos  eodem  conduxit.  Eorum 
magnum  numerum  habebat.  Per  eos,  quorum 
magnum  numerum  habebat,  se  eripuit  ne  causam  diceret. 


A  SiGNIFER,    OR    BeAKRK 
OF  THE  SiGNUM,  WHICH 

WAS  THE  Standard  OF 
A  Cohort. 


1  Not  infinitive  in  Latin.    Why  not  ?    §  220. 

2  ad,  used  as  an  adverb,  nearly,  about. 


LESSON  XXXIII.  95 


LESSON   XXXIII. 

FOURTH  CONJUGATION  OF  VERBS.  —  ABLATIVE  OF  PLACE  IN 

WHICH. 

241.  Orgetorix  assembles  a  large  number  of  supporters,  tvho  inter- 
rupt the  trial  and  rescue  him. 

Die  constitiita  causae  dictionis  Orgetorix  ad  iudicium  omnem 
suam  familiam,  ad  hominum  milia  decern,  undique  coegit,  et 
omnes  clientes  obaeratosque  suos,  quorum  magnum  numerum 
habebat,  eodem  conduxit ;  per  eos  ne  causam  diceret  se  eripuit. 

242.  The  characteristic  vowel  of  the  Fourth  Conjugation  is  i 
preceding  -re,  the  ending  of  the  present  infinitive. 

PARADIGMS. 

Present   Indicative   Active    and   Passive   op   the   Fourth 
Conjugation  op  the  Verb  Impedld. 

Fkin.  Parts  :  impedio,  impedire,  impedivi,  impeditus. 

Present  Stem  :  Imped!-. 

Active  Voice, 
singular.  plural. 

1.  Impedio,  I  impede,  am  impeding,  impedimus,  we  impede,  are  impeding. 

2.  impedis,  you  impede,  etc.  impeditis,  you  impede,  etc. 

3.  impedit,  he  impedes,  etc.  impediunt,  they  impede,  etc. 

Passive    Voice. 

1.  impedior,  I  am  impeded,  am  being   impedimur,  we  are  impeded,  etc. 

impeded. 

2.  impediris,  you  are  impeded,  etc.       impedimini,  you  are  impeded,  etc. 

3.  impeditur,  he  is  impeded,  etc.  impediuntur,  they  are  impeded,  etc. 

Observe :  — 

That  the  present  of  this  Fourth  Conjugation  verb  is  exactly 
the  same  as  the  present  of  capio,  the  model  verb  of  the  Third  Con^ 


96  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

jugation  in  io,  except  in  the  second  singular  passive  and  in  the 
quantity  of  the  characteristic  vowel. 

All  other  tenses,  both  indicative  and  subjunctive,  are  formed 
in  precisely  the  same  way  as  the  same  tenses  of  capio. 

243.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  In   eis  finibus  bellum   gerunt.  —  They  ivage   ivar  in  these 
territories. 

in  oppido,  in  the  town. 


(2)  Exercitus  est,  the  army  is 


Genavae,  in  Geneva. 
domi,  at  home. 
riiri,  in  the  country. 


Observe :  — 

That  Place  in  Which  is  expressed  by  the  ablative  with  in, 
but  names  of  towns,  domus  and  rus,  omit  the  preposition  and  show 
a  form  known  as  the  locative.  This  case  in  names  of  towns  of  the 
First  and  Second  Declensions  is  the  same  as  the  genitive  singular, 
in  names  of  towns  of  the  Third  Declension  is  the  same  as  the  dative. 

Domi,  at  home,  and  ruri,  in  the  countryj  are  the  only  other 
locative  forms  in  common  use. 

244.  M  ULE.  —  Place  In  Which  is  expressed  hy  the  ablative 
case  with  the  preposition  in,  hut  with  names  of  towns,  dotnus, 
and  rus,  the  preposition  is  omitted  and  the  locative  is  used  when- 
ever such  a  form  occurs. 

245.  VOCABULARY. 

arma,  armorum,  n.,  anns,  weapons    cum,  conj.  (with  past  time  tenses  usu- 
( wanting  in  sing.) .  ally  followed  by  subj.  trans,  as  ind.), 

ius,  itiris,  n.,  right.  when,  while. 

magistratus,  -us,  m.,  magistrate.  neque,  conj.,   and  not,   nor,   neither 

mors,  mortis,  f .,  death.  (neque  .  .  .  neque,  neither  .  .  .  nor). 

suspicio,  susplcionis,  f.,  suspicion.         ob,   prep,    governing    ace,    literally, 
ubi,  interrog.  adv. ,  where  f  against,  facing  ;  freely,  on  account 

o/. 
audio,  audire,  audivi,  audltus,  hear. 

conscisco,  -sciscere,  -scivi,  -scitus,  decree,  ordain  (mortem  sibi 
cOnsciscere,  to  decree  death  to  one's  self,  i.e.  to  commit  suicide). 


LESSON   XXXIIT.  97 

exsequor,  exsequi,  exsecutus  sum,  follow  out,  perform,  execute, 

impedio,  impedire,  impedivl,  impedltus,  hinder^  impede. 

incito,  1,  urge  on,  impel,  arouse  (perf.  pass.  part,  incitatus,  -a,  -um, 

aroused) . 
morior,  mori  (raoriri),  mortuus  sum,  die. 

246.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

.    (1)    Decline  magistratus  and  mors. 

(2)  Write  synopses  as  directed  in  §  200  of  the  following  Fourth  Con- 
jugation verbs  :    impedio  in  3d  plural  active ;  audio  in  2d  plural  passive. 

(3)  Write  the  imp.  subj.  act.  and  pass,  of  impedio  and  audio,  §  217  (1). 

247.  EXERCISES   FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Impediunt,  impediuntur ;  aiidiunt,  audiuntur,  audient, 
audientur.  (2)  Impedivimus,  impediti  sumus ;  aiidlveras,  audi- 
tus  eras;  impediebamus,  impediebamur.  (3)  Irapediris,  impe- 
dieris,  impedivisti,  impediveris.  (4)  Ei  persuadet  ut  orationem 
audiat.  (5)  Els  persuasimiis  ut  oratio  audiretur.  (6)  Genavae 
multi  clientes  igni  cremati  sunt.  (7)  Mercatores  ad  multa 
oppida  commeant  in  quibus  sunt  nostrae  copiae.  (8)  GermanI 
in  finibus  Helvetiorum  ab  Orgetorige  impedientur.  (9)  Exer- 
citus,  quern  Helvetil  domi  habebant,  erat  in  agrls.  (10)  Ubi  fuit 
Caesar  cum  esset  ^  consul  ? 

II.  (1)  He  is  impeding,  he  is  being  impeded,  you  will  impede, 
you  will  be  impeded;  they  will  have  heard,  they  will  have  been 
heard.  (2)  He  is  heard,  he  was  being  heard,  he  will  be  heard. 
(3)  You  (sing.)  were  at  home ;  I  was  at  Geneva.  (4)  He  will  per- 
suade Casticus  to  seize  the  royal  power  in  his  state.  (5)  Ten  thou- 
sand men  will  be  led  from  their  homes  to  Geneva.  (6)  [Answer 
in  a  complete  Latin  sentence  the  question  in  sentence  10,  part  I.] 

248.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Civitas,  ob  eam  rem  incitata,  armis  ius  suum  exsequi  conaba- 
tur.^  Magistratus  multitudinem  hominum  ex  agris  cogebant. 
I  Translate  by  same  tense  of  indicative.  2  A  deponent  verb,  translate  as  active  voice. 


98  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

Cum  ea  facerent,^  Orgetorix  raortuus  est.  Ut  ^  Helvetii  arbitran- 
tur,  ipse  mortem  sibi  conscivit.  Neque  abest  susplcio  quin  mor- 
tem sibi  consclverit.^ 

1  Translate  by  same  tense  of  indicative.  2  por  translation  of  ut  see  §  221. 

8  Perfect  subjunctive,  see  §  212  under  quin. 

LESSON  XXXIV. 
PARTICIPLES.  — THE  DATIVE  WITH  SPECIAL  VERBS. 

249.  The  Swiss  prepare  to  rearrest  him.  Orgetorix  unexpectedly  dies. 

Cum  civitas,  ob  earn  rem  incitata,  armis  ius  suum  exsequi  cona- 
retur,  multitudinemque  hominum  ex  agris  magistratus  cogerent, 
Orgetorix  mortuus  est ;  neque  abest  suspicio,  ut  Helvetii  arbitran- 
tur,  quin  ipse  sibi  mortem  consciverit.     [Cap.  IV.  Finis.] 

250.  The  participle  is  a  verbal  adjective,  often  governing  a 
case  as  a  verb  and  always  agreeing  as  an  adjective  in  G.  N.  C. 
with  its  substantive.  Participles  are  so  much  more  frequently 
used  in  Latin  than  in  English  that  a  thorough  knowledge  of  their 
forms  and  uses  becomes  of  great  importance.  Before  attempting 
to  study  the  table  given  below,  the  student  must  thoroughly  re- 
view the  treatment  of  verb-stems  in  §  112. 

251.  TABLE  OF  PARTICIPLES. 

Active  Voice.  Passive  Voice. 

PRESENT   tense. 

liberans,  liberating 

movens,  moving 

dividens,  dividing  Latin    has    no    present    passive 

capiens,  taking  participle. 

impediens,  inipeding 

future  tense. 

liberatiirus, -a, -urn,  going  to  liberate  liberandus,  -a,  -um,  to  be  liberated 

motiirus,  -a,  -um  movendus,  -a,  -um 

divistirus,  -a,  -um  dividendus,  -a,  -um     (commonly  known 

capturus,  -a,  -um  capiendus,  -a,  -um  as  gerundives) 

impeditiirus,  -a,  -um  impediendus,  -a,  -um 


LESSON  XXXIV.  99 

PBRFECT    TENSE. 

Latin  has  no  perfect  active  liberatus, -a, -um  (having  been)  liberated 

participle.  motus,  -a,  -um 

divisus,  -a,  -um 

captus,  -a,  -urn 

impeditus,  -a,  -lim 
Observe :  -^ 

(1)  that  the  present  active  and  future  passive  (or  gerundive) 
participles  are  formed  by  adding  to  the  present  stem  -ns  and 
-ndus  respectively.  The  verbs  in  io  form  their  present  active  and 
future  passive  participles  in  -i6ns  and  -iendus. 

(2)  that  the  future  active  and  perfect  passive  participles  are 
formed  on  the  participial  stem.  To  this  stem  -urns  is  added  to 
form  the  future  active,  while  the  perfect  passive  participle  is 
simply  the  fourth  principal  part. 

252.  All  present  participles  and  adjectives  ending  in  -ns  pre- 
sent the  peculiarities  of  i-stems.  Memorize  the  declension  of 
the  present  participle  liberans  in  the  App.,  §  10. 

253.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Id  eis  persuasit.  —  He  persuaded  them  (to  do)  this.  (2)  Dum- 
norigi  ut  idem  conaretur  persuasit.  —  He  persuaded  Dumnorix  to 
attempt  the  same  thing.  (3)  Galll  Germanis  resis^ebant.  —  Gauls 
resisted  the  Germans. 

Observe:  — 

That  in  the  English  sentences  the  words,  them,  Dumnorix,  and 
Germans  are  the  direct  objects  of  their  verbs,  while  the  Latin 
equivalents  are  put  in  the  dative  case,  becoming  indirect  ob- 
jects though  translated  as  direct  objects.  This  construction  is 
called  the  Dative  with  Special  Verbs. 

254.  R  ULE.  —  Many  verbs  signifying  to  favor ^  help^  please, 
trusty  and  their  contraries^  also  to  believe,  persuade,  command, 
obey,  serve,  resist,  envy,  threaten,  pardon,  and  spare,  take  the 
dative  translated  as  direct  object. 


100  CAESAR'S   FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

255.  VOCABULARY. 

aedificium,  i,  n.,  building.  iam,  adv.,  at  that  or  this  time,  now. 

duodecim,  num.  adj.,  twelve.  nihilo  minus,  adv.,  nevertheless. 

paratus,  -a,  -um,  ready.  post,  prep,  governing  d^cc,  after. 

privatus,  -a,  -um,  private,  personal.       ubi,  conj.,  where,  when. 
quadringenti,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj.,  four 
hundred. 

exeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  go  forth,  emigrate. 

incendo,  incendere,  incendl,  incensus,  set  on  fire. 

resisto,  resistere,  restiti,  — ,  ivithstand,  resist. 

studeo,  studere,  studui,  — ,  be  eager  or  zealous  for,  desire  (with 
dative). 

256.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  oriens,  present  participle  of  orior,  like  liberans,  in  App.,  §  10. 

(2)  Tabulate  in  vertical  columns  as  below,  with  meanings,  the  four 
participles  of  the  following  verbs:  confirmo,  persuaded,  diico,  facio,  audid. 

Present  Active  movens,  moving. 

Future  Active  moturus,  going-to-move. 

Perfect  Passive  motus,  having  been  moved. 

Future  Passive  movendus,  to-be-moved. 

257.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Galli  quoque  GermanTs  non  facile  resistebank  (2)  Civi- 
tas  autem,  ob  eam  rem  incitata,  coniurationi  Orgetorigis  restitit. 

(3)  His    rebus    adductus,    Orgetorix    Castico   persiiasurus   est. 

(4)  Helvetii,  studentes  amicitiae  finitimorum,  legationem  susci- 
pient.  (5)  Ea  aedificia  sunt  incendenda.  (6)  Eos  resistentes 
superat.  (7)  OrgetorTgi  regnuni  occupant!  Helvetii  restiterunt. 
(8)  Galli  aedificia  capta  incendent.  (9)  Id  magnum  aedificium 
item  incensuri  sumus.       (10)  Quibus  Orgetorix  persuasit  ? 

II.  (1)  They  are  going-to-hasten  into  Gaul.  (2)  The  Swiss 
overcame  the  neighbors  resisting  them.  (3)  He  also  persuaded 
the  Swiss  to  resist  them.  (4)  At  that  time  all  the  Gauls 
were  zealous  for  peace.  (5)  He  will  likewise  desire  our  friend- 
ship (6)  [Answer  in  a  complete  Latin  sentence  containing  a 
purpose  clause  sentence  10  in  part  I.] 


FOURTH  REVIEW.  101 

258.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Post  eiiis  mortem  nihilo  minus  Helvetii  conantur^  e  fmibiis  snis 
exire.  Id  quod  constituerant  facere  conantur,  ut  e  finibus  exeant.^ 
lam  arbitrati  sunt  se  ad  earn  rem  paratos  esse.  Ubi  iam  s6 
paratos  esse  arbitrati  sunt,  oppida  sua  omnia  incendunt.*  Atque 
vicos  numero  ad  quadriugentos  et  reliqua  privata  aedificia 
incendunt.* 

1  Historical  present,  translate  as  if  perfect. 

2  Translate  ut  .  .  .  ezeant  like  the  infinitive  phrase  in  the  previous  sentence. 

FOURTH  REVIEW. 

I.  Write  in  a  column,  with  meanings,  the  Latin  nouns,  from 
which  the  following  English  words  are  wholly  or  partly  derived : 
filial,  paternal,  senatorial,  popular,  temporal,  oration,  diurnal,  jury, 
ignite,  mortal,  amicable,  fraternal,  fidelity,  clientage,  armorial, 
magisterial,  suspicious,  moral,  adding  to  this  list  the  Latin  word 
for  army. 

II.  Decline  consecutively  the  first  ten  of  these  nouns  (a)  start- 
ing with  the  first  and  putting  the  demonstrative  ille  in  agreement 
with  each  form,  (h)  starting  with  the  fifth  and  putting  the  de- 
monstrative idem  in  agreement  with  each  form.  Index  as  directed 
in  the  First  Review  all  other  nouns  in  I. 

III.  Give  the  Latin  adjectives  from  which  the  following  English 
words  are  derived :  multitude,  firmness,  potential.  Compare  the 
second  and  decline  the  last  like  liberans  in  the  A  pp.,  §  10. 

IV.  Write  in  a  column  (giving  principal  parts  and  meanings) 
the  Latin  verbs  from  which  the  following  English  words  are 
derived:  data,  probe,  perfect,  conciliate,  (de)sperate,  enunci- 
ate, cogent,  conduce,  sequence,  adding  to  this  list  the  Latin  verbs 
meaning  to  attempt  and  it  is  Jitting. 

V.  Write  synopses  as  follows :  in  the  active  voice,  enuntio  in  the 
3d  singular,  perficio  in  the  1st  plural,  cogo  in  the  3d  plural ;  in  the 
passive  voice,  d6  in  the  3d  singular,  conduce  in  the  2d  plural. 


102 


CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


VI.  Make  a  table  giving  in  one  column  all  the  uses  of  the 
nominative  you  have  studied;  in  the  second,  the  genitive  uses, 
etc.,  through  the  ablative.  Review  the  rules  of  Purpose  and 
Result. 

VII.  Translate  text  at  the  head  of  Lessons  XXVI-XXXIV  in- 
clusive, pointing  out  all  examples  of  the  rules  mentioned  in  VI. 


LESSON   XXXV. 
THE  USE  OF  PARTICIPLES  IN  THE  ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE. 

259.  The  Swiss  continue  their  jji-eparations  and  burn  their  homes 
behind  them. 

Post  eius  mortem  nihilo  minus  Helvetii  id,  quod  constituerant, 
facere  conantur,  ut  e  finibus  suis  exeant.  Ubi  iam  se  ad  eam  rem 
paratos  esse  arbitrati  sunt,  oppida  sua  omnia,  numero  ad  duo- 
decim,  vicos  ad  quadringentos,  reliqua  privata  aedificia  incendunt. 

260.  In  the  sentence.  The  teacher  being  absent,  there  icas  no 
school,  the  word  teacher  is  said  to  be  nominative  independent  or 
absolute  because  the  phrase  in  which  it  stands  is  independent  of 
the  rest  of  the  sentence.  What  is  known  in  English  grammar  as 
the  nominative  independent  or  absolute  is  represented  in  Latin 
by  the  Ablative  Absolute.  The  literal  translation  of  each  model 
sentence  below  will  be  recognized  as  containing  an  example  of  the 
nominative  independent. 


261. 


(1)  Omnibus  rebus 
ad  profectionem  com- 
paratls,  diem  dicent. 


MODEL  SENTENCES. 

■  (Literally,  every  thiiig  havirig 
been  pre^^ared,  a  trans- 
lation inadmissible  in 
English), 

After,  if,  since,  or  when 
everything  has  beeyi  pre- 
pared, 


they  will 
appoint  a 
day. 


LESSON  XXXV. 


103 


(2)  Multis  o-pipugnan- (  (ltitei8i\]y,  many  attack-)  the  tcrwn  was 
tibus,  oppidum  non  captum  ii^g),  Tliough  manyK  not  cap- 
est.  attacked  it,  I      tured. 

Observe :  — 

That  in  each  of  these  sentences  we  find  an  independent  phrase 
having  a  noun  and  a  participle  in  agreement  in  the  ablative;  in 
the  first  a  perfect  participle  to  denote  completed  action  at  the  time 
of  the  main  verb,  in  the  second  a  present  participle  because  the 
action  is  going  on  at  the  time  of  the  main  verb. 

Since  the  verb  sum  has  no  present  participle,  two  substantives 
or  a  substantive  and  an  adjective  in  agreement  in  the  ablative 
may  constitute  an  Ablative  Absolute. 

The  following  familiar  example  sufficiently  illustrates  this  con- 
struction and  its  various  translations  :  — 


M.  Messala,  M.  Pl- 
sone  consulibus, 
Orgetorix  coniu- 
rationem   fecit. 


(Literally,  Marcus 
Messala  and  Marcus 
Pi  so  being  consuls), 

When  Marcus  Messala 
and  Marcus  Piso 
were  consuls. 


Orgetonx  formed  a 
conspiracy. 


This  ablative  answers  the  questions,  "When?"  "Why?" 
"  How  ?  "     "  By  what  means  ?  "     "  Under  what  circumstances  ?  " 

262.  RULE. — A  noun  or  pronoun  with  a  participle  in 
agreement  may  he  put  in  the  ablative  to  define  the  time  or  cir- 
cumstances of  an  action.  This  construction  is  called  the  abla- 
tive absolute. 


263. 


VOCABULARY. 


mensis,  mensis,  m.,  month. 

reditio,  reditionis,  f.,  return;  reditio 

domum,  return  home. 
spes,  spel,  f.,  hope  (inplu.  only  nom. 

and  ace), 
quisque,   quaeque,    quidque,    indef. 

pro.,  each  one. 


cibarius,  -a,  -um,  of  ot  pertaining  to 
food  ;  cibaria  molita,  ground  food, 
flour. 

difficilis,  -e,  difficult. 

quando,  interrog.  adv.,  when? 

praeter,  prep,  governing  ace,  except, 
beyond. 


104  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGX. 

comburo,  comburere,  combussi,  combustus,  burri  up. 

effero,  efferre,  extuli,  elatus,  carry  or  take  away. 

iubeo,  iubere,  iussi,  iussus,  order. 

oppugno,  1,  attack. 

porto,  1,  carry. 

subeo,  subire,  subii,  subitus,  undergo ;  gerundive,  subeundus,  -a, 

-um,  to-he-underyone. 
toUo,  tollere,  sustuli,  sublatus,  take  away,  remove. 

264.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Combine  Orgetorix,  in  the  Ablative  Absolute,  with  the  perfect 
passive  and  present  active  participles  of  adduco  and  translate  each  com- 
bination in  all  possible  ways,  as  suggested  in  the  translations  in  §  261. 

(2)  Similarly  combine  and  translate  consul  and  superS,  Belgae  and 
libero. 

(3)  Decline  mensis  and  spes,  noting  that  one  of  these  nouns  is  defec- 
tive in  certain  cases  of  the  plural. 

265.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

(Translate  the  Ablative  Absolutes  in  all  possible  ways  and  tell  what 
question  each  answers.) 

I.  (1)  Hac  re  enuntiata,  Orgetorigem  damnaverunt.  (2)  Copiis 
iam  coactis,  German!  agros  Belgarum  vastare  constituerunt. 
(3)  His  rebus  confectis,  Orgetorix  sibi  legatiouem  ad  civitates 
suscepit.  (4)  Miiltis  oppidis  incensis,  Helvetii  domura  reditionis 
spem  sustulerurit.  (5)  Civitas,  ob  earn  rem  incitata,  magnum 
numerum  hominum  ex  agris  coegit.  (6)  Helvetiis  omnia  oppida 
incendentibus,  spes  tolletur.  (7)  Spe  reditionis  sublata,  omne 
frumentum  comburemus  praeter  id  quod  carris  portabimus. 
(8)  Orgetorige  persuadente,  nobilissimi  Gallorum  regna  occupave- 
runt.  (9)  Regnis  Gallorum  occupatis,  totlus  Galliae  imperio 
potientur.     (10)  Quando  Orgetorix  coniurationem  fecit  ? 

(In  sentences  1-4,  translate  the  subordinate  clauses  by  the  Ablative 
Absolute.) 

II.  (1)  After   many   carts   had   been   bought   up,   the    Swiss 


UNIVERSITY 

OF 


LESSON  XXXVI. 


105 


marched  from  their  territories.  (2)  When  the  towns  of  their 
neighbors  have  been  burned,  the  Belgians  will  hasten  to  Geneva. 

(3)  Though  many   attack   (it),   this   town   will   not    be    taken. 

(4)  Since  a  conspiracy  had  been  made,  the  magistrates  seized  the 
royal  power.  (5)  The  march  (being)  long  and  difficult,  the  Swiss 
will  buy  and  carry  with  them  much  grain.  (6)  [Answer  in  a  com- 
plete sentence  containing  an  ablative  absolute  the  question  in 
sentence  10,  part  I.] 

266.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Frumentum  omne  comburunt  ^  praeter  id  quod  secum  portaturi 
erant.  Itaque  spem  domum  reditionis  tollunt^et  paratiores  ad 
omnia  pericula  subeunda^  sunt.^  Erumentum  comburunt^  ut, 
domum  reditionis  spe  sublata,  paratiores  ad  omnia  pericula  sub- 


eunda  ^  essent.     lubent  ^ 
cibaria  domo  efferre. 


quemque^  sibi  trium  mensium*  molita 


1  Historical  present,  translate  past. 

2  Gerundive,  translate  phrase  as  if  omnia  pericula  subire. 
8  Accusative  case,  subject  of  infinitive  efferre. 

*  Genitive  of  measure;  translate, /or  three  months. 


LESSON   XXXVI. 
FORMATION  AND   USES  OF  INFINITIVES. 


267.  TJiree  months^  provisions  are 
allowed  each  man;  all  other  supplies 
are  destroyed. 

Frumentum  omne   praeter   quod 
secum  portaturi  erant,  comburunt, 
ut,  domum  reditionis   spe  sublata,  % 
paratiores  ad  omnia  pericula  sub-  ancient  mills. 

eunda  essent,  trium  mensium  molita  cibaria  sibi  quemque  domq 
efferre  iubent. 


106  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

268.  TABLE   OF  INFINITIVES. 

Active  Voice.  Passive  Voice, 

present  tense. 
endings.  endings. 

I.  liberare,  to  liberate.         -are  liberari,  to  be  liberated.         -ari 

II.  movere,  to  move.  -ere  moveri,  to  be  moved .  -eri 

jdividere,  to  divide.  |  dividi,  to  be  divided.  | 

[capere,  to  take.       j       '®^®  capi,  to  be  taken.       j  "^ 

IV.  impedire,  to  impede.        -ire  impediri,  to  be  impeded.        -iri 

PERFECT    TENSE. 

liberavisse,  to  have  liberated.  liberatus,  -a,  -urn  esse,  to  have  been 

liberated, 
movisse,  to  have  moved.  motus,  -a,  -um  esse,  to  have  been 

moved, 
divisisse,  to  have  divided.  divisus,  -a,  -um  esse,  to  have  been 

divided, 
cepisse,  to  have  taken.  captus,  -a,  -um  esse,  to  have  been 

taken, 
impedivisse,  to  have  impeded.  impeditus,  -a,  -um  esse,  to  have  been 

impeded. 

FUTURE    TENSE. 

liberatiirus,  -a,  -um  esse,  to  be  going  llberatum  iri,  to  be  going  to  be  lib- 

to  liberate.  erated. 

moturus,  -a,  -um  esse.  motum  iri. 

divisiirus,  -a,  -um  esse.  divisum  iri. 

capturus,  -a,  -um  esse.  captum  iri. 

impediturus,  -a,  -um  esse.  impeditum  iri. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  perfect  active  infinitive  is  formed  by  adding  -isse 
to  the  perfect  stem,  while  the  future  active  infinitive  is  simply 
the  future  active  participle  and  esse. 

(2)  that  the  present  passive  infinitive  is  formed  by  changing 
the  final  -e  of  the  present  active  infinitive  to  -i  except  in  the  Third 
Conjugation,  where  the-er  is  syncopated  (or  cutout)  after  making 
the  same  change. 


LESSON  XXXVI.  107 

(3)  that  the  perfect  passive  infinitive  is  simply  the  perfect  pas- 
sive participle  and  esse. 

(4)  that  the  future  passive  infinitive  is  formed  by  combining 
iri  and  what  is  called  the  supine  of  the  verb,  a  form  which  always 
is  the  same  as  the  neuter  singular  accusative  of  the  perfect  pas- 
sive participle. 

The  verb  sum  having  no  passive  voice  has  but  three  infinitive 
forms:  present,  esse,  to  be;  perfect,  fuisse,  to  have  been;  future, 
futurus,  -a  -um  esse,  to  be  going-to-be. 


269.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Facile  est  totius  Galliae  imperio  potirl.  —  It  is  easy  to  get 
control  of  the  whole  of  Oanl.  (2)  Orgetorix  paratus  esse  conabi- 
tur.  —  Orgetorix  will  try  to  be  prepared.  (3)  Pacem  conf irmare 
possunt.  —  TJiey  are  able  to  establish  jjeace.  (4)  Orgetorigem 
causam  dicere  coegerunt.  —  They  compelled  Orgetorix  to  plead  his 
case. 


Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  sentence  1  the  infinitive  potiri  is  the  subject  of  the 
main  verb  est. 

(2)  that  in  sentence  2  the  infinitive  esse  is  the  direct  object  of 
the  main  verb  conabitur. 

(3)  that  in  sentence  3  the  infinitive  confirmare  is  the  comple- 
ment of  the  main  verb  possunt. 

(4)  that  in  sentence  2  the  adjective  paratus  agrees  in  G.  N.  C. 
with  Orgetorix,  the  subject  of  the  main  verb,  according  to  §  45. 

(5)  that  in  sentence  4  Orgetorigem,  the  subject  of  the  infinitive 
dicere,  is  put  in  the  accusative  case. 

270.   RULES. — 1.    The  infinitive  may  he  used  as  subject, 
object^  or  complement. 

2,   The  subject  of  the  infinitive  mood  is  in  the  accusative. 


108  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

271.  VOCABULARY. 

Latobrigi, -orum,  m.,"!    tribes  to  the  una,,  Sidy.,  together  with. 

Rauraci,  -orum,  m.,    V  north  of  the  quid,  interrog.  pro,  neut.  sing. 

Tuiingi, -orum,  m.,     J    Swiss.  nom.ora,cc.,whatf 

exuro,  exurere,  exussi,  exustus,  hum  up^  consume. 

proficiscor,  proficlsci,  prof ectus  sum,  setforth^  go  (deponent,  transl. 
actively). 

utor,  uti,  usus  sum,  use,  employ  (deponent  translated  actively). 


272.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

Tabulate  in  a  vertical  column  with  meanings  the  six  infinitive  forms 
of  each  of  the  following  verbs  :     occupo,  iubeo,  exuro,  conficio,  audio. 


273.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Rauracis  persuadere  constituerunt  ut  eodem  tempore 
iter  facerent.  (2)  Multos  annos  regnum  in  sua  civitate  occu- 
pare  conatur.     (3)  Helvetios   omnia   aedificia  incendere  coegit. 

(4)  Diviciacus    iam    constituit    amicus     populi     Roman!    esse. 

(5)  Perfacile  erat  Helvetiis  persuadere  ut  suos  vicos  exurerent. 

(6)  lumentorum  et  carrorum  quam  maximum  nuraerum  coemere 
constituent.  (7)  Orgetorix  conatur  potentissimus  totius  Galliae 
esse.  (8)  Helvetios  omne  frumentum,  praeter  quod  secuiri  por- 
taturi  erant,  comburere  coegit.  (9)  German!  agros  Belgarum 
vastare  et  oppida  oppugnare  constituunt.  (10)  Quid  Orgetor!x 
conabatur  ? 

II.  (1)  The  Swiss  will  now  decide  to  enforce  their  rights  (sing.) 
by  arms.  (2)  Caesar  will  compel  his  troops  to  march  from  Gaul 
to  Rome.  (3)  He  will  attempt  to  lead  a  great  number  of  men 
from  Geneva  to  another  part  of  Gaul.  (4)  We  shall  compel 
him  to  purchase  grain  for  three  months.  (5)  [Answer,  in  a 
complete  Latin  sentence  containing  an  infinitive  as  object,  the 
question  in  sentence  10,  part  I.] 


LESSON  XXXVII.  109 

274.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Eodem  consilio*  tituntur.  Oppida  sua  vicosque  extirunt. 
OppidTs  vicisque  exustis,  una  cum  els  proficiscuntur.  Persua- 
dent  f  mitimis  utT,  tisl  ^  eodem  consilio,  una  cum  els  proficlscantur.^ 

1  Ablative  with  utor  translated  as  direct  object. 

2  usi^  perf.  pass,  participle  of  utor,  transl.  actively, 
s  Present  subjunctive.    Why? 

LESSON  XXXVII. 

DECLENSION    OF     1>  UO.  — CONJUGATION     OF     POSSUM.— 
DATIVE    WITH    ADJECTIVES. 

275.  TJieir  neighbors  adopt  the  same  plan  and  start  out  along 
with  them. 

Persuadent  Rauracis  et  Tulingis  et  Latobrigis  flnitimis,  uti 
eodem  usi  consilio,  oppidis  suls  vicisque  exustis,  una  cum  iis 
proficiscantur. 

276.  Memorize  the  declension  of  the  numeral  duo,  two,  App., 
§  9  ;  also  the  conjugation  of  possum,  I  am  able,  App.,  §  26. 

The  verb  possum  is  a  compound  of  the  verb  sum  and  the  adjec- 
tive potis,  able ;  base,  pot-.  —  This  combination  undergoes  certain 
euphonic  changes  when  two  consonants  occur  together. 

277.  MODEL   SENTENCES. 

(1)  Dumnorix  erat  amicus  Helvetiis.  —  Dumnorix  was  friendly 
to  the  Siviss.  (2)  Genava  erat  oppidum  proximum  finibus  Helve- 
tiorum.  —  Geneva  was  the  town  nearest  to  the  territories  of  the  Swiss. 

Observe :  — 

That  HelvStiis  and  finibus  are  in  the  dative  case,  with  the  ad- 
jectives amicus  and  proximus. 

278.  R  ULE.  —  Tlie  dative  is  used  with  adjectives  denoting 
fitness^  friendliness,  likeness,  nearness. 


110  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

279.  VOCABULARY. 

Boil,  -orum,  in.,  a  Gallic  tribe.  duo,  duae,  duo,  num.  adj.,  two. 

Noreia,  -ae,  f.,  N'oreia,  the  chief  town      Noricus,  -a,   -um,  belonging   to  the' 

of  the  Norici.  Norici,  a  tribe  north  of  the  Alps. 

socius,  -i,  m.,  ally.  dissimilis,  -e,  m.,  f.,  n.,  unlike. 

amicus,  -a,  -um,  friendly.  similis,  -e,  m.,  f.,  n.,  like,  similar  to. 

adscisco,  adsciscere,  adsclvi,  adscitus,  take  to,  add,  adopt. 

recipio,  recipere,  recepi,  receptus,  take  hack,  receive. 

transed,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  go  across,  cross. 

280.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Write  a  synopsis  of  possum  in  the  3d  singular. 

(2)  Decline  unum  iter  in  the  singular  and  duo  itinera  in  the  plural. 

281.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Haec  oppida  f inibus  Helvetiorum  proxima  sunt.  (2)  Or- 
getorlx  erat  reliquis  Gallls  virtute  dissimilis.  (3)  Illi  agri  qui 
late  patebant  nostrls  agris  similes  erant.  (4)  Iter  erat  difficile 
ut  Helvetii  iter  facere  non  facile  possent.  (5)  Boil  Helvetiis 
erant  araici.  (6)  Duo  oppida  erunt  quae  Belgae  oppugnare  pote- 
runt.  (7)  GermanI  erant  proximi  nostrls  sociis,  quorum  agros 
vastare  poterant.  (8)  Nostri  agri  sunt  dissimiles  agris  nostrorum 
duorum  amicorum.  (9)  Belgae  erant  dissimiles  reliquis  Gallis. 
(10)  Noreia  non  erat  arnica  Genavae. 

II.  (1)  We  were  not  able  to  march  from  home  by  the  two 
roads  which  were  nearest  our  territories.  (2)  The  Swiss  were 
unlike  their  allies.  (3)  He  had  been  able  to  seize  the  royal  power, 
which  his  father  had  held.  (4)  These  two  rivers  are  like  those 
three.     (5)  To  his  two  daughters,  he  will  give  this  hope. 

282.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Boii  trans  Ehenum  incoluerant  et  in  agrum  Noricum  transi- 
erant  Noreiamque  oppugnaverant  (oppugnarant).  Helvetii  eos 
Boios  socios  ad  se  recipiunt  et  sibi  adsciscunt.  Boios  receptos 
ad  se  socios  sibi  adsciscunt. 


LESSON   XXXVIII.  Ill 

LESSON   XXXVIII. 
THE  INFINITIVE  IN  INDIRECT  DISCOURSE. 

283.  The  Swiss  form  an  alliance  with  the  Boii. 

Persuadeiit  Rauracis  et  Tuliiigis  et  Latobrigis  finitimis,  uti 
eodem  ilsi  consilio  oppidis  suis  vicisque  exustis,  una  cum  iis  pro- 
ficiscantur,  Boiosque,  qui  trans  Hhenum  incoluerant  et  in  agrum 
Noricum  transierant  Noreiamque  oppugnarant,  receptos  ad  se 
socios  sibi  adsclscunt.     [Cap.  V.    Finis.] 

284.  Direct  Discourse  gives  the  exact  words  of  a  speaker  or 
writer;  as,  Caesar  is  coming.  Indirect  Discourse  gives  the  words 
of  a  speaker  or  writer  as  reported  by  another  or  by  the  same 
person  after  a  verb  of  knowing,  telling,  thinking,  and  perceiving ; 
as,  he  says  that  Caesar  is  coming. 

Direct  Discourse.  Indirect  Discourse. 

Belgae  bellum  gerunt.  —  The  Dicit  Belgas  bellum  gerere. 
Belgians  are  carrying  on  war.  —  He  says  that  the  Belgians  are 

carrying  on  tvar,  or  He  says  the 
Belgians  are  carrying  on  war,  or 
(literally),  He  says  the  Belgians 
to  be  carrying  on  war. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  indicative  gerit  in  the  Direct  Discourse  becomes 
the  infinitive  gerere  in  the  Indirect  Discourse. 

(2)  that  the  infinitive  phrase  is  the  direct  object  of  dicit  accord- 
ing to  §  270  (1). 

(3)  that  Belgae,  the  subject  nominative  in  the  Direct  Discourse, 
becomes  Belgas,  the  subject  accusative  of  the  infinitive  in  the  In- 
direct Discourse. 


112  CAESARS  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

285.  RULE. —  Verbs  and  other  expressions  of  hnoiving., 
telling.,  thinking.,  and  perceiving  are  followed  in  indirect  dis- 
course by  the  infinitive  with  subject  accusative. 

USES  OF  THE   INFINITIVE  TENSES   IN   INDIRECT 
DISCOURSE. 

286.  MODEL   SENTENCES. 

Dicit  Belgas  bellum  gerere.  —  He  says  that  the  Belgians  are 
carrying  on  ivar.  Dixit  Belgas  bellum  gerere.  —  He  said  that  the 
Belgians  ivere  carrying  on  war. 

Observe:  — 

That  the  present  infinitive  represents  the  action  as  being  per- 
formed at  the  time  of  the  verb  on  which  it  depends. 

Dicit  Belgas  bellum  gessisse.  —  He  says  that  the  Belgians  have 
carried  on  war.  Dixit  Belgas  bellum  gessisse.  —  He  said  that  the 
Belgians  had  carried  07i  war. 

Observe :  — 

That  the  perfect  infinitive  represents  the  action  as  already 
performed  at  the  time  of  the  verb  on  which  it  depends. 

Dicit  Belgas  bellum  gestures  esse.  —  He  says  that  the  Belgians 
will  carry  on  war.  Dixit  Belgas  bellum  gesturos  esse.  —  He  said 
that  the  Belgians  would  carry  on  war. 

Observe :  — 

That  the  future  infinitive  represents  the  action  as  going  to  be 
performed  after  the  time  of  the  verb  on  which  it  depends,  and 
that  the  participle  gesturos  agrees  in  G.  N.  C.  with  Belgas,  the  sub- 
ject of  the  infinitive. 

In  all  these  sentences  the  conjunction  that  introducing  the  sub- 
ordinate clause  in  English  has  no  equivalent  in  the  Latin  sentence. 

SUMMARY. 

The  tenses  of  the  infinitive  present,  perfect,  or  future  represent 
the  action  as  being  performed,  already  performed,  or  goijig  to  be 
performed  relative  to  the  time  of  the  verb  on  which  it  depends. 


LESSON  xxxvm. 


113 


287. 


VOCABULARY. 


perpauci,  -ae,  -a,  very  few. 
singuli,  -ae,  -a  (distributive  numeraO, 
one  each,  one  by  one. 


omnind,  adv.,  altogether,  in  all. 

qua,  rel.  adv.,  where. 

vix,  adv.,  hardly,  scarcely,  with  diffi- 
culty. 
impendeo,  impendere,  overhang,  threaten  (with  dat.). 
exe5,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  go  out,  emigrate. 


288. 


WRITTEN  WORK. 


(1)  With  the  present  3d  plural  active  of  enunti5  as  an  introductory 
verb  and  se  as  subject  accusative  of  the  infinitive,  form  expressions  of  In- 
direct Discouree,  employing  each  of  the  three  active  forms  of  the  infini- 
tive of  diico  and  translating  each  as  in  §  286. 

(2)  Do  likewise  with  the  perfect  and  future  active  of  enunti5. 


289. 


EXERCISES   FOR  PRACTICE. 


Note  that  each  infinitive  phrase  in  sentence  1  is  the  direct  object  of  the 
main  verb  according  to  §  270,  1.     What  of  the  infinitive  phrase  in  sentence  4  ? 


I.  (1)  (a)  Dlcit 
(6)  Dicet 
(c)  Dixit 

(2)  (a)  Dicunt 
(6)  Dicent 
(c)  Dixerunt 


Orgetorigem  coniurationem  facere. 
Orgetorigem  coniurationem  fecisse. 
Orgetorigem  coniurationem  facturum  esse. 

se  oppida  oppugnare. 

se  oppida  oppugnavisse. 

se  oppida  opptignaturos  esse. 


(3)  (a)  Arbitrantur 
(h)  Arbitrabuntur 
(c)  ArbitratI  sunt 


exercitum  a  se  duci. 
exercitum  a  se  ductum  iri. 
exercitum  a  se  ductum  esse. 


(4)  Helvetios  iter  facturos  esse  enuntiatum  est.  (5)  Monies 
impendere  enuntiaverant.  (6)  Dixit  se  regna  illls  concilia- 
turum.^      (7)  Enuntiabitur  Orgetorigem  ab   Helvetils   delectum 

1  Esse  is  frequently  understood  with  the  future  infinitive,  also  with  the  per- 
fect passive. 


114 


CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


esse.  (8)  Arbitratus  erat  Casticum  regnum  in  sua  civitate  occu- 
paturum  esse.  (9)  Enuntiavit  se  amicum  popull  Roman!  appel- 
latum  esse. 

II.  (1)  They  thought  that  they  were  being  accused.  (2)  He 
thinks  that  they  are  being  accused.  (3)  They  said  that  their 
fields  had  been  laid  waste.  (4)  The  Aedui  announced  that  arms 
were  being  imported  by  the  Swiss.'  (5)  The  Swiss  thought  that 
they  had  narrow  territories.  (6)  It  was  announced  that  he  would 
attack  their  towns. 


290. 


DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 


Els  duobus  itineribus  domo  exire  poterant.  Erant  omnino  duo 
itinera  quibus  itineribus  domo  exire  possent.  Unum  iter  per 
Sequanos  erat  inter  montem  Itiram  et  flumen  Rhodanum,  angustum 
et  difficile,  qua  singull  carri  vix  ^  ducerentur.^  Perpauci  facile 
eos  prohibere  potuerunt.  Mons  autem  altissimus  impendebat  ut 
perpauci  facile  prohibere  possent.^ 

1  Caesar  places  this  adverb  before  qua,  thus  making  it  very  emphatic  and  giv- 
ing a  superlative  force  to  an  adverb  that  could  not  be  compared.  For  greater 
emphasis  Caesar  also  places  the  adverb  facile  before  perpauci.  Compare  the 
position  of  these  adverbs  in  the  above  and  in  the  text  in  §  291. 

2  A  clause  of  Result,  see  §  228. 


Ancibnt  Cabts. 


LESSON  XXXIX. 


115 


LESSON   XXXIX. 

DEPONENT  VERBS  AND   ABLATIVE  WITH  DEPONENTS. 

291.  The  Swiss  must  choose  one  of  two  roads  in  leaving  home. 
Tfie  first  of  these j  with  narrow  passes  and  overhanging  mountains j 
traverses  the  Sequani. 

Erant  omnino  itinera  duo,  quibus  itineribus  domo  exire  possent : 
unum  per  Sequanos,  angustum  et  difficile,  inter  montem  luram  et 
flumen  Rhodanum,  vix  qua  singull  carri  ducerentur ;  mons  autem 
altissimus  impendebat,  ut  facile  perpauci  prohibere  possent. 


The  Road  Nakeow  and  Difficult. 

292.  A  deponent  verb  is  one  which  is  passive  in  form  but  ac- 
tive in  meaning.  Deponent  verbs  occur  in  all  conjugations,  and 
in  the  indicative  and  subjunctive  are  conjugated  exactly  like  the 
passive  voice  of  their  respective  conjugations,  as  may  be  seen  by 
reference  to  the  App.,  §  24.  The  participles  and  infinitives  pre- 
sent peculiarities,  which  will  be  noted  in  the  following  paradigms. 


116 


CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


PARADIGMS. 
Participles  and  Infinitives  op  Deponent  Verbs. 


PRINCIPAL  PARTS. 

I 

II 

Ill 

IV 

Pres. 

Ind. 

Conor 

vereor 

sequor 

potior 

Pres. 

Inf. 

conari 

vergri 

sequi 

potiri 

Perf. 

Ind. 

conatus 

sum 

Veritas  sum 

secutus 

sum 

potitus  sum 

Participles. 

PRESENT. 

conans,  attempting     verens,  fearing       sequens,  following      potiens,  getting 

control 

FUTURE. 


conaturus,  going-to- 

veriturus 

secuturus 

potiturus 

attempt. 

PERFECT. 

conatus,  having  at- 
tempted. 

veritus 

secutus 

GERUNDIVE. 

potitus 

conandus,  to  he  at- 

verendus 

sequendus 

potiendus 

tempted. 

Observe:  — 

That  deponent  verbs  have  all  four  participles:  (a)  present 
and  future  participles  active  in  both  form  and  meaning;  (h) 
perfect  participles  passive  in  form  and  active  in  meaning;  (c) 
gerundives  passive,  not  only  in  form,  but  even  in  meaning,  not- 
withstanding the  nature  of  deponent  verbs. 

Infinitives. 

PRESENT. 

c5nari,  to  attempt  vereri,  to  fear         sequi,  to  follow       potiri,  to  get 


PERFECT. 

cOnatus  esse,  to  have         veritus  esse  secutus  esse 


control 
potitus  esse 


attempted. 

\naturus  esi 
going-to-attempt. 


FUTURE. 

cOnaturus  esse,  to  be      veriturus  esse         secuturus  esse         potiturus  esse 


LESSON   XXXIX.  117 

Observe  ;  — 

That  deponent  verbs  have  three  instead  of  six  infinitive  forms, 
and  that  they  substitute  the  future  active  infinitive  for  the  future 
passive.     What  are  wanting  ? 

294.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Eodem  consilio  usi  sunt.  —  TJiey  adopted  the  same  plan. 
(2)  Imperio  totius  Galliae  potiti  sunt.  —  They  got  control  of  the 
whole  of  Gaul. 

Observe :  — 

That  in  the  English  sentences  plan  and  control  are  the  direct 
objects  of  their  verbs,  while  their  Latin  equivalents  are  put  in  the 
ablative  though  translated  as  direct  objects. 

295.  E  ULE.  —  Utor,  fruor,  fungor,  potior,  and  vescor,  with 
their  compounds^  govern  an  ablative  translated  as  direct  object. 

296.  VOCABULARY. 

vadum,  -i,  n.,ford,  shoal.  extremus,  -a,  -um,  farthest,  most  dis- 

expeditus,    -a,    -um,    unencumbered,       taut, 
easy.  nonnullus,  -a,  -um,  some. 

nuper,  adv.,  recently. 
fluo,  fluere,  fluxi,  fluxus,  flow. 
orior,  oriri,  ortus  sum,  rise.     See  §  107. 
paco,  1,  subdue,  pacify. 

297.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  id  vadum. 

(2)  Write  synopses  of  the  following  verbs,  giving  infinitives  and  par- 
ticiples with  meanings :  arbitror  in  the  1st  plural  and  utor  in  the  2d 
plural. 

(3)  Write  infinitives  and  participles  only  of  orior. 

298.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Frtimentum,  quo  Helvetil  non  usi  erant,  combustum  est. 
(2)  Belgae  armis,  quae  undique  coemerant,  non  usi  sunt.  (3)  Non- 
nuUis  oppidis,  quae  nuper  liberavimus,  potiti  sumus.     (4)  Omni 


118  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

frumento,  quod  non  combusserant,  uti  constituerunt.  (5)  Dixit 
Rauracos  Tulingis  persuasisse  ut  eodem  consilio  titerentiir. 
(6)  Dixit  solem  oriri.  (7)  Dixerunt  se  extremis  vadis  Rhodani 
non  Qsuros  esse.  (8)  Imperio  horum  finiuni  Helvetii  eo  die  potiti 
erant.  (9)  Rauracis  persuadere  conabuntur  ut  omnia  sua  oppida 
ad  duodecim  numero  exurant.  (10)  Helvetii  frumento,  quod 
secum  portaverant,  uti  non  potuerunt. 

II.  (1)  They  will  decide  not  to  use  this  grain.  (2)  They 
thought  that  all  hope  had  been  taken  away  by  the  return  of  Orget- 
orix.  (3)  The  Swiss  are  carrying  from  home  all  the  grain  that 
they  will  use.  (4)  They  had  thought  that  they  would  get  control 
of  all  the  towns  of  the  Belgians.  (5)  The  troops,  which  we  led 
to  Geneva,  had  used  all  the  grain. 

299.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Alterum  iter  per  nostram  provinciam  erat  multo^  facilius  atque 
expeditius.  Inter  fines  Helvetiorum  et  Allobrogum  Rhodanus 
fluit.  Allobroges  a  populo  Romano  niiper  pacati  erant  et  ob  cam 
causam  non  erant  amici.  In  finibus  Allobrogum  Rhodanus  non- 
nullis  locis  vado  transitur, 

1  Neuter  singular  ablative,  translate  much. 


LESSON  XL. 

ABLATIVE  AND  GENITIVE  OF  QUALITY.  —  DECLENSION  OF  VIS. 

300.  The  second  road  affords  easy  access  to  the  territories  of  the 
Allobroges,  who  on  account  of  a  recent  defeat  are  hostile  to  Rome. 

Alterum  per  provinciam  nostram,  multo  facilius  atque  expedi- 
tius, propterea  quod  inter  fines  Helvetiorum  et  Allobrogum,  qui 
nuper  pacati  erant,  Rhodanus  fluit,  isque  nonnullis  locis  vado 
transitur. 


301. 


LESSON   XL. 

PARADIGM. 

vis,  force, 

strength. 

Base 

:vi-. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

Nominative 

vis 

vires 

Genitive 

VIS 

vTrium 

Dative 

VI 

vlribus 

Accusative 

vim 

vires 

Ablative 

vi 

viribus 

119 


The  genitive  and  dative  singular  of  vis  are  rarely  found. 

302.  MODEL   SENTENCES. 

fbono  animo]    . 
bo  "  animi  I   i^^  P<^P^l^"i  I^^manum  non  erant. 

—  Tlie  Allobroges  were  not  in  good  humor  towards  the  Roman  people. 
(2)  Trium  mensium  molita  cibaria  domo  efferunt.  —  They  carry 
from  home  flour  for  three  months. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  sentence  1  the  bracketed  phrase  is  used  to  describe 
the  Allobroges  by  denoting  a  Quality ;  that  this  phrase  contains 
both  an  adjective  and  a  noun  and  is  expressed  by  either  the  geni- 
tive or  ablative.  Unlike  all  other  ablatives  heretofore  studied, 
the  ablative  of  quality  modifies  nouns,  either  directly  or  as 
predicate. 

(2)  that  in  sentence  2  mensium  denotes  the  Measure  of  Time,  is 
modified  by  a  numeral  trium,  and  is  expressed  only  by  the 
genitive. 

303.  RULES.  —  1.  The  genitive  or  ablative  is  used  to  de- 
note quality  but  only  when  modified  by  an  adjective. 

2.  The  gfenitive  of  quality  with  numerals  is  used  to  define 
measure  of  time ^  length,  etc.^  and  is  theyi  known  as  the  genitive 
of  measure. 


120  CAESAR'S   FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

304.  VOCABULARY. 

Allobroges,  Allobrogum,  m.,  plu.,  a      bonus,  -a,  -um,  good. 

Gallic  tribe  in  the  north  of  the  prov-      quails,  -e,  interrog.  adj.,  what  sort  of? 
ince.  nondum,  adv.,  not  yet. 

pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge.  vel,   coordinate  conj.,  or  ;  vel  .  .  . 

vis,  vis,  f.,  force^  strength^  violence.  vel,  either  .  .  .  or. 

eo,  ire,  ivT  or  il,  itus,  go. 
existimo,  1,  think,  believe. 
patior,  pati,  passus  sum,  permit,  endure. 
video,  videre,  vidi,  visus,  see  ;  passive,  be  seen,  therefore,  seem,  appear. 

305.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Write  M^ith  meanings  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  video  and 
patior,  noting  that  the  latter  is  a  deponent  of  the  Third  Conjugation  in  io. 

(2)  Write  synopses  of  video  in  the  2d  singular  active  and  patior  in 
the  3d  plural. 

(3)  Decline  pons  after  reviewing  pars  in  §  60. 

306.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Helvetii  iter  trium  milium  passuum  per  fines  Sequa- 
norum  fecerant.  (2)  Transire  Rhodaniim,  fltiraen  magna  latitu- 
dine,  conati  sunt.  (3)  Existimabant  Orgetorlgem  esse  magna 
auctoritate  apud  Helvetios.  (4)  Auctoritate  Orgetorigis  inducti, 
de  suis  finibus  exire  constituerunt.  (5)  Helvetii  arbitrabantur 
se  montibus  altissimis  contineri.  (6)  Hos  agros,  qui  erant 
magna  latitudine,  vastare  non  poterant.  (7)  Dumnorlgl,  qui 
erat  magnae  auctoritatis  in  eius  civitate,  persuasit.  (8)  Civitas 
eum  causam  dicere  vl  coget.  (9)  Illo  frumento  omnl  utentur. 
(10)  Qualis  populus  erant  Helvetii? 

(In  the  following  sentences,  translate  all  expressions  of  quality  without 
measure  by  both  genitive  and  ablative  as  hi  Model  Sentence  (1),  §  302.) 

II.  (1)  From  this  village  a  bridge  of  great  length  extends  to 
the  town.  (2)  The  Swiss,  who  are  (men)  of  great  bravery,  will 
get  control  of  all  this  territory.  (3)  They  will  lead  with  them 
an  army  of  three  thousand   men.      (4)  The   army  had   made  a 


LESSON  XL. 


121 


march  of  two  miles  altogether  that  day.  (5)  We  had  used 
weapons  of  great  length.  (6)  [Answer  in  a  complete  Latin  sen- 
tence containing  an  ablative  or  genitive  of  quality  the  question  in 
sentence  10,  part  L] 


307. 


DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 


Genava    est    extremum    oppidum    Allobrogum    proximumque 
finibus  Helvetiorum.     Ex  eo  oppido  pons  ad  Helvetios  pertinet. 


The  Present  Bridge  at  Geneva. 


Allobroges  nuper  pacati  erant  et  nondum  bono  animo  in  populura 
Romanum  videbantur.  Quod  nondum  bono  animo  in  populum 
Romanum  viderentur  (transl.  as  if  videbantur),  Helvetii  sese 
Allobrogibus  persuastiros  esse  existimabant.  Existimabant  AUo- 
brogibus  sese  vel  persuastiros  vel  eos  vi  coacttiros.  Helvetii 
Allobroges  vi  coacturl  erant  ut  eos  per  fines  ire  paterentur. 


122 


CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


LESSON   XLI. 


COMPARISON  OF  CERTAIN  IRREGULAR  ADJECTIVES. 
VERB  E6. 


THE 


Lbgionariits  Expe- 

DITUS. 


308.  The  Swiss  plan  to  cross  the  Rhone  at 
Geneva  by  persuasion  or  force,  believing  that  the 
recently  sicbjugated  Allobroges  will  grant  them  the 
right  of  way, 

Extremum  oppidum  Allobrogum  est  proxi- 
mumque  Helvetiorum  finibus  Genava.  Ex  eo 
oppido  pons  ad  Helvetios  pertinet.  Allobrogibus 
sese  vel  persuasuros,  quod  nondum  bono  animo  in 
populum  Romanum  viderentur,  existimabant,  vel 
vi  coacturos  ut  per  suos  fines  eos  Ire  paterentur. 


celer,  celeris,  celere 

celerior,  -ius 

swift 

swifter 

liber,  libera,  liberum 

liberior,  -ius 

free 

freer 

309.  Celer,  celeris,  celere  (base  celer-)  is  a  Third  Declension 
adjective  of  Three  Terminations.  Memorize  its  declension  in 
the  App.,  §10;  also  declension  of  liber  in  the  App.,  §8.  Note 
their  comparison  below. 

celerrimus,  -a,  -um 

swiftest  or  very  swift 
liberrimus,  -a,  -um 
freest  or  very  free 

Observe :  — 

That  the  comparative  of  the  above  adjectives  is  formed  reg- 
ularly by  adding  -lor  and  -ius  to  the  base,  but  that  the  superlative 
is  formed  by  adding  -rimus  to  the  masculine  singular  nominative 
of  the  positive. 

All  adjectives  ending  in  -er  are  thus  compared. 

310.  facilis,  -e  (base  facil-),  easy ;  facilior,  -ius,  easier;  facillimus, 
a,  -um,  easiest. 


LESSON   XLI.  123 

Observe :  — 

That  the  comparative  of  this  adjective  is  formed  regularly,  but 
that  the  superlative  is  formed  by  adding  -limus  to  the  base. 

The  following  adjectives  are  similarly  compared :  difficilis,  diffi- 
cult, dissimilis,  unlike,  gracilis,  slender,  humilis,  low,  similis,  like. 

311.  PARADIGM. 

Present  Indicative  of  the  Irregular  Verb  E5. 

eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itus,  go. 

Present  Stem  :    i. 


Singular. 

Plural. 

1.    e5 

imus 

2.    is 

Itis 

3.    it 

eunt 

Synopsis  of  E6  with  Infinitives  and  Participles. 

Indicative. 

Subjunctive. 

Participles.        Infinitives. 

Pres. 

eo 

earn 

iens  (base  eunt-)             ire 
Gen.  euntis 

lifp. 

ibam 

irem 

FUT. 

ibo 

iturus                iturus  esse 

Perf. 

ivI  or  il 

iverim  (ierim) 

ivisse  (isse) 

Plup. 

iveram  (ieram) 

ivissem  (issem) 

Gerundive  eundum  (no  m.  or  f .) 

FUTP. 

ivero  (iero) 

Transitive  compounds  of  eo  are  fully  conjugated  in  the  passive. 
Transitur,  transitum  est,  and  the  present  infinitive  transiri  occur 
frequently. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  i,  the  present  stem  of  e6,  becomes  e  before  a  vowel  in 
the  present  indicative  and  present  subjunctive. 

(2)  that  eo  forms  its  future  and  imperfect  indicative  by  adding 
to  the  present  stem  the  tense  signs  of  the  First  and  Second  Con- 
jugations and  the  personal  endings. 

(3)  that  the  v  may  b*e  dropped  in  the  forms  based  on  the  perfect 
stem.  This  letter  is  regularly  dropped  in  compounds,  as  trans- 
ierant. 


124  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

312.  VOCABULARY. 

Kalendae,-arum,f.,plu.,iraZewtZs,the      Aprilis,  -e,  April,  of  April. 

first  day  of  the  month.  celer,  -is,  -e,  sioift. 

ripa,  -ae,  f.,  bajik  (of  a  river).  liber,  -a,  -um,  free. 

ante,  prep,  governing  &cc.,  before.         quintus, -a, -um,  ^/i^. 

convenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventus,  come  together,  assemble. 

313.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Compare  fully  the  adjectives  :  difficilis,  dissimilis,  gracilis,  humilis, 
similis. 

(2)  Write  synopses  of  transed  in  the  3d  singular  active  and  exeo  in 
the  3d  plural  active,  noting  particularly  the  warning  contained  in  the  last 
sentence  of  §  311,  (3). 

(3)  Decline  fully  the  present  participle  of  eo,  noting  in  §  311  how  the 
base  differs  from  the  nominative. 

314.  EXERCISES   FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Difficillimis  itineribus  non  titi  constituerunt.  (2)  Flumen 
magna  latitudine  transire  conabimur.  (3)  Caesar  dicit  flumen 
Rhodanum  non  niillls  locis  transirl.  (4)  Oppidis  incensTs,  itinere 
facillimo  domo  exire  conati  sunt.  (5)  Helvetii  e  suis  finibus 
exierunt  ut  llberiores  essent.  (6)  Enuntiavit  arma  Belgarum  esse 
simillima  armis  Helvetiorum.  (7)  Reliquo  frumento  combusto, 
ad  alteram  ripam  RhodanI  translbunt.  (8)  Socii  dlxerunt  se 
esse  amicos  Belgis.  (9)  Constituerunt  se  eo  frumento  non  tisuros 
esse.  (10)  Arbitrati  sunt  reditionem  domum  celerrimam  futuram 
esse. 

II.  (1)  The  roads  by  which  we  went  home  were  very  easy. 

(2)  They  announced  that  their  towns  were  the  freest  of  all  Gaul. 

(3)  Caesar  thought  that  he  would   cross  this  very  swift  river. 

(4)  After  the  most  difficult  roads  have  been  seized,  the  Swiss  will 
assemble  at  Geneva.  (5)  They  crossed  this  river  by  the  easiest 
ford.  (6)  The  same  river  was  crossed  by  our  sold^iers  by  means 
of  a  bridge. 


LESSON  XLII. 


125 


315.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Oinngs  res  ad  profectionem  comparatae  sunt.  Omnibus  rebus 
ad  profectionem  comparatis,  diem  dicunt.  Diem  dicunt,  qua  *  die 
(=ut  ea  die)  omnes  ad  ripam  RhodanI  conveniant.  Is  dies  erat 
ante  diem  quintum  Kalendas  Apriles,^  Lucio  Pisone,  Aulo  Gabinio 
consul  ibus. 

1  qua :  a  relative  adjective  introducing  a  relative  clause  of  purpose. 

2  The  fifth  day  before  the  first  of  April,  that  is,  the  twenty-eighth  of  March, 
counting  according  to  the  Roman  system  the  twenty-eighth  and  the  first  as  two  of 
the  five  days. 

LESSON   XLII. 


ABLATIVE  OF  MANNER.  —  CUilf  TEMPORAL. 

316.    Tlie  Siviss  name  March  28,  58  B.C.  as  the  date  of  assembling. 

Omnibus  rebus  ad  profectionem  comparatis,  diem  dicunt,  qua 
die  ad  ripam  Rhodani  omnes  conveniant:  is  dies  erat,  a.  d.  v. 
Kal.  Apr.,  L.  Pisone,  A.  Gabinio  consulibus.     [Cap.  VI.  Finis.] 


Confluence  of  the  Ehonb  and  Abne  at  Geneva. 


10 


126  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


317.  MODEL   SENTENCES 

(1)  Cum  virtute 
Magna  virtute 
or 


Magna  cum  virtute 


Obsei've :  — 


With  bravery  or  Bravely, 

resistimus     {  ^FiY^    great    bravery,    or 

Very  bravely,  do  we  resist. 


That  in  the  above  sentence  Manner  is  expressed  by  the  Abla- 
tive with  the  preposition  cum  when  the  noun  in  the  phrase  is  not 
modified  by  an  adjective,  but  that  cum  is  preferably  omitted  when 
the  noun  is  so  modified.     This  is  called  the  Ablative  of  Manner. 

318.  M  ULE.  —  The  manner  of  an  action  is  denoted  by  the 
ablative  with  cutn,  but  cum  may  be  omitted  when  the  ablative  is 
modified  by  an  adjective. 

319.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Cum  in  Galliam  iter  facient,  oppida  vicosque  incendent.  — 
W7ien  they  make  the  march  into  Gaul,  they  will  burn  their  towns  and 
villages.  (2)  Cum  magistratils  multitudinem  hominum  ex  agrls 
cogerent,  Orgetorix  mortuus  est.  —  While  the  magistrates  were  as- 
sembling from  the  country  a  large  number  of  men,  Orgetorix  died. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  these  sentences  the  conjunction  cum  means  ivhen 
(its  usual  meaning)  and  introduces  a  clause  expressing  time. 

(2)  that  in  sentence  1  the  verb  of  the  subordinate  clause  refers 
to  future  time  and  takes  the  indicative. 

(3)  that  in  sentence  2  the  verb  of  the  subordinate  clause  refers 
to  past  time  and  takes  the  subjunctive. 

320.  R  ULE.  —  A  temporal  clause  with  cum,  when  refer- 
ring  to  present  or  future,  regidarly  takes  the  indicative  ;  when 
referring  to  the  past,  generally  takes  the  imperfect  or  pluperfect 
subjunctive. 


LESSON  XLII.  127 

321.  VOCABULARY. 

Caesar,  Caesaris,  m.,  Caesar.  miles,  niilitis,  m.,  soldier. 

legio,  legionis,  f.,  legion,  correspond-   urbs,  urbis,  f.,  city,  always  referring 
ing  roughly  to  a  brigade  in  modern       to  Rome  in  Caesar, 
armies.  ulterior,  -ius,  comp.  adj., /ar^Aer. 

impero,  1,  command  (see  §  264). 
matiir5,  1,  hasten,  make  haste. 
nQntio,  1,  announce. 
pervenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventus,  get  through,  arrive,  reach  (with 

prep,  ad  and  ace). 
rescindo,  rescindere,  rescidi,  rescissus,  tear  down,,  destroy. 

322.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  miles  and  legio. 

(2)  Write  a  synopsis  of  pervenio  in  the  3d  plural  active  and  write  out 
with  meanings  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  nuntid. 

323.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Cum  Genavam  iter  faciemus,  oppida  Allobrogum  magna 
VI  oppugnabimus.  (2)  Cum  Boil  Noreiam  occupant,  Norici  magno 
dolore  exeunt.  (3)  Cum  civitas  suuni  ius  vi  exsequi  conaretur, 
Orgetorix  mortuus  est.  (4)  Cum  Casticus  regnum  magno  periculo 
occupavisset,  pacem  cum  fmitimis  civitatibus  conflrmavit. 
(5)  Helvetii  cum  omne  frumentum  combussissent,  ex  suis  finibus 
cum  spe  profecti  sunt.  (6)  Cum  flumen  transisset,  Caesar  Gena- 
vam Ire  maturavit.  (7)  Cum  iter  in  fines  Celtarum  facerent, 
frumento  sociorum  tisl  sunt.  (8)  Ponte  rescisso  flumen  trans- 
Ire  non  poterunt.  (9)  Urbe  capta,  nostri  mllites  magna  copia 
frumenti  potientur.  • 

(Translate  the  subordinate  clauses  in  the  first  three  sentences  below  by 
both  ablative  absolute  phrases  and  cum-clauses. ) 

II.  (1)   After   they   had  made  peace,  they  bravely^  set  out. 

(2)  When  they   had   captured  the  city,  they  burned  the  grain. 

(3)  While  Orgetorix  was  dying,  the  Swiss  collected  men  from  the 
fields.     (4)  When  we  attack^  the  town,  Caesar  will  be  in  Gaul. 

1  Translate  by  an  Ablative  of  Manner. 

2  Latin  is  very  exact  as  to  tenses.    To  what  time  does  attack  refer? 


128  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

(5)  While  Caesar  was  trying  to  collect  soldiers,  the  Swiss  laid 
waste  the  territory  of  his  allies  with  great  violence. 

324.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Caesarl^  enuntiatura  est  eos  per  provinciam  nostram  iter  facere 
conari.  Caesarl  cum  id  ntintiatiun  esset,^  ab  urbe  proficlsci  matu- 
rat.^  In  Galliam  ulteriorem  qiiam  maximis  ■*  potest  itineribus  con- 
tendit.  Quam  maximis'*  itineribus  contendit,  et  ad  Genavam* 
pervenit. 

Quam  maximum  numerum  militum  potest  toti  proviuciae  im- 
perat.  In  Gallia  ulteriore  erat  omnino  legio  una.  Pontem,  qui 
erat  ad  Genavam,  iubet  rescindl. 

1  Caesar  now  first  mentions  his  own  name,  placing  it  in  an  emphatic  position 
in  the  sentence.    How  do  we  make  a  word  emphatic  in  English? 

2  Pluperfect,  to  denote  action  already  performed  at  the  time  of  the  main  verb. 

*  Historical  present.    Caesar  rode  on  horseback,  averaging  ninety  miles  a  day. 

*  Translate  quam  maximis,  greatest  possible. 

5  Names  of  towns  occur  with  ad  or  ab  in  the  sense  of  to  or  from  the  vicinity. 

FIFTH   REVIEW. 

I.  Write  in  a  column  with  meanings  the  Latin  nouns  meaning : 
town,  house,  hope,  month,  ally,  bridge,  force,  bank,  plan,  village, 
building,  ford.  Decline  consecutively  the  first  ten  of  these  nouns, 
starting  (a)  with  the  first  and  putting  the  adjective  nullus  in 
agreement  with  each  form,  (b)  with  the  second,  putting  the  adjec- 
tive bonus  in  agreement  with  each  form.  Decline  in  full  duo  in 
agreement  with  the  plural  of  the  eleventh  word  and  tres  in  agree- 
ment with  the  plural  of  the  twelfth  word.         • 

II.  Compare  with  meanings  liber  and  facilis,  reviewing  the 
rules  for  their  comparison  in  §§  309  and  310. 

III.  Write  in  a  column  with  principal  parts  and  meanings 
the  Latin  verbs  from  which  the  following  English  words  are 
wholly  or  partly  derived :  porter,  incendiary,  (ex)tol,  transition, 
reeipient,  pugnacious,  vision,  convene,  susceptible,  fluent,  estimate, 
pacify,  (pre)pare,  adding  to  this  list  the  Latin  verbs  meaning: 
order,  go,  undertake,  be  able. 


LESSON  XLIII. 


129 


IV.  Write  synopses  consecutively  in  the  3d  plural  of  the  first 
ten  of  these  verbs  by  giving  the  present  indicative  of  the  first, 
the  imperfect  indicative  of  the  second,  etc.,  ending  with  the 
pluperfect  subjunctive  of  the  tenth. ^ 

V.  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  infinitives  of  paco  and  trSns- 
eo  (active  only)  and  the  participles  of  existimo  and  iubeo. 

VI.  Summarize  four  uses  of  the  infinitive  already  studied. 

VII.  Tabulate  in  three  separate  columns  the  case  constructions 
that  modify  (1)  nouns,  (2)  adjectives,  (3)  verbs. 

VIII.  Translate  the  text  of  Lessons  XXXV-XLII  inclusive, 
pointing  out  all  examples  of  the  rules  mentioned  above. 

IX.  Arrange  the  following  prepositions  with  meanings  in  two 
columns,  one  for  prepositions  governing  the  accusative,  the 
other  for  those  governing  the  ablative,  noting  that  one  of  these 
prepositions  must  appear  in  both  columns :  ab,  ad,  cum,  de,  ex,  in 
inter,  ob,  per,  post,  pro,  trans. 

1  A  model  of  this  scheme  will  be  found  in  the  App.,  §  30. 


LESSON   XLIII. 


IRREGULAR  COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES.— 
DECLENSION  OF  PLUS. 

325.  Caesar  hastens  from  Rome  to  Geneva  and 
orders  the  destruction  of  the  bridge  across  the  Rhone. 

Caesari  cum  id  nuntiatum  esset,  eos  per  provin- 
ciam  nostram  iter  facere  conari,  maturat  ab  urbe 
proficisci  et,  quam  maximis  potest  itineribus,  in 
Galliam  ulteriorem  contendit  et  ad  Genavam  per- 
venit.  Provinciae  tot!  quam  maximum  potest 
militum  numerum  imperat  (erat  omnino  in  Gallia 
ulteriore  legio  una),  pontem,  qui  erat  ad  Gena- 
vam, iubet  rescind!. 


A  Soldier  OF  the 
Legion. 


130  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

326.  The  following  adjectives  are  irregular  both  in  the  com- 
parative and  the  superlative :  bonus,  dives,  magnus,  malus,  multus, 
parvus,  vetus.  Memorize  with  meanings  their  comparison  in  the 
App.,  §12. 

327.  In  the  following  adjectives  the  positive  rarely  occurs: 
exterus,  inferus,  posterns,  superus.  Memorize  with  meanings  their 
comparison  in  the  App.,  §  12. 

328.  MODEL   SENTENCES. 

(1)  Fltimen  erat  celerius.  —  The  river  tvas  rather  sivift  or  too 
swift.  (2)  Montibus  altissimis  continentur.  —  They  are  hemmed 
in  by  very  high  mountains.  (3)  Quam  maximum  numerum 
carroruin  coemerunt.  —  They  bought  up  the  greatest  possible  num- 
ber (or  as  great  a  number  as  possible)  of  carts. 

Observe  :  — 

The  variations  possible  in  the  translation  of  the  comparative 
and  superlative  degrees. 

329.  PARADIGM. 

Declension  of  Plus. 
Singular.  Plural, 

m.  and  f.         n.  m.  and  f.  n. 

Nominative  plus,  more  plur6s,  {  \  plura 

<-  or  more  i 

Genitive  pluris  plurium  plurium 

Dative  pluribus  pluribus 

Accusative  plus  plures,  -is  plura 

Ablative  plure  pluribus  pluribus 

Plus  in  the  singular  is  always  a  noun  (defective  in  the  dative),  and  is  often 
followed  by  the  Genitive  of  the  Whole.  Note  the  genitive  plural  in  -ium. 
Complures,  very  many,  is  a  compound  of  pliis  having  no  singular  and  declined 
in  the  plural  like  plus  except  that  the  neuter  nominative  and  accusative  plural 
may  have  ia  instead  of  a. 


LESSON  XLIII.  131 

330.  VOCABULARY. 

adventus,  -us,  m.,  arrival,  approach.  voluntas,  voluntatis,  f.,  wish,  desire, 

legatus,  -i,  m.,  envoy,  ambassador,  good  will. 

lieutenant.  certus,  -a,  -um,  certain. 

maleficium,  -i,  n.,  evil  deed,  outrage,  princeps,  m.,  f.,  n.,  (gen,,  principis), 

hostile  act.  first,  (as  substantive),  prince. 

Nammeius,  -i,  m.,      1,   c.    .  uUus,  -a,  -um,  any,  any  one. 

,     ,.        -  }-  Swiss  envoys.        .  .        \., 

Verucloetius,  -i,  ra.,  j  sine,  prep,  governing  abl.,  without. 

licet,  licere,  licuit,  impers.  verb,  it  is  permitted  (with  dat.  of  pers.  and  inf.). 
mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missus,  send. 
rogo,  1,  ask,  beg,  request. 

331.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  the  nouns  adventus  and  maleficium. 

(2)  Decline  princeps,  a  third  declension  adjective  of  One  Termina- 
tion, like  audax  in  the  App.,  §  10. 

(3)  Write  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  mitto  with  meanings. 

332.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Komani  milites  optimis  arm  Is  utentur.  (2)  Eorum 
maxima  oppida  erant  simillima  nostris  minimis  vicis.  (3)  Infimis 
locis  captis,  nostrl  milites  pluribus  montibus  potientur.  (4)  Hi 
months  erant  altiores  ut  ^  Helvetii  itinera  occupare  non  possent. 
(5)  Eo  tempore  GermanI  Helvetios  sum  mis  locis  prohibere  con- 
abantur.  (6)  Infimi  Gallorum  cum  eo  Genavam  Ibunt.  (7)  Or- 
getorix  quam  plurimos  milites  secum  ducet.  (8)  Itinera  erant 
longiora  et  montes  erant  difficiliores.  (9)  Caesar  quam  maxima 
itinera  faciet  ut  ad  id  oppidum  perveniat.  (10)  Belgae  erant 
summae  virtutis. 

II.  (1)  The  higher  parts  of  these  mountains  will  be  seized  by 
the  better  Swiss.  (2)  The  best  soldiers  will  use  the  worst 
arms.  (3)  The  Swiss  will  carry  with  them  as  much  grain  as 
possible.  (4)  Caesar  sent  his  best  soldiers  to  Geneva,  the 
worst  home.  (5)  The  arms  were  too  long  so  that  the  soldiers 
could  not  use  them. 

1  Clause  of  Result.    By  what  mode  must  possent  then  be  translated  ? 


132  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

333.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Ubi  de  eius  adventti  Helvetii  certiores  facti  sunt,^  legates  ad 
eum  mittunt.  Huius  legationis  Nammeius  et  Verucloetius  prin- 
cipem  locum  obtinebant.  Eos  mittunt  qui  ea  dlcerent.^  Dice- 
bant  sibi^esse  in  animo  sine  ullo  maleficio  iter  per  provinciam 
facere.  Legati  rogant  ut  Caesaris  voluntate  id  sibi  facere 
liceat. 

1  Certiores  facti  sunt,  were  made  more  certain,  i.e.  were  informed. 

2  Relative  Clause  of  Purpose. 

8  To  them  it  was  in  mind;    freely,  they  had  it  in  mind  to  make,  etc. 


LESSON   XLIV. 

IRREGULAR  COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES   (continued).— 
FORMATION  AND   COMPARISON  OF  ADVERBS. 

334.    TJie  S'wiss  send  cnnbassadors  to  ask 
^  Caesaris  consent  to  making  a  march  through 

BMyn^^^S^  Ubi  de  eius  adventu  Helvetii  certiores 

rPifflWr ,  BIISM  fact!  sunt,  legates  ad  eum  mittunt  nobilis- 

.ii'.Rky  K.    WW^  simos  civitatis,  cuius  legationis  Nam m eius 

|.  .  .  .  .i..ll)U(  )\  jt,  ,  et  Verucloetius   principem   locum   obtine 

A  Roman  General  Holding      bant,  qUl  dlcercnt,  sibi   CSSC  in  animo  siuc 
A  Conference.  i    n    •_    •,  -    •       •  n 

ullo  malencio  iter  per  provinciam  lacere, 
propterea  quod  aliud  iter  haberent  nullum :  rogare,  ut  eius  volun- 
tate id  sibi  facere  liceat. 

335.  The  adjectives  citerior,  prior,  propior,  and  ulterior  have  no 
positive.  Memorize  with  meanings  their  comparison  in  the  App., 
§  12. 


LESSON  XLIV. 


138 


336.      FORMATION 

Positive. 
Adj.     latus,     -a,    -um, 
vride. 
Base  :  lat-. 
Adv.    late,  widely. 
Adj.     liber,     -a,     -um, 
free. 
Base  :  liber-. 
Adv.    libere,  freely. 
Adj.     fortis,  -e,  brave. 

Stem  :  forti-. 
Adv.    fortiter,  bravely. 
Adj.     potens,  powerful. 

Stem  :  potent-. 
Adv.    po tenter,  power- 
fully. 


AND   COMPARISON   OF 

Comparative. 
latior,  -ius,  wider. 

latins,  more  widely. 
liberior,  -ius,  freer. 

liberius,  more  freely. 
fortior,  -ius,  braver. 


fortius,  more  bravely. 
potentior,     -ius,     more 
powerful. 

potentius,  more  power- 
fully. 


ADVERBS. 

Superlative. 
latissimus,      -a,     -um, 
widest. 
Base  :  latissim-. 
latissimg,  most  widely. 
liberrimus,     -a,      -um, 
freest. 
Base  :  liberrim-. 
Ilberrime,  most  freely. 
fortissimus,     -a,     -um, 
bravest. 
Base  :  fortissim-. 
fortissime,  most  bravely. 
potentissimus,  -a,  -um, 
most  powerful. 
Base  :   potentissim-. 
potentissime,  most  pow- 
erfully. 


Observe :  — 

(1)  that  from  latus,  an  adjective  of  the  First  and  Second  Declen- 
sion, the  positive  of  the  corresponding  adverb  is  formed  by  adding 
-e  to  the  base. 

(2)  that  from  fortis,  an  adjective  of  Two  Terminations  of  the 
Third  Declension,  the  positive  of  the  corresponding  adverb  is 
formed  by  adding  -ter  to  the  stem. 

(3)  that  from  potens,  an  adjective  of  One  Termination  of  the 
Third  Declension,  the  positive  of  its  corresponding  adverb  is 
formed  by  dropping  the  final  t  of  its  stem  before  adding  -ter. 

(4)  that  the  comparative  of  each  adverb  is  the  same  as  the 
nominative  neuter  singular  comparative  of  the  adjective,  while  the 
superlative  is  in  all  cases  formed  by  adding  -g  to  the  base  of  the 
superlative  of  the  adjective. 

Adverbs  are  regularly  formed  and  compared  in  this  way,  and 
in  the  comparative  and  superlative  degrees  they  show  the  same 
variations  in  translation  as  do  the  same  degrees  of  the  adjectives. 
For  these  variations  in  translation,  see  §  328. 


134  CAESAR'S   FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

337.  VOCABULARY. 

facultas,  facultatis,  f.,  ability,  oppor-      memoria,  -ae,  f.,  memory  ;  memoria 

tunity.  tenere,  to  remember. 

iniuria,    -ae,    f.,    injustice,    wrong,      inimicus, -a, -um,  ww/nendZy;  when 

affront.  used  substantively,  enemy. 

iugum,  -i,  n.,  yoke.  sub,   prep,   governing  ace.    or  abl., 

under. 
concedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus,  retire,  withdraw,  yield,  grant. 
occido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus,  cut  down,  kill. 
pello,  pellere,  pepuli,  pulsus,  beat,  drive,  strike,  rout. 
puto,  1,  reckon,  think. 

tempers,  1,  regulate,  restrain;  with  se,  refrain  from. 
tened,  tenere,  tenui,  tentus,  hold. 

338.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Compare  the  following  adjectives  and  the  adverbs  formed  from 
them :    altus,  angushis,  cupidus,  celer,  longus,  nobilis. 

(2)  Decline  facultas. 

(3)  Write  a  synopsis  of  pello  in  2d  singular  active. 

339.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Helv^tii  haec  oppida  fortissime  opptignabant.  (2)  Cae- 
sar cum  omnibus  suis  mllitibus  inulteriorem  Galliam  celeriter  ibit. 

(3)  Haec    flumina    erant   proxima   nostrae   citeriori   provinciae. 

(4)  Nostro  exercitu  pulso,  fiiiitimi  oppidis  potientur.  (5)  Ilia 
oppida  longissime  aberant  ut  celerrime  non  occuparl  possent. 
(6)  Id  iter  erat  difficillimum  ut  vix  proficisci  possent.  (7)  Hel- 
vetii  amicitiae  proximarum  civitatum  cupidissime  studebant. 
(8)  Hi  meliores  agri  latissime  patebant.  (9)  Eoruni  fines  monti- 
bus  altioribus  angustissime  continebantur.  (10)  Quam  maximum 
exercitum  coget  ut  bellum  celerius  conficiat. 

II.  (1)  They  attacked  the  nearest  towns  very  eagerly.  (2)  Cae- 
sar will  march  very  quickly  through  the  hither  province. 
(3)  Very  high  mountains  overhang,  so  that  they  can  cross  this 
river    with    difficulty.       (4)  Several    soldiers   will    be    led    to 


LESSON  XLV.  135 

Geneva.     (5)  Caesar  remembered  that  these  roads  were  narrowly 
hemmed  in  by  mountains. 

340.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Caesar  memoria  tenebat  Lticium  Cassium  ^  consulem  occlsum 
esse.  Atque  memoria  tenebat  exercitum  eius  ab  Helvetiis  pulsum 
et  sub  iugum  ^  missum  esse.^  Quod  ea  memoria  tenebat,  conce- 
dendum*  esse^  non  putabat.  Neque  homines  inimico  animo,  data 
facultate  per  provinciam  itineris  faciundi/  ab  iniuria  et  maleficio 
temperaturi  erant.  Neque  exTstimabat  homines  inimico  animo  ab 
iniuria  et  maleficio  temperatures  esse.^ 

1  This  humiliating  defeat  had  occurred  fifty  years  before  near  Lake  Greneva. 

2  iugum :  a  sign  of  humiliation  formed  of  a  spear  maintained  in  a  horizontal 
position  by  two  vertical  supports.    Under  this  filed  the  subjugated  army. 

8  Caesar  omits  esse  with  most  infinitive  compounds. 

4  non  concedendum :  not  to-be-granted,  i.e.  ought  not  to  be  granted. 

5  faciundi :  gerundive  (future  passive  participle)  of  facio.  Itineris  faciandi,  of 
a  march  to-he-made,  i.e.  of  making  a  march. 


LESSON  XLV. 
CONJUGATION  OF  VOLO,  NOLO,  AND  MALO. 

341.  Caesar  decides  not  to  grant  the  request. 

Caesar,  quod  memoria  tenebat  L,  Cassium  consulem  occlsum 
exercitumque  eius  ab  Helvetiis  pulsum  et  sub  iugum  missum,  con- 
cedendum non  putabat ;  neque  homines  inimico  animo,  data  facul- 
tate per  provinciam  itineris  faciundi,  temperattiros  ab  iniuria  et 
maleficio  existimabat. 

342.  From  the  verb  vol5,  /  wish,  are  derived  nSlo  (n6n  volo),  /  do 
not  wish,  and  malo  (magis  volo),  /  wish  rather,  prefer.  Memorize 
their  conjugation  in  the  App.,  §  26. 


136  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

343.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Helvetii  per  provinciam  exire  volunt.  —  Tlie  Swiss  wish  to 
emigrate  through  the  province.  (2)  Caesar  Helvetios  per  provin- 
ciam exire  non  vult.  —  Caesar  does  not  wish  the  JSwiss  to  emigrate 
through  the  province. 

Observe:  — 

That  these  verbs  of  wishing  (vol5,  n515,  mal5)  are  followed  by 
an  infinitive  used  as  object  with  or  without  a  subject  accusative. 
For  this  use  of  the  infinitive,  see  §  270. 

344.  VOCABULARY. 

Idus,  -uum,  f.,  plu.,  Ides;  the  15th  of     quis,  m.,  f.,  quid,  n.,  indef.  pro.,  any 
March,  May,  July,  October ;    the         owe,  anything. 
13th of  all  other  months;  abbr.  Id.      dum,  subord.  conjunc,  while,  with 
spatium,  spati,  u.,  space  (of  time  or         ind,  ;  until,  with  subjunc. 

place).  si,  subord.  conjunc,  if. 

tamen,  adv.,  still,  yet,  nevertheless, 
notwithstanding. 

delibero,  1,  think  about,  consider. 

intercedd,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus,  go  between,  intervene. 

malo,  malle,  malui, ,  wish,  rather,  prefer. 

nolo,  nolle,  nolui, ,  be  unwilling. 

respondeo,  respondere,  respond!,  responsus,  reply,  answer. 
reverts,  revertere,  reverti,  revei-sus,  turn   back,  return.     (Usually 
deponent  except  in  perf.,  plup.,  and  fut.  perf.) 
^  sumo,  sumere,  sumpsi,  sumptus,  take  up,  take. 

YOlo,  velle,  volui,  wish,  be  willing. 

345.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Write  synopses  of  vol5  in  the  2d  singular,  nolo  in  the  1st  plural, 
malo  in  the  3d  plural. 

(2)  Write  with  meanings  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  siim5. 

346.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Non  vult,  volunt,  vis.  (2)  Non  vis,  nolumus,  nolunt. 
(3)  Mavis,  mavultis,  malunt.  (4)  Voluisti,  volueras,  volueris. 
(5)  Malet,  malent,  maluistis.      (6)  Noluerunt,  noluerant,  nolueris. 


LESSON  XL VI.  137 

(7)  Itinera  erant  difticillima  ut  proficlsci  nollent.  (8)  Helvetii 
faciliore  itinere  exire  maluerunt.  (9)  Caesar  respondit  se  velle 
Genavam  ire.  (10)  Haec  loca  sunt  proxima  ut  flumen  transire 
malint.  (11)  Helvetii  frumento  titi  volebant  quod  secum  porta- 
verant.       (12)  Eo  tempore  longiore  itinere  uti  nialebant. 

II.  (1)  They  will  be  willing,  you  are  willing;  lie  prefers. 
(2)  We  had  been  unwilling;  they  will  have  preferred,  they  were 
preferring.  (3)  You  are  unwilling;  you  have  preferred;  they 
were  wishing.  (4)  The  mountains  were  so  high  that  they  pre- 
ferred to  return  home.  (5)  The  Swiss  preferred  to  send  their 
army  to  Geneva.  (6)  He  said  that  he  had  preferred  to  persuade 
the  Allobroges. 

347.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Caesar  voluit  spatium  intercedere  dum  milites,  quos  imperaverat, 
convenirent.  Tamen,  ut  spatium  intercedere  posset,  Caesar  legatis 
respondit:  "Diem  ad  deliberandum^  sumam."  Legatis  respondit 
diem  se  ad  deliberandum  sumpturum  esse.  Si  quid  vellent,  ad 
Idus  Apriles  reverterentur.^ 

1  Ad  deliberandum :  gerund  expressing  purpose ;  transl.  as  if  deliberare. 

2  Reverterentur :  they  should  return. 


LESSON   XLVI. 

COMPARISON  OF  IRREGULAR  AD  VERBS.  —  ABLATIVE  OF  COM- 
PARISON. 

348.    To  gain  time,  Caesar  replies  that  he  will  think  it  over. 

Tamen,  ut  spatium  intercedere  posset,  dum  milites,  quos  im- 
peraverat, convenirent,  legatis  respondit,  diem  se  ad  deliberandum 
sumpturum:  si  quid  vellent,  ad  Id.  Apr.  reverterentur.  [Cap. 
VIL     Finis.] 


138  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

349.  Certain  adverbs  show  irregularities  in  one  or  more  degi-ees 
of  comparison.  Memorize  their  comparison  with  meanings  in  the 
App.,  §  13. 


longer 
Rhone. 


350.  MODEL   SENTENCES. 

(1)  Khenus  est  longior  1 1^^^^  Rhodanus.  |  The  Rhine  is 
^  ^  I  Rhodano.  J      than  the  R) 

(2)  Hi  montes  sunt  propiores  Helvetils  quam  Belgis.  —  These 
mountains  are  nearer  to  the  Swiss  than  to  the  Belgians. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  sentence  1  when  quam  is  used,  Rhodanus  is  in  the 
nominative,  the  same  case  as  the  word  with  which  it  is  compared ; 
when  quam  is  omitted,  the  word  for  Rhone  is  in  the  ablative. 
Either  construction  may  be  used  without  difference  of  meaning. 

(2)  that  in  sentence  2  Helvetiis  and  Belgis  are  both  in  the 
dative  case,  Quam  can  be  omitted  only  when  the  former  of  the 
two  things  compared  is  in  the  nominative  or  accusative. 

351.  RULE.  —  The  comparative  is  followed  hy  the  ablative 
of  comparison  when  quam,  than,  is  omitted;  otherwise  the 
same  case  follows  quatn  as  precedes  it. 

352.  VOCABULARY. 

altitudo,    altitudinis,    f.,    height    or    novem,  num.  adj.,  nine. 

depth.  sedecim,  num.  adj.,  sixteen. 

mums,  -i,  m.,  loall.  interea,  adv.,  meanwhile. 

pes,  pedis,  m., /oo^  quam,  conj.,  <Aan. 

influo,  influere,  influxi,  influxus,  Jloio  into. 

perduco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus,  lead  through,  construct. 

353.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Compare  the  adverb  difficile. 

(2)  Decline  altitudo  and  pes. 

(3)  Write  synopses  of  reverto  in  the  3d  singular  and  respondeo  in  the 
3d  plural  active,  making  the  former  deponent  in  pres.,  imp.,  and  fut. 


LESSON   XLVI.  139 

354.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Helvetii  erant  fortiores  reliquis  Gallis  et  totius  Galliae 
plurimum  poterant.  (2)  Iter  per  Sequanos  erat  difficilius  itinere 
per  nostram  provinciam.  (3)  Respondit  Helvetios  esse  potentio- 
res  quam  Belgas.  (4)  Exercitum  Caesaris  esse  maiorem  quam 
Helvetiorum  putabant.  (5)  Minorem  numeriim  rallitum  Helve- 
tiis  quam  Belgis  dedit.  (6)  Allobroges  erant  meliore  animo  in 
Helvetios  quam  in  populum  Romanum.  (7)  Helvetii  armis 
melius  quam  Belgae  utebantur.  (8)  Sequani  longiore  itinere 
Allobrogibus  revertSrunt.  (9)  Sequani  Genavam  celerius  Belgis 
iter  facere  poterunt.  (10)  Helvetii  id  oppidum  maiore  vl  quam 
Belgae  opptignaverant. 

(Where  possible,  translate  the  following  sentences  in  two  ways.) 

II.  (1)  The  Swiss  often  thought  they  had  narrower  territories 
than  the  rest  of  the  Gauls.  (2)  The  Belgians  will  march  to 
Geneva  with  better  soldiers  than  the  other  Gauls.  (3)  Orgeto- 
rix  was  far  richer  than  the  other  Swiss.  (4)  The  Belgians  were 
farther  away  than  the  Aquitanians.  (5)  The  Swiss  are  nearer  to 
the  Allobroges  than  to  the  Germans.  (6)  The  army  of  Orgetorix 
was  larger  than  Caesar's. 

355.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Interea  ea  legione,  quam  secum  habebat,  mllitibusque/  qui  ex 
provincia  convenerant,  murum  fossamque  perducit.  Murum  fos- 
samque  a  laeu  Lemanno,  qui  in  flumen  Rhodanum  Influit,  ad  mon- 
tem  luram  qui  fines  Sequanorum  ab  Helvetils  dividit,  perducit. 
Milia  passuum  XIX  murum  ^  fossamque  perducit.  Murum  in 
altitudinem  pedum  sedecim^  fossamque  perducit. 

1  Militibus :  an  Ablative  of  Means.  Persons  may  be  regarded  as  means  when 
used  as  such  by  a  superior. 

2  Not  a  continuous  wall,  but  only  at  points  where  the  river  banks  were  not 
steep  enough  to  form  natural  fortifications. 

8  The  combined  height  of  the  wall  and  depth  of  the  ditch.  Note  meaning  of 
altitttdo. 


140 


CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 


LESSON   XLVII. 

RELATIVE  CLAUSES  OF  PURPOSE. 

356.  Caesar  constructs  a  long  line  of  fortifications  along  the  banks 
of  the  Rhone. 

Ijiterea  ea  l^gione,  quam  secum  habebat,  militibusque,  qui  ex 
provincia  convenerant,  a  lacti  Lemanno,  qui  in  flumen  Rhodanum 
influit,  ad  montem  luram  qui  fines  Sequanorum  ab  Helvetiis 
dividit,  milia  passuura  decern  novem  murum  in  altitudinem  pedum 
sedecim  fossaraque  perducit. 


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The  Link  of  Foktificaticns  Alonu  the  Buume. 

357.  MODEL   SENTENCES. 

(1)  Legates  ad  eum  miserunt  qui  haec  dicerent.  —  TJiey  sent  to 
him  envoys  to  say  this  (literally,  who  should  say).  (2)  Praesidia 
disposuit  quo  facilius  eos  prohibere  posset.  —  He  placed  at  inter- 
vals garrisons  in  order  to  he  able  to  check  them  more  easily  (liter- 
ally, by  which  he  might  the  more  easily  check  them). 


LESSON  XLVII.  141 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  subordinate  clause  in  each  of  the  above  sentences 
expresses  purpose  and  is  introduced  by  a  relative  pronoun. 

(2)  that  in  sentence  1  the  relative  refers  to  a  preceding  ante- 
cedent and  is  the  subject  of  the  subordinate  clause,  while  in  sen- 
tence 2  the  clause  of  purpose  contains  a  comparative  and  the 
relative  is  in  the  ablative  case. 

358.  RULES. — 1.  Relative  clauses  of  purpose  are  intro- 
duced hy  the  relative  pronoun  qui  or  a  relative  adverb  (ubi^ 
uncle}.  The  antecedent  is  expressed  or  implied  in  the  main 
clause. 

2.  The  ablative  quo  (^  =  ut  eo)  is  used  as  a  conjunctioii  in 
purpose  clauses  which  contain  a  comparative. 

359.  VOCABULARY. 

castellum,  -i,  n.,   little  camp,  fort,      praesidium,  -i,  n.,  garrison,  protec- 

redoubt.  tion,  guard. 

exemplura,  -i,  n. ,  example.  invitus,  -a,  -um,  unwilling,  reluctant. 

opus,    operis,  n.,  work,  earthwork, 
fortification. 

communio,  -munire,  -munlvl,  -munltus,  fortify  strongly,  construct. 

disp5no,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus,  set  at  intejrvals,  distribute. 

nego,  1,  say  no,  deny,  refuse. 

ostendo,  ostendere,  ostendi,  ostentus,  expose  to  view,  show. 

venio,  venire,  veni,  ventus,  come. 

360.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Put  the  reflexive  pronoun  in  agreement  with  the  adjective  invitus 
and  decline  together,  assuming  the  gender  to  be  masculine. 

(2)  Decline  praesidium  and  opus. 

(3)  Write  synopses  of  the  following  verbs:  communio  in  1st  plural 
passive  ;  dispon5  in  2d  singular  active ;  veni5  i«i  the  3d  plural  active. 

(4)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  ostendo. 

361.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.    (1)  Orgetorix  legates  misit  qui  sociis  popull  Eomani  per- 
suaderent.      (2)    Belgae   flumen   transierunt   ut   (or  qui)   agros 
11 


142  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

vastarent.  (3)  Orgetorix  delectus  est  qui  sibi  legationem  susci- 
peret.  (4)  Omne  frtimentum  ineenderunt  quo  celerius  iter  lace- 
rent.  (5)  Omnem  suum  exercitum  secum  ducet  quo  facilius  se 
eripiat.  (6)  Arma  non  habebant  quibus  oppida  oppugnarent. 
(7)  Caesar  facillimo  itinere  usus  est  quo  celerius  ad  fines  Hel- 
vetiorum  pervenlret.  (8)  Orgetorix  Helvetils  facile  persuadet  ut 
cum  finitirals  civitatibus  pacem  conflrment.  (9)  Armis  Helve- 
tiorum  usi  sunt  quibus  oppida  opptignabaut.  (10)  ArmIs  suls 
usi  sunt  quibus  oppida  oppugnarent. 

(In  the  sentences  below,  translate  all  subordinate  clauses  not  containing 
a  comparative  by  both  ut  and  qui.) 

II.  (1)  Soldiers  were  sent  to  capture  the  grain  of  the  Gauls. 
(2)  Envoys  came  to  persuade  the  Swiss  to  make  peace.  (3)  That 
they  might  reach  home  more  quickly,  they  set  out  by  the 
easiest  roads.     (4)  The  best  men  were  chosen  to  plead  the  case. 

(5)  Ten    thousand    men    were  collected    to    rescue    Orgetorix. 

(6)  That  they  might  cross  the  river  more  quickly,  they  wished  to 
use  the  fords. 

362.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Eo  opere  perfecto,  praesidia  disponit.  Praesidia  disponit  ^  et 
castella  communit  quo  facilius  prohibere  posset.  Ea  omnia  fecit 
quo  facilius,  si  se  ^  invito  transire  conarentur,  prohibere  posset. 
Ea  digs,  quam  constituerat  cum  legatls,  venit.  LegatI  ad  eum 
reverterunt.  Ubi  legatl  ad  eum  reverterunt,  negat  se  posse  iter 
per  provinciam  filll  dare.  More  ^  et  exemplo  popull  RomanI  iter 
per  provinciam  ulli  dare  non  potest.  Ostendit  se  eos  prohibi- 
turum  esse  si  vim  facere  conentur. 

1  Historical  present.    How  does  this  affect  the  tense  of  posset? 

2  se  invito :  an  Ablative  Absolute  with  being  understood ;  literally,  he  being  un- 
willing, i.e.  against  his  loill. 

8  M5re  et  exempld :   Ablative  of  Cause,  sometimes  called  accordance,  transl 
in  accordance  with,  etc. 


LESSON  XLVIII. 


143 


LESSON  XLVIII. 

ABLATIVE  OF  DEGREE  OF  DIFFERENCE. 

363.  Caesar  distributes  gan-isons  along  the  Rhone  and  fortifies 
weak  points  so  as  to  resist  the  JSiciss. 

Eo  opere  perfecto,  praesidia  disponit,  castella  coinmunit,  quo 
facilius,  SI  se  invito  traiisire  conarentur,  prohibere  posset.  Ubi 
ea  dies,  quam  coDstituerat  cum  legatis,  venit,  et  legatl  ad  eum 
reverteruiit,  negat  se  more  et  exemplo  popull  Roman!  posse  iter 
ulli  per  provinciam  dare  et,  si  vim  facere  conentur,  prohibittirum 
ostendit. 


Some  of  the  Nixetekn  Miles  needing  no  Fortifications. 
364.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Alterum  iter  erat  multo  facilius.  —  The  second  road  tvas 
much  easier  (literally,  easier  by  much).  (2)  Hoc  iter  est  decern 
mllibus  passuum  longius  quam  illud.  —  TJiis  road  is  ten  miles  lon- 
ger than  that  (literally,  longer  by  ten  miles). 


144  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

Observe :  — 

That  the  ablatives  multo  and  milibus  express  thp  degree  of  dif- 
ference between  the  objects  compared. 

365.  M  TILE.  —  Degree  of  difference  is  denoted  hy  the  ablative 
with  comparatives  and  words  implying  comparison, 

366.  VOCABULARY^ 

conatus,  -us,  m,,  attempt.  complures,  -ium,  plu.,  several,  very 

concursus,    -us,    m.,    a  running    to-  many.     For  dec.  see  §  329. 

gether,  rally,  assemblage.  interdiu,  a.d\.,  during  the  day,  by  day. 

munitio,  munitioiiis,  f.,  fortification.      noctu,  adv.,  at  night. 
navis,  iiavis,  f.,  sJiip.  numquam,    never ;    iion    numquam, 

ratis,  ratis,  f.,  raft.  sometimes. 

deicio,  deicere,  deieci,  deiectus,  throve  or  cast  down  ;  spe  delectus,  dis- 
appointed in  a  hope. 

desisto,    desistere,   destiti,  — ,  desist  from,  stop,  cease. 

iung5,  iungere,  iunxi,  iunctus,  join. 

perruuipo,  -ruiiipere,  -rupi,  -ruptus,  break  through,  force  a  passage. 

repello,  repellere,  reppuli,  repulsus,  drive  back,  repel. 

367.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  concursus,  munitid,  and  the  combination  complures  naves. 

(2)  Write  a  synopsis  of  deicio  in  the  2d  singular  active  and  iungo  in  the 
2d  plural  passive. 

(3)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  repello- 

368.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Ehenus  erat  multls  milibus  passuum  longior  Rhodano. 
(2)  Helvetii  multo  celerius  quara  Belgae  contenderunt.  (3)  Nos- 
tri  mllites  iter  decern  milibus  passuum  longius  quam  Belgae  fece- 
runt.  (4)  Hi  montes  non  minus  tribus  milibus  passuum  a  nos- 
trls  oppidis  aberant.  (5)  Hoc  iter  est  multo  facilius  ut  domo 
proficlsci  possint.  (6)  Sociis  repulsis,  Helvetii  conatu  iam  desti- 
terunt.  (7)  Caesar  tum  constituit  se  Genavam  faciliore  itinere 
profecturum  esse.  (8)  In  Gallia  viae  (roads)  multls  pedibus 
angustiores  sunt  quam  in  provincia.  (9)  Nostrae  naves  erant 
multo  celeriorSs  navibus  Gallorum. 


LESSON  XLIX.  145 

II.    (1)  We  shall  attack  Noreia  much  more  eagerly  than  Geneva. 

(2)  The   Swiss  were  much  braver  than   the  rest-of  the  Gauls. 

(3)  The  mountains  are  much  higher  in  Gaul  than  in  the  province. 

(4)  The  road  through  the  mountains  was  much  longer  than  (that) 
through  the  fields.  (5)  Our  weapons  were  two  feet  longer  than 
(those)  of  the  Gauls.  (6)  The  mountains  are  less  than  ten  miles 
away  from  the  river. 

369.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Helvetii  ea  spe  deiecti  sunt.  Helvetii,  ea  spe  deiecti,^  naves 
iunxerunt  et  complures  rates  fecerunt.  Alii,^  navibus  iunctis 
ratibusque  compluribus  factis,  conati  sunt  ^  si  perrumpere  possent. 
Alii  "^  vadis  Rhodani,  qua  minima  altitude  fluminis  erat,  conati  sunt  ^ 
si  perrumpere  possent.  Non  numquam  interdiu,  saepius  noctu,  si 
perrumpere  possent,  conati^  sunt.  Si  perrumpere  possent  co- 
nati, operis  munitione  et  mllitum  concursu  et  telis  repulsl  sunt. 
Operis  munitione  et  mllitum  concursu  et  tells  repulsl,^  hoc  conatu 
destiterunt. 

1  Note  that  this  form  is  a  perfect  passive  participle. 

2  Alii  .  .  .  alii :  some  .  .  .  others.  The  first  alii  is  understood  in  the  text  in 
§370. 

8  Supply  "  to  see  "  after  conati  sunt. 

LESSON   XLIX. 
CTTM  CAUSAL  AND   CUM  CONCESSIVE. 

370.  The  Swiss  attempt  to  cross  the  Rhone  by  using  boats,  con- 
structing rafts,  and  by  wading. 

Helvetii,  ea  spe  deiecti,  navibus  iunctis  ratibusque  compluribus 
factis,  alii  vadls  E-hodanl,  qua  minima  altitude  fluminis  erat,  non 
numquam  interdiu,  saepius  noctu,  si  perrumpere  possent  conati, 
operis  munitione  et  mllitum  concursu  et  tells  repulsl,  hoc  conatu 
destiterunt.     [Cap.  VIII.     Finis.] 


146 


CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


A  FoEDiNU  Place  over  the  Rhone. 


371. 


MODEL   SENTENCES. 


(1)  Cum  Helvetii  virtiite  omnibus  praestarent,  totius  Galliae 
potlri  volebant.  —  Since  the  Swiss  excelled  all  in  bravery,  they  ivished 
to  get  control  of  the  whole  of  Gaul.  (2)  His  cum  persuadere  non 
possent,  legates  niTserunt.  —  Since  they  could  not  persuade  them, 
they  sent  ambassadors.  (3)  Cum  fortissime  resisterent,  tamen 
repulsi  sunt.  —  Although  they  resisted  most  bravely,  yet  they  ivere 
repulsed. 

Observe :  — 

That  cum  meaning  since  or  although  is  followed  by  the  subjunc- 
tive. Such  clauses  are  called  causal  or  concessive  according  as 
cum  means  since  or  although. 


372.    R  ULE.  —  A  cum  clause  expressing  cause  or  conces- 
sion has  its  verb  in  the  subjunctive. 


LESSON   XLIX.  147 

373.  VOCABULARY. 

angustiae,  -arum,    f.    plu.,  narrows,  sponte,  f.,  abl.  of  a  defective  noun,  o/ 

narrow  pass,  straits.  one^s  own  accord,  willingly. 

deprecator,   deprecatoris,    m.,    inter-  via, -&e,  f.,  way,  route,  road. 

cessor.  cum,     conj.,     when,     while,     since, 

gratia,   -ae,  f.,  favor,   goodwill,    in-  although. 

fluence.  propter,    prep,    governing    ace,    on 

largitio,  largitionis,  f.,  lavish  giving,  account  of. 

bribery. 

impetro,  1,  obtain  one's  loish. 

relinquo,  -linquere,  -liqui,  -lictus,  leave  behind,  abandon. 

374.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  gratia  in  singular  and  augustiae  in  plural. 

(2)  Write  a  synopsis  of  impetro  in  1st  plural  active  and  relinquo  in 
1st  plural  passive. 

(3)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  repello. 

375.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Cum  oppida  non  caperet,  tarn  en  Caesar  agros  vastabat. 
(2)  Helvetii,  cum  frunientum  secumnon  portare  possent,  id  incen- 
derunt.  (3)  Cum  oppidum  magna  vi  oppagnarent,  Helvetii  tamen 
non  ceperunt.  (4)  Caesar,  cum  quam  maximis  itineribus  Genavam 
contendat,  celerius  Helvetiis  perveniet.  (5)  Cum  optimis  consiliis 
uterentur,  tamen  spe  deiecti  sunt.  (6)  Cum  propter  angustias 
hac  via  ire  non  posset,  flumen  transire  maturavit.  (7)  Cum 
Orgetorix  omnes  suos  clientes  ad  iudicium  coegisset,  se  eripuit. 
(8)  Cum  omnes  res  ad  profectionem  comparatae  essent,  diem 
dixerunt.  (9)  Cum  Helvetii  inimico  animo  sint,  Caesar  eos  per 
provinciam  Ire  non  patitur.  (10)  Cum  illi  repulsi  essent,  tamen 
multos  annos  resistebant. 

(Translate  the  subordinate  clauses  of  tJie  following  firet  three  sentences  by 
the  ablative  absolute  as  well  as  by  cum  causal  or  concessive.) 

II.  (1)  Though  their  fields  were  laid  waste,  the  Sequanians  did 
not  resist.  (2)  Since  the  day  of  their  departure  had  been  ap- 
pointed, they  collected  troops.     (3)  Though  their  army  had  been 


148  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

defeated,  they  resisted  very  bravely  three  months.  (4)  They 
tried  to  march  through  our  province,  since  the  road  was  much 
better.  (5)  Since  the  Swiss  carried  with  them  a  large  quantity 
of  grain,  they  could  not  march  very  quickly. 

376.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Sequanis  invitis,  propter  angustias  per  Sequanos  ire  non  poterant. 
Relinquebatur  una  per  Sequanos  via,  qua  Sequanis  invitis  propter 
angustias  ire  non  poterant.  His  cum  sua  sponte  persuadere  non 
possent,  legatos  ad  Dumnorigem  Aeduum  mittunt.  Legatos  mise- 
runt  lit,  eo  deprecatore,  a  Sequanis  impetrarent.  Dumnorix  gratia 
et  largitione  apud  Sequanos  plurimum  poterat.  Quod  ex  ea  civi- 
tate  Orgetorigis  filiam  in  matrimonium  duxerat,  Dumnorix  erat 
amicus  Helvetils. 

SIXTH   REVIEW. 

I.  List  in  a  column  and  number  with  meanings  the  Latin 
nouns  from  which  the  following  English  words  are  wholly  or 
partly  derived:  military,  advent,  malefactor,  memorial,  legion- 
ary, altitude,  opera,  itinerary,  naval,  pedal,  principal,  voluntary, 
faculty,  injury,  spacious,  castle,  munition,  concourse,  (sub) jugate, 
adding  to  this  list  the  Latin  nouns  meaning:  garrison,  raft,  missile. 

II.  List  in  a  column  and  number  the  Latin  adjectives  mean- 
ing: good,  great,  bad,  old,  little,  outward,  below,  following,  above, 
much.  Combine  in  G.  N.  G.  agreement  the  comparative  of  each 
of  these  adjectives  with  the  correspondingly  numbered  noun  in  I. 
Then  decline  these  combinations  consecutively,  starting  with  the 
first. 

III.  Combine  with  the  next  ten  nouns  in  I  the  superlative  of 
each  of  the  adjectives,  the  first  adjective  with  the  eleventh  noun, 
the  second  adjective  with  the  twelfth  noun,  etc.  Then  decline 
these  combinations  consecutively,  starting  with  the  first.  While 
writing  out  such  exercises,  the  student  should  prepare  himself  to 
give  orally  the  meaning  of  each  combination  in  its  declined  form. 


SIXTH  REVIEW.  149 

IV.  Combine  in  G.  N.  C.  agreement  and  decline  together  in 
the  plural  the  perfect  passive  participle  of  iungo  and  the  Latin 
word  for  raft;  in  the  singular  only  the  present  participle  of 
repellS  and  the  Latin  word  for  missile. 

V.  List  in  a  column  and  number  with  meanings  and  principal 
parts  the  Latin  verbs  from  which  the  following  English  words 
are  wholly  or  partly  derived:  refer,  dejection,  tenant,  mission, 
imperative,  response,  (as)sume,  volition,  concession,  temperance, 
repel,  license,  junction,  intercession,  revert,  repellent,  dispose,  os- 
tentation, mature,  desist,  (e)nunciate,  adding  to  this  list  the 
Latin  verbs  meaning :  arrive,  come,  kill. 

VI.  Write  consecutive  synopses  as  directed  in  the  last  review 
lesson  of  the  first  ten  verbs  of  the  list  just  formed  in  the  third 
singular  active  and  in  the  second  plural  passive,  indicating  by 
blanks  defective  forms. 

VII.  Tabulate  consecutively  with  meanings  the  infinitives  and 
participles  of  the  last  ten^  verbs  of  the  list,  giving  the  present 
active  infinitive  of  the  fifteenth  verb,  the  perfect  active  infinitive 
of  the  sixteenth,  etc.,  ending  with  the  gerundive  or  future  passive 
participle  of  the  twenty-fourth.^ 

VIII.  List  the  Latin  adverbs  formed  from  the  following  ad- 
jectives and  compare  them :  celer,  cupidus,  nobilis,  bonus,  facilis, 
malus,  magnus,  multus,  parvus,  propior. 

IX.  Decline  in  full  in  the  positive  the  following  adjectives  of 
the  Third  Declension :  potens,  facilis,  celer. 

X.  Keview  the  text  at  the  head  of  Lessons  XLIII-XLIX, 
pointing  out  all  examples  of  the  above  rules  occurring  in  these 
chapters. 

XL  Translate  into  Latin  the  following  phrases :  after  the  re- 
turn, under  the  mountain,  without  arms. 

1  The  student  will  hardly  need  to  be  reminded  that  there  are  six  infinitives 
(three  active  and  three  passive)  and  four  participles,  making  ten  in  all,  just 
enough  to  allow  each  verb  one  form. 

2  A  model  of  this  scheme  will  be  found  in  the  App.,  §  30.  Note  that  this  drill 
may  be  profitably  extended  by  starting  with  other  verbs  than  the  one  suggested. 


150 


CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


LESSON   L. 

THE  VERB  FEBO  AND  ITS  COMPOUNDS. 

377.  The  Swiss  seek  the  consent  of  the  Sequani,  to  use  the  narrow 
Pas  de  VEcluse. 

Relinquebatur  una  per  Sequanos  via,  qua  Sequanis  invitis 
propter  angustias  ire  non  poterant.  His  cum  sua  sponte  per- 
suadere  non  possent,  legates  ad  Damnorigein  Aeduum  mittunt, 
ut,  eo  deprecatore,  a  Sequanis  impetrarent.  Dumnorix  gratia  et 
largitione  apud  Sequanos  plurimum  poterat  et  Helvetiis  erat 
amicus,  quod  ex  ea  civitate  Orgetorigis  filiam  in  matrimonium 
duxerat. 


The  Nakrow  Pass  through  the  Sequani. 

378.    Memorize  the  conjugation  of   the  irregular  verb  fer5  in 
the  App.,  §  29. 


LESSON  L. 

151 

379.    The  following  compounds 

of  ferS  should  be  noted :  — 

Prefix. 

Present. 

Perfect. 

Perf.  Part. 

Meaning. 

ab,  from 

aufero 

abstull 

ablatus 

hear  from,  remove. 

ad,  to 

affero 

attuli 

allatus 

hear  up  to,  convey. 

con  (cum),  with 

confero 

contuli 

collatus 

hring  together,  col- 
lect. 

dis,  apart 

differs 

distuli 

dilatus 

hear  apart,  differ. 

e  (ex),  out  of 

effero 

extuli 

elatus 

hear  or  carry  out. 

in,  in  or  upon 

Infero 

intuli 

illatus 

hear  upon  or  against, 
inflict. 

ob,  towards 

offero 

obtuli 

oblatus 

hear  towards,  offer, 
present. 

re,  hack 

refero 

jrettuli 
[retuli 

relatus 

hear  hack,  hring 
hack. 

I  suffero 

sustuli 

sublatus 

hear  from  heneath. 

sub,  under 

sustain,  endure. 

^  toUo 

sustuli 

sublafcus 

lift  up,  remove. 

Observe :  — 

The  phonetic  changes  in  prefixes  compounded  with  fer6  and 
note  how  the  prepositions  when  used  as  prefixes  add  to  the  verb 
much  the  same  significance  as  they  show  when  construed  with 
cases. 

As  the  present  infinitives  undergo  no  phonetic  changes  not  in- 
dicated in  the  present  indicative,  they  are  not  given  in  the  above 
table. 

380.  VOCABULARY. 


novus,  -a,   -um,   neiv  (no  compara- 
tive) ;  sup.  novissimus,  last. 
itaque,  conj.,  and  so,  therefore. 


beneficium,  -i,  n.,  service,  kindness. 

obses,    obsidis,    m.    or    f.,    hostage 
(usually  child  of  a  prince). 

novae  res,  7iew  things,  i.e.  a  revolu- 
tion. 

obstringS,  -stringere,  -strinxi,  -strictus,  hind,  put  under  ohligation. 

381.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  beneficium  and  obses. 

(2)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  tollo. 

(3)  Write  synopses  of  affero  in  the  3d  singular  active;  confero  in  the 
3d  plural  passive. 


152  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

382.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Fert,  fertur,  fers,  ferris.  (2)  Adferet,  adferetur; 
efferemus,  etferemur.  (3)  Inferebat,  inferebatur ;  referebatis, 
referebamini.  (4)  Distulisti,  dilati  estis;  contuleris;  collati 
eritis.  (5)  Rettuleris;  contulerunt;  sustulerint;  tollebant. 
(6)  Oppidis  captis,  omnis  spes  sublata  est.  (7)  Helvetil  mag- 
nam  copiam  friimenti  domo  extulerunt.  (8)  Helvetii  friimentum 
in  oppida  contulerunt  ut  eo  in  itinera  uterentur.  (9)  Montibus 
undique  continebamur  ut  bell  urn  aegerrime  gereremus.  (10)  Hel- 
vetii frumentum  secum  extulerunt  ut  omnem  spem  domuni 
reditionis  tollerent. 

II.  (1)  You  collect ;  you  remove ;  they  carried  out.  (2)  We 
shall  be  borne  back ;  we  offered  ;  they  were  sustaining.  (3)  They 
will  be  taken  away ;  you  will  have  collected ;  we  shall  be  carried 
out.  (4)  They  carried  their  arms  out  with  them.  (5)  They 
brought  back  with  them  the  grain  which  they  did  not  use. 

383.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Adductus  cupiditate  regni,  novis  rebus  studebat.  Quam 
plurimas  civitates  suo  beneficio  obstrictas  habere  volebat.  Itaque 
rem  suscipit  et  a  Sequanis  impetrat.  X  Sequanis  impetrat  ut  per 
suos  fines  Helvetios  ire  patiantur.  Perficit  ut  inter  se  obsides 
dent.  Sequani  obsides  dant  ne  itinere  Helvetios  prohibeant. 
Helvetii  obsides  dant  ut  sine  maleficio  et  iniuria  transeant. 


LESSON  LI. 
DATIVE  OF  THE  POSSESSOR. 

384.    TJie  Sequani  grant  the  Swiss  the  right  ofivay, 

Et,  cupiditate  regni  adductus,  novis  rebus  studebat  et  quam 
plurimas  civitates  suo  beneficio  habere  obstrictas  volebat.  Itaque 
rem  suscipit  et  a  Sequanis  impetrat,  ut  per  fines  suos  Helvetios 


LESSON  LI.  15S 

ire  patiantur,  obsidesque  iiti  inter  sese  dent,  perficit:  SequanT, 
ne  itinere  Helvetios  prohibeant ;  Helvetii,  ut  sine  maleficio  et 
iniuria  transeant.     [Cap.  IX.     Finis.] 

385.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

{(a)  Helvetii  arma  habent.  —  Tlie  Swiss  have  arms, 
(h)  Helvetiis  sunt  arraa.  —  To  the  /Swiss  are  arms,  or  The 
Siviss  have  arms. 


(2) 


(a)  Helvetii  habebant  in  animoji^^^  facere.-TAe  Swiss 

(b)  Helvetiis  in  ammo  erat  J 

had  (it)  in  mind  to  march. 


Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  group  1  the  idea  of  possession  may  be  expressed 
in  two  ways:  (a)  with  the  verb  habeo  and  the  possessors  in  the 
nominative,  (b)  with  the  verb  sum  and  the  possessors  in  the  dative. 

(2)  that  in  group  2  the  same  variety  of  expression  is  pos- 
sible :  Swiss  as  nominative   with  habeo  or   as  dative    with  sum. 

Compare  the  English  sentence,  "There  are  two  chimneys  to 
that  house." 

386.  RULE.  —  The  dative  of  possessor  is  used  with  the 
verb  sum,  the  thing  possessed  being  put  in  the  nominative. 


387.  VOCABULARY. 

Santongs,    -um,    m.   plu.    (Santoni,  frumentarius,  -a,  -um,  pertaining  to 

-orum),  a  Celtic  tribe  north  of  the  grain,  fertile. 

Garonne.  inimicus,   -a,   -um,   unfriendly;    as 

Tolosates,  -ium,   m.,  a  Celtic  tribe  substantive,inimicus,-i,in.,  enemy, 

south  of  the  Garonne.  patens,  pres.  participle  of  pateo,  used 

bellicosus,  -a,  -um,  warlike.  as  adj.,  lying  open,  exposed. 
iutellego,  intellegere,  intellexi,  intellectus,  know,  understand,  be  aware. 
renuntio,  1,  report. 


154  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

388.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  together  patens  locus.     What  gender  in  the  plural  ? 

(2)  Write  synopses  of  intellegS  in  3d  plural  active  and  renuntio  in  the 
3d  plural  passive  neuter. 

389.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Helvetil  multos  vicos  habebant.  (2)  Helvetiis  multl 
vici  erant.  (3)  Magnus  exercitus  erat  Caesarl,  niaior  Helvetiis. 
(4)  Belgis  erant  maiora  oppida  quam  Helvetiis.  (5)  Dixerunt 
sibi  esse  in  animo  oppida  Belgarum  oppugnare.  (6)  Belgis  erant 
longa  tela,  quibus  bene  utebantur.  (7)  Helvetiis  sunt  carri  et 
itimenta,  quae  undique  coeinerunt.  (8)  Els  erat  magna  fruraenti 
copia.  (9)  Helvetil  arbitrantur  sibi  esse  angustos  fines. 
(10)  Eis  arm  IS,  quae  sibi  sunt,  non  utentur. 

(Translate  each  sentence  below  in  two  ways.) 

II.  (1)  The  Sequani  have  large  and  fertile  fields.  (2)  The 
weapons  which  they  have  are  long.  (3)  The  Swiss  said  they 
had  no  other  road.  (4)  When  Caesar  comes  ^  to  Geneva,  he 
will  have  two  legions.  (5)  The  Swiss  have  a  larger  army  than 
the  Santones. 

390.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Illud  Caesar!  renuntiatur :  Helvetil  habent  in  animO  iter  facere. 
Caesarl  renuntiatur  Helvetiis  esse  in  animo  iter  facere.  Helvetiis 
est  in  animo,  per  agrum  Sequanorum  et  Aeduorum  iter  in  San- 
tonum  fines  facere.  Santones  ^  non  longe  a  finibus  Tolosatium  ^ 
absunt.  Civitas  Tolosatium  est  in  provincia.  Santones  non 
longe  a  Tolosatium  finibus  absunt,  quae  civitas  est  in  provincia. 
Si  id  fieret  (if  this  should  happen),  intellegebat  magno  cum  perl- 
culo  provinciae  futurum  esse.  Intellegebat  magno  cum  periculo 
provinciae  futurum  ut  homines  bellicosos  finitimos  haberet.  Loca 
finitima  erant  patentia,  maximeque  frumentaria.  Caesar  nolebat 
1  What  tense  ?  2  Locate  on  the  large  map  opposite  page  50, 


LESSON   LII.  155 

habere  homines  bellicosos,  inimicos  popull  RomanI,  finitimos  locis 
patentibus  maxiiueque  frtimeutariis. 

LESSON  LII. 
COMPOUNDS  WITH  ;S  I7ilf.  —  DATIVE  WITH  COMPOUNDS. 

391.  The  Swiss  intend  to  march  into  the  lands  of  the  Santones,  a 
tribe  near  the  Roman  province. 

Caesarl  rentintiatur,  Helvetiis  esse  in  animo,  per  agruin  Sequa- 
norum  et  Aeduorum  iter  in  Santonum  fines  facere,  qui  non  longe  a 
Tolosatium  finibus  absunt,  quae  civitas  est  in  provincia.  Id  si 
fieret,  intellegebat  magno  cum  periculo  provinciae  futurum,  ut 
homines  bellicosos,  populi  Roman!  inimicos,  locis  patentibus  maxi- 
meque  frumentarils  finitimos  haberet. 

392.  The  following  compounds  of  the  verb  sum  should  be  noted. 
All  these  verbs  except  possum  are  followed  by  the  dative  (§  394). 

absum,  he  away,  be  absent.  possum,  be  able. 

&dsmn,  be  at  ha7id,  be  present,  assist.       praesum,  be  at  the  head  of,   be  in 
desum,  be  lacking,  be  missing.  command,  or  in  charge  of. 

supersum,  be  over,  survive. 

393.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Bellum  flnitimis  Inferunt.  —  TJiey  make  war  upon  their 
neighbors.  (2)  Labienus  munltionl  praeest.  — Labienus  is  in  com- 
mand of  the  fortification. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  each  of  the  compound  verbs  in  the  above  sentences 
governs  the  dative  case. 

(2)  that  the  transitive  verb  inferunt  in  the  first  sentence  is 
followed  by  the  accusative  bellum  as  the  direct  object  of  the  verb 
and  the  dative  finitimis  with  the  preposition  in  of  the  compound. 

(3)  that  the  intransitive  verb  praeest  is  followed  by  the  dative 
alone  with  the  preposition  prae  of  the  compound. 


1d6  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

394.  R  ULE.  —  The  dative  is  used  with  many  verbs  com- 
pounded with  ad,  ante,  con,  in,  inter,  oh,  post,  prae,  pro,  subj 
super,  and  some  with  circurn. 

395.  VOCABULARY. 

Alpes,  -ium,  f.  plu.,  the  Alps.  Italia,  -ae,  f.,  Italy. 

Aquileia,   -ae,    f.,    Roman    military      hibernus, -a, -um,  ^^^w^er  (as  adj.). 

station  on  the  Adriatic  sea.  quinque,  num.  adj.,^ve. 

hiberna,  -orum,  n.  plu.,  winter  quar-      ibi,  adv.,  there,  in  that  place, 
ters,  with  castra,  camp,  understood.       circum,  prep,  governing  ace,  around. 
conscribo,  -scribere,  -scrips!,  -scriptus,  write  up,  enroll,  enlist. 
eduGO,  educere,  eduxi,  eductus,  lead  forth. 
hiemo,  1,  pass  the  winter,  pointer. 
praeficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus,  put  at  the  head  of  or  in  command  of. 

396.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  hiberna  and  ea  munitio. 

(2)  Wiite  synopses  of  contend5  in  the  2d  singular  active  and  prae- 
ficio in  the  2d  plural  passive. 

(3)  Compare,  with  meanings,  magnus,  proximus,  ulterior. 

397.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Helvetii  suls  sociis  non  aderunt.  (2)  Tria  milia  Belga- 
ruiii  el  proelio  superfiierunt.  (3)  GermanI  suis  finitimis  bellmu 
inferre  volebant.  (4)  Enuntiiivit  Helvetios  omnibus  virtute 
praestare.  (5)  Duo  legati  hibernis  praefecti  sunt.  (6)  Caesar 
tres  legates  misit,  qui  els  hibernis  praeessent.  (7)  Caesar 
inimicos^  populi  EomanT  his  locis  finitimos^  habere  nolebat. 
(8)  Cum  Helvetiis  essent  magnae  copiae,  tameii  nostrls  sociis  par- 
vus exercitus  aderat. 

II.  (1)  On  that  day  Caesar  marched  five  miles  in  all,  that  he 
might  aid  his  allies.  (2)  Caesar  put  his  best  lieutenant  in  com- 
mand of  the  winter  quarters.  (3)  The  Germans  very  often  waged 
war  on  the  Belgians.  (4)  They  passed  the  winter  with  the 
Aeduans,  who  were  in  charge  of  the  winter  quarters. 

1  Used  as  a  noun.    What  case  would  follow  if  used  as  an  adjective? 

2  Used  as  an  adjective.    What  case  would  follow  if  used  as  a  noun  ? 


LESSON  LIU. 


167 


398. 


DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 


Ob  eas  causas  praeficit  Titum  Labienum  legatum  el  munition!, 
qiiam  fecerat.  Caesar  ipse  in  Italiam  magnis  itineribus  contendit. 
Ibi  duas  legiones  conscrlbit.  Tres  legiones,  quae  circum  Aquile- 
iam  hiemabant,  ex  hibernls  6ducit.  Cum  his  quinque  legion ibus 
ire  contendit,  qua  proximum  iter  in  ulteriorem  Galliam  per 
Alpes  erat. 


LESSON   LIIL 
GERUNDS  AND  GERUNDIVES. 

399.  Leaving  Labienus  in  command  of  the 
fortifications,  Caesar  returns  to  northern  Italy, 
where  he  enlists  two  legions  of  raw  recruits, 
making  his  total  force  twenty  thousand  men. 

Ob  eas  causas  el  munition!,  quam  fecerat, 
T.  Labienum  legatum  praeficit;  ipse  in  Ita- 
liam magnis  itineribus  contendit  duasque  ibi 
legiones  conscribit  et  tres,  quae  circum  Aqui- 
leiam  hiemabant,  ex  hibernis  edueit  et,  qua 
proximum  iter  in  ulteriorem  Galliam  per  Alpes  erat,  cum  his 
quinque  legionibus  ire  contendit. 

400.  The  gerundive  is  a  verbal  adjective  of  the  First  and 
Second  Declension,  always  agreeing  in  G.  N.  C.  with  a  noun  or 
pronoun,  as  urbis  capiendae  spes,  the  hope  of  taking  the  city  (of 
the  city  to-be-taken).  The  gerund  is  a  verbal  noun,  never  agreeing 
with  but  sometimes  governing  another  noun  or  pronoun,  as  urbem 
capiendl  spes,  the  hope  of  taking  the  city.  The  gerund  occurs  in  only 
four  cases,  the  genitive,  dative,  accusative,  and  ablative.  The 
nominative  is  regularly  supplied  by  the  infinitive  used  as  subject. 

12 


KOMAN    LkGATUS  and 

Aides. 


158  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


PARADIGMS 

OF   GERUNDS. 

Oen. 

llberandl,  of  freeing 

movendi        dividend! 

capiendl 

Dat. 

liberando,  to  or  for  freeing 

movendo       dividendo 

capiendo 

Ace. 

ilberandum,  —  freeing 

movendum     dividendum 

capiendum 

Abl. 

liberando,  by  freeing 

movendo        dividendo 

capiendo 

The  gerunds  of  impedio  and  of  all  verbs  of  the  Fourth  Conjuga- 
tion are  formed  exactly  like  those  of  capio. 

Observe :  — 

That  the  gerunds  are  the  same  in  form  as  the  corresponding 
cases  of  the  neuter  gerundive,  otherwise  known  as  the  future 
passive  participle,  the  forms  of  which  in  §  251  should  now  be 
reviewed. 

401.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

Nominative.  Dicere  non  est  facere.  —  Literally,  To  say  is  not 
to  do.  Saying  is  not  doing  (Infinitive  instead  of  gerund  as  sub- 
ject). 

Genitive.  (1)  Spem  urbis  capiendae  habemus.  —  We  have  hope 
of  taking  the  city  (Gerundive).  (2)  Spem  urbem  capiendi  ha- 
bemus. —  We  have  hope  of  taking  the  city  (Gerund). 

Dative.  (1)  Hibernis  oppugnandis  diem  dixerunt.  ^  TVieiy 
named  a  day  for  attacking  the  winter  quarters  (Gerundive). 
(2)  Pugnando  locum  delegerat.  —  He  had  selected  a  place  for 
fighting  (Gerund). 

Accusative.  (1)  Ad  eas  res  conficiendas  biennium  est  satis.  — 
Two  years  are  enough  for  com^ileting  those  plans  (Gerundive). 
(2)  Ea  ad  proficiscendum  pertinent.  —  These  things  pertain  to 
starting  out  (Gerund). 

Ablative.  (1)  In  pace  petenda  haec  dixerunt.  —  In  seeking 
2)eace  they  said  this  (Gerundive).  (2)  Multas  res  pollicendo  Hel- 
vetils  persuadet.  —  He  persuades  the  Swiss  by  promising  many 
things  (Gerund). 


LESSON  LIII.  159 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  in  these  sentences  the  gerundives  agree  in  G.  N.  C. 
with  the  nouns  in  the  construction,  while  the  gerunds  are  nouns 
themselves  and  in  their  verbal  nature  may  govern  other  nouns. 
The  nouns  with  which  the  gerundives  agree  take  the  case  required 
by  their  relation  to  the  rest  of  the  sentence,  while  with  gerunds 
the  verbals  themselves  take  the  required  case. 

(2)  that  when  the  verb  is  transitive  and  has  a  direct  object,  the 
gerundive  construction  is  to  be  preferred. 

SUMMARY. 
Gerund.  Gerundive. 

Verbal  Noun  Verbal  Adjective 

Active  Voice  Passive  Voice 

May  have  object  Cannot  have  object 

Four  cases  All  cases 

Singular  number  Both  numbers 

Neuter  gender  All  genders  ^ 

402.  VOCABULARY. 

Caturiges,  -um,  m.  plu.    1     ,  .  citerior,  -ius,  hither,  on  this  side. 


.,  m.  plu.  l^.^P^" 


Ceutrones,  -um,  m.  plu.  l-^**""^^  Septimus,  -a,  -um,  ordinal,  (ordinal 

Graiocell,  -orum,  m,  plu.  I  '  number)  seventh. 

Segiisiavi,  -orum,    m.  plu.,   a  tribe      superus,  -a,  -um,  above,  upper. 

south  of  the  Aedui.  inde,   adv.,  thence  (both    time   and 

Vocontii,    -orum,    m.  plu.,    a    tribe  place). 

south  of  the  Allobroges.  extra,  prep,   governing  ace,  outside 

Ocelum,  -i,  n.,  a  town  of  Cisalpine  of,  beyond. 

Gaul. 

capio,  3,  take;  consilium  capere,  to  form  a  plan. 
peto,  petere,  petivi  (petii),  petitus,  ask,  seek. 

403.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Compare:  citerior,  extremus,  primus,  superus. 

(2)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  gerunds  of  oppiigno,  prohibeo,  peto, 
facio,  impedid,  and  also  the  participles  and  infinitives  of  conor. 

1  How  many  possible  forms  will  a  gerundive  have  ? 


160  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

404.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Helvetii  finem  oppidura  oppugnandi  fecerunt.  (2)  Hel- 
vetii,  bellandi  ciipidi,  magno  dolore  afficiebantur.  (3)  Orgetorix 
erat  cupidissimus  regni  occupandi.  (4)  Ad  omnia  pericula  sub- 
eunda  paratissimi  erant.  (5)  LegatI  ad  Caesarem  missi  sunt  pacis 
petendae  causa.^  (6)  Galli  de  bello  RomanTs  inferendo  consilia 
capiebant.     (7)  Caesar  complures  dies  ad  deliberandum  sumpsit. 

II.  (1)  Crossing  this  river  was  very  difficult.  (2)  Caesar 
formed  the  plan  of  setting  out.  (3)  The  Swiss  were  very  desir- 
ous of  waging  war  on  their  neighbors.  (4)  In  attacking  the  city 
hope  was  given  to  our  soldiers.  (5)  The  Swiss  were  ready  for 
(ad)  setting  out. 

405.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Ibi,  locTs  superioribus  occupatis,  itinera  nostrum  exercitum  pro- 
hibere  conantur.  Hi  compluribus  proeliis  pulsi  sunt.  His  pul- 
sls,  ab  Ocelo  in  fines  Vocontiorum  ulterioris  provinciae  pervenit. 
Ocelum  est  citerioris  provinciae  extremum  oppidum.  In  fines 
Vocontiorum  die  septimo  pervenit.  Inde  in  fines  Allobrogum 
exercitum  ducit.  Inde  in  fines  Segusiavorum  exercitum  ducit. 
Hi  Segusiavl  sunt  extra  provinciam  Roraanam,  priml  trans 
Rhodanum. 

LESSON   LIV. 

FORMATION  AND  USES  OF  SUPINES. —WAYS  OF  EXPRESSING 

PURPOSE. 

406.  Crushing,  the  opposition  of  the  Alpine  tribes,  Caesar  rushes 
to  the  scene  of  the  impending  war. 

Ibi  Ceutrones  et  Graiocell  et  Caturiges,  locis  superioribus  occu- 
patis, itinera   exercitum   prohibere   conantur.     Compluribus   his 
proeliis  pulsis,  ab  Ocelo,  quod  est  citeriOris  provinciae  extremum, 
1  causa, /or  the  sake  of.   This  word  is  frequently  used  with  the  genitive. 


LESSON  LIV. 


161 


in  fines  Vocontiorum  ulterioris  provinciae  die  septimo  pervenit : 
inde  in  Allobroguin  fines,  ab  AUobrogibus  in  Segiisiavos  exerci- 
tum  ducit.  Hi  sunt  extra  provinciam  trans  Rhodanum  primi, 
[Cap.  X.     Finis.] 


Caesar's  Route  across  the  Alps. 


407.  The  supine  is  a  verbal  noun  of  the  Fourth  Declension, 
having  only  two  cases,  the  accusative  in  um  and  the  ablative  in  u. 
These  are  formed  by  adding  -um  and  -u  to  the  participial  stem. 


PARADIGM   OF   SUPINES. 

- 

Ace. 

liberatum 

motum           divisum 

captum 

impedltum 

to  liberate 

to  move          to  divide 

to  take 

to  impede 

Ahl. 

liberatu 

motu               divisu 

captu 

impeditu 

in  liberating 

in  moving      in  dividing 

in  taking 

in  impeding 

408.  MODEL   SENTENCES. 

(1)  Legatos  ad  Caesarem  auxilium  rogatum  mittunt.  —  Tliey 
send  ambassadors  to  Caesar  to  ask  for  help.  (2)  Perfacile  factu 
est  conata  perficere.  —  To  accomplish  their  attempts  is  very  easy  to 
do  (literally,  in  the  doing).  (3)  Helvetii  omnes  virttite  praece- 
dunt.  —  The  Siviss  excel  all  in  bravery. 


162  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  rogatum,  the  accusative  of  the  supine,  expresses  pur- 
pose and  is  used  with  mittunt,  a  verb  of  motion. 

(2)  that  factu,  the  ablative  of  the  supine,  states  in  what  re- 
spect the  accomplishment  is  easy,  just  as  virtute  in  sentence  3 
states  in  what  respect  the  Swiss  excel  all. 

409.  M  ULES.  —  1.  The  accusative  of  the  supine  is  used  with 
verbs  of  motion  to  express  purpose. 

2.  The  ablative  of  the  supine  is  used  with  a  few  adjectives  to 
denote  specification. 

410.  Six  ways  of  expressing  purpose  have  already  been  noted 
in  our  study  of  Latin  as  follows :  — 

(1)  ut  auxilium  rogent. 

(2)  qui  auxilium  rogent. 

Legates  mittet      J  (^)  auxilium  rogandl  causa. 

(4)  auxili  rogandl  causa. 

(5)  ad  auxilium  rogandum. 

(6)  auxilium  rogatum. 

All  six  expressions  may  be  translated :  he  ivill  send  ambassadors 
to  ask  for  help,  or  for  the  purpose  of  asking  for  help. 

Note  that  the  gerund  with  an  object,  a  rather  infrequent  con- 
struction, occurs  only  in  (3). 

411.  VOCABULARY. 

auxilium,  -i,  n.,  aid,  help  (plu.  auxiliary  troops), 
defendo,  -fendere,  -fendi,  -fensus,  ward  off,  defend. 
populor,  popular!,  populatus  sura,  ravage,  raid. 
traduco,  -ducere,  -duxl,  -ductus,  lead  across. 

412.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  auxilium. 

(2)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  supines  of  defendo,  fero,  facio,  pro- 
hibeo,  traduc5,  and  also  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  populor  and 
defendo. 


SEVENTH   REVIEW.  163 

413.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Caesar  misit  decern  milia  militum  oppidum  oppugna- 
tum.  (2)  Hoc  est  facilius  dictti  quam  factu.  (3)  Exercitiis 
venit  agros  Belgarum  vastatum.  (4).  Caesar  putabat  id  optimum 
esse  factu.  (o)  Helvetii  Orgetorigem  miserunt  has  res  confec- 
itum.  (6)  Potentissimos  et  firmissimos  Gallorum  conciliavit  ut 
regnum  occuparet.  (7)  AeduT,  cum  Helvetii  agros  popularen- 
tur,  ad  Caesarem  legates  miserunt.  (8)  Helvetii  suas  copias  flu- 
men  traduxerunt  agros  Aeduorum  populandi  causa.  (9)  Caesar 
cum  quinque  legionibus  ire  contendit  ad  socios  defendendos. 
(10)  Caesar  duas  legiones  conscripsit  quibus  socios  defenderet. 

(In  the  following  sentences  translate  the  expressions  of  purpose  in  as  many 
ways  as  possible.) 

XL  (1)  Orgetorix  came  to  accomplish  these  things.  (2)  Am- 
bassadors were  sent  to  see  Caesar.  (3)  Caesar  sent  Labienus  to 
defend  the  town.  (4)  Caesar  thought  the  best  (thing)  to  do  was 
to  lead  his  soldiers  across  the  river.  (5)  Caesar  did  not  give  the 
Swiss  an  opportunity  of  attacking  this  town. 

414.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Dum  Caesar  erat  in  Italia,  Helvetii  iam  per  angustias  et 
per  fines  Sequanorum  suas  copias  traduxerant.  Helvetii  iam 
in  Aeduorum  fines  pervenerant  et  eorum  agros  populabantur. 
Aedui,  cum  se  suaque  (se  et  suas  res)  ab  iis  defendere  non  pos- 
sent,  legatos  ad  Caesarem  mittunt  rogatum  auxilium. 

SEVENTH   REVIEW. 

I.  List  in  a  column  with  meanings  and  number  the  Latin  nouns 
from  which  the  following  English  words  are  wholly  or  partly 
derived:  via(duct),  benefit,  gracious,  auxiliary,  itinerary,  diary, 
military,  hostile,  adding  to  the  list  the  Latin  words  for  hostage, 
narrow-pass,  and  voluntarily. 


164  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

II.  Decline  consecutively  the  first  ten  of  the  above  nouns,  start- 
ing with  the  first  and  putting  prior  in  G.  N.  C.  agreement  with 
each  singular  form  and  primus  with  each  plural  form. 

III.  List  in  a  column  and  compare  when  possible  the  Latin 
adjectives  meaning:  farther,  fertile,  former,  hither,  nearer,  new, 
seventh,  wintry. 

IV.  List  in  a  column  and  number  with  principal  parts  and 
meanings  the  Latin  verbs  from  which  the  following  words  are 
wholly  or  partly  derived:  relinquish,  studious,  renunciation,  in- 
telligence, prefect,  traduce,  educe,  petition,  defend,  adding  to  the 
list  the  verb  meaning  to  obtain  one's  request. 

V.  AVrite  consecutive  synopses  in  the  1st  plural  active  of  these 
ten  verbs. 

VI.  Tabulate  consecutively  with  meanings  as  in  the  last  re- 
view lesson  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  these  ten  verbs, 
noting  that  some  of  these  verbs  are  defective  in  certain  infinitive 
and  participial  forms.  Write  with  meanings  the  gerunds  of  the 
first  verb  and  the  supines  of  the  fourth. 

VII.  Review  the  rules  of  syntax  for  Dative  of  Possessor,  Da- 
tive with  Compounds,  and  illustrate  each  with  an  original  Latin 
sentence  properly  translated. 

VIII.  Review  the  text  at  the  head  of  Lessons  L-LIV  inclusive, 
pointing  out  in  these  chapters  all  examples  of  the  rules  mentioned 
above. 


LESSON   LV. 

CONJUGATION  OF  THE  VERB  li^JO.  —  COMPOUNDS  OF 
FACIO. 

415.    During  Caesafs  absence,  the  Swiss  fall  upon  the  fields  of 
the  Aeduans,  who  send  urgent  appeals  to  him  for  help. 

Helvetii   iam   per  angustias  et  fines  Sequanorum  suas  copias 
traduxerant  et  in  Aeduorum  fines  pervenerant  eorumque  agros 


LESSON  LV.  165 

populabantur.     Aedui,    cum    se   siiaque   ab    ils    defendere   Don 
possent,  legates  ad  Caesarem  mittunt  rogatum  auxilium. 


Grain  Fields  along  the  Route  of  the  Swiss  March. 

416.  The  verb  fiS  is  used  as  an  intransitive  verb  {to  become  or 
happen)  and  also  as  the  passive  voice  of  facio.  In  its  latter  use  it 
may  be  translated  passively  (to  be  made,  be  done)  even  when 
active  in  form.  Observe  that  the  i  in  fio  is  long  though  it  occurs 
before  another  vowel.  This  peculiarity  is  found  in  all  forms  of 
fio  unless  the  vowel  is  followed  by  -er,  as  in  the  present  infinitive 
fieri.     Memorize  the  conjugation  of  fio  in  the  App.,  §  28. 

417.  The  following  compounds  of  facio  should  be  noted :  — 

aflficiO  {do  to)^  affect,  afflict,  Perf.  Pass.  Par.,  affectus. 
cSnficiO  {make  together),  accomplish,  complete,  P.  P.  P.  confectus. 
interficio  {make  between),  kill,  put  to  death,  P.  P.  P.  interfectus. 
perficid  {do  thoroughly),  accomplish,  P.  P.  P.  perfectus. 
praeficio  {make  before),  put  at  head  of,  P.  P.  P.  praefectus. 
commonefacio  (cum-mone-),  remind,  P.  P.  P.  com monef actus, 
patefacio  (pateo,  lie  open),  open,  disclose,  P.  P.  P.  patef actus, 
satisfacio   (satis,  enough),  satisfy,  apologize,  make  restitution  to  (with 
dative),  P.  P.  P.  satisf actus. 


166  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

Observe :  — 

That  when  facio  is  compounded  with  a  preposition,  as  in  the 
first  five  examples,  the  -a  of  the  stem  is  modified  to  -i,  producing 
-ficio.  (Compare  incipio,  recipio.)  Compounds  of  facio  with  verbs 
or  adverbs,  as  in  the  last  three  examples,  do  not  modify  -a  of  the 
stem  and  use  fio  in  the  passive,  as  patefacio,  passive  patefio. 

Compounds  of  facio  with  prepositions  do  not  use  fio  in  forming 
their  passive  voice,  but  follow  the  model  of  io  verbs  of  the  Third 
Conjugation  as  aflBlcio,  passive  afficior. 

418.  VOCABULARY. 

Ambarri,  -orura,  m.,    plu.,  a  Celtic  consanguineus,  -a,  -um,  of  the  same 

tribe,  a  branch  of  the  Aedui.  blood,  kindred. 

conspectus, -us,  m.,  vi'eto,  si(7^«.  necessarius,     -a,     -um,     necessary, 

hostis,    hostis,   m.    or  f.,    stranger,  urgent    (used  substantively,  rela- 

foreigner,  enemy.  tive,  friend). 

liberi,  -orum,  m.,  plu.,  children.  ita,  adv.,  so. 

servitus,  servitutis,  f.,  slavery.  paene,  adv.,  almost. 

abduco,  3,  lead  away,  lead  back. 

debeo,  debere,  debul,  debitus,  owe  to,  ought  to,  be  obliged  to. 

depopulor,  1,  ravage,  lay  loaste ;    P.  P.  P.,  depopulatus,  transl. 

passively. 
expugno,  1,  take  by  storm,  capture. 
mereor,  mereri,  meritus  sum,  deserve,  merit. 

419.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  conspectus  and  hostis. 

(2)  Write  synopses  of  conficio  in  the  3d  plural  passive  and  patefacio 
in  the  1st  plural   passive. 

(3)  Tabulate  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  debeo  with  meanings. 

420.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Facis,  fis,  facies,  fies,  faciunt,  fiunt.  (2)  Fecerunt, 
fact!    sunt;      conficiet,      conficietur ;       satisfaciunt,     satisfiunt. 

(3)  Interficietis,    interficiemini ;     commonefacies,    commonefies. 

(4)  Praeficiebatis,      praeficiebamini ;        faciebamus,      fiebamus. 

(5)  Nobilissimos  legatos  Caesar  mittit  quo  facilius  cam  rem  per- 


LESSON  LV. 


167 


ficiat.  (6)  Hostes,  cum  oppidum  cepissent,  obsides  interfecerunt. 
(7)  Duo  legati  his  munitionibus  praefecti  sunt.  (8)  Caesarem 
certiorem  f aciunt ;  Caesar  certior  fit. 

II.  (1)  They  become,  they  will  become,  you  were  becoming, 
they  had  become.  (2)  We  accomplish  ;  you  will  complete;  they 
will  be  killed.  (3)  The  lieutenants,  whom  Caesar  put  in  charge 
of  the  fortification,  were  killed  in  that  battle.  (4)  The  Swiss 
were  afflicted  with  great  distress.  (5)  The  Aedui  said  that 
their  children  had  been  led  away  by  the  Swiss. 


421. 


DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 


Hi  legati  haec  dixerunt :  "Ita  omni  tempore 
de  populo  Romano  merit!  sumus  ut  paene  in 
conspectu  exercitus  Komani  nostri  agri  vastari 
non  debuerint."  ^  Dixerunt  ita  se  de  populo 
Romano  meritos  esse  ut  liberi  eorum  in  servi- 
tutem  abdtici  non  debuerint,^  ut  oppida  eorum 
expugnari  non  debuerint.^  Ambarri  erant 
necessarii  et  consanguine!  Aeduorum.  Am- 
barri, necessari!  et  consanguine!  Aeduorum, 
Caesarem  certiorem  faciunt  de  su!s  iniuriis. 
Ambarr!  haec  ^  dixerunt :  "Agris  depopulatis, 
vim  hostium  ab  oppid!s  non  facile  prohibemus." 
Caesarem  certiorem  faciunt  sese,  agris  de- 
populatis, ab  oppidis  ^  vim  hostium  non  facile 
prohibere. 

1  Debuerint  is  perfect  subjunctive  in  a  result  clause  after  a  past  time  tense, 
Transl.  vastftii  non  debuerint,  ought  not  to  have  been  laid  loaste. 

2  Haec,  ea,  and  similar  words  when  used  in  the  neuter  plural  relate  to  a  state- 
ment which  is  to  follow  and  may  be  translated  as  follows. 

3  Note  how  oppidis  is  strongly  emphasized  by  placing  it  before  vim  hostium. 
The  Romans  indicated  emphasis  by  the  order  of  the  words  instead  of  depending 
upon  vocal  stress  as  we  do  in  English. 


One  of  the  Auxilia. 


168  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

LESSON   LVI. 
THE  PERIPHRASTIC   CONJUGATIONS.  —  DATIVE   OF  AGENT. 

422.  The  Aeduans  feel  that  their  past  services  to  the  Romans 
entitle  them  to  protection  from  the  ravages  of  the  Swiss  barbarians. 

Ita  se  omni  tempore  de  populo  Romano  meritos  esse,  iit,  paene 
in  conspectu  exercitus  nostri,  agri  vastari,  liberl  eorum  in  servitu- 
tem  abduci,  oppida  expugnari  non  debuerint.  Eodem  tempore 
Ambarri,  necessarii  et  consanguine!  Aeduorum,  Caesarem  cer- 
tiorem  faciunt  sese,  depopulatis  agris,  non  facile  ab  oppidls  vim 
hostium  prohibere. 

423.  Just  as  the  perfect  passive  participle  is  compounded  with 
sum  to  form  the  perfect,  pluperfect,  and  future  perfect  passive 
tenses,  so  the  future  active  and  future  passive  participles  are  com- 
pounded with  sum  to  form  what  are  known  as  the  periphrastic 
conjugations. 

The  First  or  Active  Periphrastic  conjugation  is  formed  by  com- 
bining the  future  active  participle  with  the  various  tenses  of  the 
verb  sum ;  as,  liberaturus  sum,  /  am  about  to,  intend  to,  or  am  going 
to  liberate.  From  these  meanings  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Active 
Periphrastic  is  future  in  sense  and  expresses  expectation  or  in- 
tention. 

The  Second  or  Passive  Periphrastic  conjugation  is  formed  by 
combining  the  gerundive,  or  future  passive  participle,  with  the 
various  tenses  of  the  verb  sum ;  as,  liberandus  sum,  /  a^n  to  be,  must 
be,  ought  to  be  liberated.  From  these  meanings  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  Passive  Periphrastic  expresses  necessity,  obligation,  or  pro- 
priety. 

In  these  combinations  the  tenses  of  the  verb  sum  have  their 
usual  force.  Note,  however :  liberandus  fui,  /  ivas  to  be  or  had 
to  be  freed;  liberandus  fueram,  /  had  had  to  be  freed;  liberandus 
fuero,  /  shall  have  had  to  be  freed. 


LESSON   LVI.  169 

424.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Omnia  CaesarT  facienda  erant.  —  Everything  had  to  he  done 
by  Caesar  or  Caesar  had  to  do  everything.  (2)  Mons  Labieno 
capiendus  est.  —  The  mountain  is  to  be  seized  by  Labienus  or 
Labienus  must  seize  the  mountain. 

Observe :  — 

That  in  each  of  the  above  sentences  the  person  who  must  or 
ought  to  perform  the  act  is  put  in  the  dative.  This  dative  is 
called  the  Dative  of  Agent. 

425.  RULE.  —  Agency  with  the  gerundive  is  expressed  by 
the  dative, 

426.  VOCABULARY. 

fortuna,  -ae,  f.,  fortune,  luck;  for-      possessio,  -onis,  i.,  possession,  occu- 

tunae,  -arum,  f.,  possessions.  pation. 

nihil,    n.,    (an   indeclinable    noun),       solum,  -i,  n.,  soil,  ground, 
nothing. 

consumo,  -sumere,  -sfimpsi,  -sumptus,  take  together,  use  up,  consume. 

demonstro,  \,  point  out,  explain. 

exspecto,  1,  look  out,  watch,  wait,  expect. 

statu5,  statuere,  statui,  statutus,  resolve,  determine. 

427.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Write  synopses  with  meanings  of  statuo  in  the  Active  Periphras- 
tic, 3d  singular,  and  consumd  in  the  Passive  Periphrastic,  3d  plural. 

(2)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  participles  of  demdnstro  and  the  in- 
finitives of  exspecto. 

428.  EXERCISES   FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Orgetorix  regna  suo  exercitu  conciliaturus  erat.  (2)  Cae- 
sar decern  dies  ad  deliberandum  sumpturus  erit.  (3)  ^  Praesidia 
Caesarl  disponenda  fuerunt  quo  facilius  hostes  prohibere  posset. 
(4)^  Liberi  Aeduorum  Helvetils  in  servitutem  non  abdticendi 
erant.  (5)  Facultatem  itineris  faciundi  per  provinciam  Caesar 
1  Translate  both  passively  and  actively. 


170  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

• 
non  daturus   erat.      (6)  ^  Oppida    sociorum   Caesari   defendenda 
sunt.     (7)  Caesar  non  putabat  homines  inimico  animo  ab  iniuria 
temperaturos  esse.      (8)  ^  Duae  legiones  Labieno  mittendae  erunt 
mtinltionem  opptignatum. 

II.  (1)  Caesar  does  not  intend  to  await  the  arrival  of  Labienus. 
(2)  ^  Caesar  ought  not  to  await  the  arrival  of  Labienus.  (3)  The 
Swiss  are  going  to  attempt  to  march  through  our  province. 
(4)  2  The  Aedui  had  had  to  send  ambassadors  to  Caesar  to  ask 
help.  (5)  All  the  possessions  of  our  allies  ought  not  to  be  used 
up  by  these  Swiss. 

429.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Allobroges  vicos  possessionesque  trans  Rhodanum  habebant. 
Item  Allobroges  se  ad  Caesarem  fuga  recipiunt.  Demonstrant 
nihil  reliqui^  esse  sibi  praeter  agri  solum.  Quibus  (=  his)  rebus 
adductus,  Caesar  statuit  non  exspectandum  esse."*  Caesar  statuit 
non  exspectandum  *  dum  omnes  fortunae  sociorum  consumerentur, 
aut  dum,  omnibus  fortunis  sociorum  consumptis,  Helvetil  in 
Santonos  pervenlrent. 

1  Translate  both  passively  and  actively. 

2  This  sentence  must  be  turned  into  the  passive  voice  before  the  Second  Peri- 
phrastic can  be  used.    The  subject  of  the  active  form  becomes  what  case? 

3  Genitive  of  the  whole ;  nihil  reliqui,  nothing  of  remainder,  i.e.  nothing  was  left. 

4  Translate  actively,  he  should  not  loait. 


LESSON   LVIL 

INTERROGATIVES  AND  INDEFINITES. —  INTERROGATIVE 
PARTICLES. 

430.    Caesar  decides  that  he  cannot  afford  to  wait  until  the  Swiss 
strip  his  allies  of  their  property. 

Item  Allobroges,  qui  trans  Rhodanum  vIcos  possessionesque 
habebant,  fuga  se  ad  Caesarera  recipiunt  et   demonstrant   sibi 


LESSON   LVII. 


171 


praeter  agri  solum  nihil  esse  reliquT.  Quibus  rebus  adductus 
Caesar  non  exspectandum  sibi  statuit,  duiii,  omnibus  fortunis  soci- 
orum  consumptis,  in  Santonos  Helvetil  pervenirent.  [Cap.  XI. 
Finis.] 

431.  Like  Demonstratives  and  Relatives,  Interrogatives  and 
Indefinites  are  used  both  as  pronouns  and  adjectives:  quis,  whof 
qui  homo,  what  man  ?  (Interrogatives)  and  quis,  any  one,  qui  homO; 
any  man  (Indefinites). 


432. 

PARADIGMS. 

Relative 

(reviewed). 

Singular. 

Plural. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

qui 

quae 

quod 

qui 

quae 

quae 

Gen. 

cuius 

cuius 

cuius 

quorum         quarura 

quorum 

Dat. 

cui 

cui 

cui 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Ace. 

quein 

quain 

quod 

quos 

quas 

quae 

Ahl. 

quo 

quS, 

quo 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

433. 

Interrogative 

(used 

as  pronoun). 

Singular, 

M.  AND  F. 

N. 

Nom. 

quis, 

icho? 

quid. 

ichat? 

Gen. 

cuius, 

whose? 

cuius. 

of  what? 

Dat. 

cui,  to  whom? 

cui,  to  what? 

Ace. 

quem, 

,  whom? 

quid, 

what? 

Ahl. 

quo,  by,  from,  in, 

or  icith  whom? 

quo,  hy,  from,  in,  or 

with  what? 

The  plural  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  Relative,  qui,  quae,  quae. 


434.  Interrogative  (used  as  adjective). 

These  are  declined  throughout  singular  and  plural  like  the 
Relative. 

M.  F.                  N.                   meaning  of  all  genders 

Nom.        qui  quae            quod        who?  what  ?  which  ?  what  kind  of  f 


quis 

(qua) 

aliquis  (aliqui) 

(aliqua) 

quisquam 

quidam 

quaedam 

quisque 

(quaeque) 

quivis 

quaevis 

172  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

Indefinites,  whether  pronouns  or  adjectives,  are  declined  like 
the  corresponding  Interrogative,  but  qua  is  commonly  used  for 
quae  except  in  the  feminine  plural  nominative. 

435.  The  Indefinites  quis  and  qui  are  rare  except  after  si,  nisi, 
ne,  num.  In  other  situations,  the  student  should  make  use  of 
the  compounds  shown  in  the  following  table:  — 

M.  F.  N. 

quid  (quod),  somebody,  anybody. 
aliquid  (aliquod),  some  one. 
quicquam,  any  one  (at  all)  (no  plu.). 
quiddam  (quoddam),  a  certain  one. 
quidque  (quodque),  each  one,  every  one. 
quidvis  (quodvis),  any  one  (you  please). 

The  bracketed  forms  are  used  as  adjectives.  The  pronominal 
parts  alone  of  the  compounds  are  declined  and  these  like  the  cor- 
responding forms  of  quis  or  qui.  Note,  however,  a  euphonic  change 
of  m  to  n  before  d,  showing  quendam,  quandam,  quorundam,  etc. 

436.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

Direct  Questions. 

(1)  Quid  facit?  —  What  is  he  doing  9  (2)  Quod  oppidum  oppug- 
nat  ?  —  What  town  is  he  attacking  ?  (3)  Nonne  Caesar  hoc  facit  ? 
—  Is  not  Caesar  doing  this?  or  Caesar  is  doing  this,  is  he  not? 
(Implied  answer,  "Yes.")  (4)  Num  Caesar  hoc  facit?  —  Caesar 
is  not  doing  this,  is  he?  (Implied  answer,  "No.")  (5)  Caesarne 
hoc  facit?  —  Is  Caesar  doing  this?     (Answer  uncertain.) 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  questions  1  and  2  cannot  be  answered  by  yes  or  no, 
while  the  other  questions  may  be  so  answered.  After  carefully 
studying  the  other  questions,  observe, 

(2)  that  the  interrogative  particle  nonne  is  used  when  the  answer 
expected  is  yes,  that  num  is  used  when  the  answer  expected  is 
710,  that  the  enclitic  particle  -ne  is  used  when  the  question 
gives  no  indication  as  to  the  nature  of  the  answer.     This  enclitic 


LESSON  LVII.  178 

is  always  attached  to  the  most  emphatic  word,  which  is  usually 
placed  first  in  the  sentence.  Note  how  the  emphasis  is  altered 
in  the  following :  — 

Idne  Caesar  f acit  ?  —  Is  it  this  that  Caesar  is  doing  ? 

437.  VOCABULARY. 

Arar,  Araris,  m.,  the  Saone,  a  river  oculus,  -i,  m.,  eye. 

tributary  to  the  Rhone.  incredibilis,  -e,  incredible. 

lenitas,  -tatis,  f.,  smoothness.  uter,  utra,  utrum,  which  of  two. 
linter,  lintris,  m.,  small  boat,  skiff. 

iudic5,  1,  judge,  decide. 

438.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  the  Indefinites  quis,  quisque,  and  quidam,  placing  in 
brackets  the  alternative  adjective  forms. 

(2)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  gerunds  and  supines  of  iiidico. 

439.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Quidam  horum  hominum  ad  pacem  confirmandam  de- 
lect! sunt.  (2)  Nonne  Helvetii  suas  copias  per  fines  Sequa- 
norum  traducturi  sunt  ?  (3)  Num  hostes  Genavam  ituri  erant  ? 
(4)  Helvetii  quoddam  oppidum  Aeduorum  oppugnare  constitue- 
runt.  (5)  Labienumne  huic  oppido  Caesar  praefecit  ?  (6)  Hel- 
vetii quemque  ferre  f rumen tum  iubent.  (7)  Num  Orgetorix 
imperio  totlus  Galliae  potltus  est  ?  (8)  Quod  consilium  oppidi 
opptignandi  nostrls  mllitibus  capiendum  est?  (9)  Conabiturne 
Caesar  exercitum  prohibere  ?  (10)  Num  Orgetorix  cuiquam 
persuasit  ut  regnum  occuparet? 

440.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Flumen  Arar  per  fines  Aeduorum  et  Sequanorum  in  Khodanum 
influit.  Flumen  Arar  est  incredibill  lenitate  ita  ut  oculls,  in  utram 
partem  ^  fluat,^  iudicarl  non  possit.  |d  Helvetii  ratibus  ac  lintri- 
bus  iunctis  translbant. 

1  Partem:  direction. 

2  Fluat :  subjunctive  of  what  is  known  as  Indirect  Question.  Translate  as  if 
fluit. 

13 


174 


CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGX. 


LESSON  LVIII. 
SUBSTANTIVE  CLAUSES  WITH  THE  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

441.    Tlie  Swiss  cross  the  Saone. 

Flumeii  est  Arar,  quod  per  fines  Aeduorum  et  Sequanorum  in 
Rhodanum  influit,  incredibili  lenitate,  ita  iit  oculTs,  in  utram  par- 
tem fluat,  itidicarl  non  possit.  Id  Helvetil  ratibus  ac  lintribus 
itinctis  transibant. 


Hebe  the  Swiss  crossed  the  Saonb. 


442.  A  Substantive  Clause  is  one  used  as  subject  or  object  of 
a  verb  or  in  apposition  with  a  noun  or  pronoun. 

MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Castico  persuadet  ut  regnum  occupet.  —  He  persuades  Cas- 
ticus  to  seize  the  royal  power.  (2)  Timet  ut  Casticus  regnum  oc- 
cupet. —  He  fears  that  Casticus  may  not  seize  the  royal  power. 
(3)  Caesar  monuit  ne  Helvetil  fines  Santonum  obtinerent. — 
Caesar  advised  that  the  Swiss  should  not  hold  the  territories  of  the 


LESSON  LYIII.  175 

Santones.  (4)  Caesar  timuit  n6  Helvetil  fines  Santonum  obtiii6- 
rent.  —  Caesar  feared  that  the  Swiss  would  hold  the  territories  of  the 
Santones.  (o)  Dumnorix  perficit  ut  inter  se  obsides  dent.  —  Dum- 
norix  arranges  that  they  shall  give  hostages  to  one  another. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  subordinate  clauses  of  all  these  sentences,  being 
the  direct  objects  of  the  main  verbs,  are  Substantive  Clauses  and 
have  their  verbs  in  the  subjunctive. 

(2)  that  sentences  1,  2,  3,  4  contain  Substantive  Clauses  of  Pur- 
pose, while  sentence  5  contains  a  Substantive  Clause  of  Result 
which  is  translated  by  the  indicative  mood. 

(3)  compare  sentences  1  and  2,  and  note  that  when,  as  in  sen- 
tence 2,  ut  introduces  a  Substantive  Clause  as  object  of  a  verb  of 
Fearing,  ut  is  negative  and  means  "  That  not.'' 

(4)  that  similarly  ne  with  a  verb  of  Fearing,  as  in  sentence  4, 
is  affirmative  and  means  "  That." 


443.  RULE.  —  Verbs  of  fearing  take  the  subjunctive  with 
ne  affirmative  and  ut  negative. 

444.  VOCABULARY. 

castra,  -orum,  n.,  camp  (plu.  of  cas-         quartus,   -a,    -um   (ordinal  adj.), 

trum,  which  is  not  used  in  Caesar).  fourth. 

expl5rator,  -oris,  m.,  scout.  citra,   prep,    governing    ace,   this 

vigilia,  -ae,  f.,  night-watch,  guard.  side  of. 

perficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus,  accomplish,  arrange. 

timeo,  timere,  timul,  —  ,  fear,  dread. 

vereor,  vereri,  veritus  sum, /ear,  stand  in  awe  of. 


445.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  castra  in  plural  and  explorator  in  full. 

(2)  Write  a  synopsis  of  timeo  in  the  3d  plural  active  and  tabulate 
with  meanings  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  vereor. 


176  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

446.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

(In  the  following  sentences  classify  each  subordinate  clause  as  suggested  in 
the  observations  above  and  tell  why  each  is  substantive.) 

I.  (1)  Caesaris   consilium  erat  lit   faciliore    itinere  iiteretiir. 

(2)  Caesar    timuit  ut   siii   milites    faciliore    itinere    uterentur. 

(3)  Caesar  •Belgls  persuasit  ne  castra  oppugnarent.  (4)  Caesar 
verebatur  ne  Belgae  castra  oppugnarent.  (5)  Aedui  verentur  ut 
sua  oppida  defendere  possint.  (6)  Caesar  verebatur  ne  homines 
inimico  animo  agros  sociorum  popularentur.  (7)  Helvetii 
Caesarem  rogaverunt  ut  sibi  liceret  per  provinciam  ire. 
(8)  Caesar  perficit  ut  Helvetii  Ire  per  provinciam  non  possint. 

II.  (1)  The  plan  of  the  Allobroges  was  that  they  should  cross 
the  river.  (2)  The  Allobroges  feared  that  the  enemy  would 
cross  the  river.  (3)  The  Swiss  persuaded  their  neighbors  not  to 
send  aid.  (4)  The  Swiss  feared  that  their  neighbors  would  not 
send  aid.  (5)  Orgetorix  arranges  so  that  the  noblest  are  sent  as 
hostages. 

447.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Per  explorator^s  Caesar  certior  factus  est  Helvetios  tres  partes 
copiarum  id  flumen  iam  traduxisse.^  Quarta  fere  pars  erat  reliqua 
citra  flumen  Ararim.  Ubi  Caesar  certior  factus  est  quartam  fere 
partem  citra  flumen  Ararim  esse,  d6  tertia  vigilia^  e  castris  pro- 
fectus  est.  Profectus  cum  tribus  legionibus,  ad  cam  partem  per- 
venit,  quae  nondum  flumen  transierat. 

1  Traducd  may  take  two  accusatives,  one  (as  copias)  the  direct  object  of  the  verb 
and  the  other  (as  flumen)  the  object  of  the  preposition  trans  (tra  in  compound 
with  duco). 

2  De  tertia  vigilia :  between  midnight  and  3  a.m.  The  time  between  sunset  and 
sunrise  was  divided  into  four  watches. 


LESSON  LIX.  177 

LESSON   LIX. 
SUBJECTIVE  AND  OBJECTIVE  GENITIVES. 

448.  Caesar  plans  to  crush  the  Swiss  forces  left  on  his  side  of  the 
Saone  River. 

Ubi  per  exploratores  Caesar  certior  factus  est,  tres  iani  partes 
copiarum  Helvetios  id  flumen  traduxisse,  quartam  fere  partem 
citra  fliimen  Ararim  reliquam  esse,  de  tertia  vigilia  cum  legionibus 
tribus  e  castris  profectus  ad  eam  partem  pervenit,  quae  nondum 
flumen  transierat. 

449.  MODEL   SENTENCES. 

(1)  Consul  bellum  magnopere  cupiebat. —  The  consul  greatly 
desired  war.  (2)  Consulis  cupiditas  belli  erat  magna.  —  The  con- 
sul's  desire  of  war  was  great.  (3)  Cupidissimus  belli  erat  consuL 
—  The  consul  was  very  desirous  of  war. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  consul  is  subject  and  bellum  is  object,  when  the  feeling 
of  desire  is  expressed  by  a  verb,  as  in  sentence  1. 

(2)  that  c5nsul  and  bellum  are  put  in  the  genitive,  when  the  feel- 
ing of  desire  is  expressed  by  a  noun,  as  in  sentence  2.  Therefore 
consulis  is  called  the  Subjective  Genitive  and  belli  the  Objective 
Genitive. 

(3)  that  in  sentence  3  belli  is  also  in  the  Objective  Genitive 
and  the  feeling  of  desire  is  expressed  by  an  adjective. 

450.  RULES.  —  1.  Nouns  of  action^  agency^  and  feeling 
govern  the  subjective  or  objective  genitive. 

2.  Adjectives  of  desire^  knowledge^  memory,  fulness.,  power., 
sharing.,  guilty  and  their  opposites  govern  the  objective  genitive. 


178  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGX. 

451.  VOCABULARY. 

pagus,  -i,  m.,  district,  clan.  peritus,  -a,  -um,  experienced,  skilled 

silva,  -ae,  t,  forest,  grove.  in  (followed  by  genitive). 

Helvetius,  -a,  -um,  Swiss,  as  adj.  Tigurinus,  -a,  -um,  of  or  belonging  to 

inopinans,    m.,    f.,  ii.   (inopinantis,  «^e  rigrMrin?',  a  Swiss  clan, 

genitive),  not  expecting ,  unmuares.        quattuor,  num.  adj.,  four. 

nam,  con].,  for. 
abdo,  abdere,  abdidi,  abditus,  put  away,  hide,  conceal  (followed 

by  in  with  ace). 
aggredior,  aggredi,  aggressus  sum,  approach,  attack. 
concido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus,  cut  down,  cut  to  pieces,  kill. 
impedio,  4,  impede,  hinder,  encumber. 

mando,  1,  hand  over,  commission;  fugae  se  mandare,  take  to 
flight. 

452.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Write  a  synopsis  of  concido  in  the  3d  plural  active,  and  aggredior 
in  the  3d  plural. 

(2)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  infinitive  and  participles  of  abdo  and 
the  gerunds  and  supines  of  mando. 

453.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

(Classify  all  genitives  in  the  following  sentences.) 

I.  (1)  Iter  exereitus  per  hos  fines  erat  difficillimum.  (2)  Or- 
getorlx,  spe  regni  inductus,  novis  rebus  studebat.  (3)  Aedui 
erant  cupidissimi  Caesaris  adventus.  (4)  Hi  vici  in  conspectu 
nostrl  exereitus  non  incendeudi  erant.  (5)  Reditio  Helvetiorura 
per  montes  f  aerat  difficillima.  (6)  Hae  silvae  memoria  nostrorum 
patrum  concisae  erant.  (7)  Caesar  memoria  earum  iniuriarum 
non  inducetur.  (8)  Helvetii,  quod  belli  peritissimi  erant,  ad- 
ventu  Caesaris  non  erant  permoti. 

II.  (1)  The  conspiracy  of  Orgetorix  was  formed  at  that  time. 
(2)  On  the  arrival  of  Caesar,  the  enemy  took  to  flight.  (3)  Cae- 
sar was  attacking  enemies  experienced  in  war.  (4)  The  nobles 
had  been  alarmed  by  the  punishment  of  Orgetorix.  (5)  The 
nobles  had  been  anxious  for  a  revolution  on  account  of  their  de- 
sire for  royal  power. 


LESSON  LX.  179 

454.  DEVELOPMENT  .  EXERCISE. 

El  Helvetii  erant  impediti  et  inoplnantes.  Eos  impeditos  et  in- 
opinantes  Caesar  aggressus  est.  Eos  aggressus,  maguani  partem 
eorum  concldit.  Reliqui  sese  fngae  mandarunt  (mandaverunt), 
atque  in  proximas  silvas  abdiderunt.  Is  pagus  appellabatur 
Tigurinus;  nam  omnis  civitas  Helvetia  in  quattuor  pagos  divisa 
est.  Hic  pagus  iinus  patrum  nostrorum  memoria  domo  exierat. 
Hic  pagus  unus,  cum  domo  exisset  patrum  nostrorum  memoria, 
Lucium  Cassium  consulem  interfecerat  et  eius  exercitum  sub 
iugum  miserat. 

LESSON   LX. 

DATIVE  OF  PURPOSE.  —  ACCUSATIVE  WITH  COMPOUND 

VERBS. 

455.  Caesar  destroys  the  clan  that  had  killed  the  consul  Cassius 
fifty  years  before. 

Eos  impeditos  et  inoplnantes  aggressus  magnam  partem  eorum 
concidit:  reliqui  sese  fugae  mandarunt  atque  in  proximas  silvas 
abdiderunt.  Is  pagus  appellabatur  Tigurinus  :  nam  omnis  civitas 
Helvetia  in  quattuor  pagos  divIsa  est.  Hic  pagus  unus,  cum 
domo  exisset  patrum  nostrorum  memoria,  L.  Cassium  consulem 
interfecerat  et  eius  exercitum  sub  iugum  miserat. 

456.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Ei  milites  auxilio  Caesari  erunt.  —  These  soldiers  will  be 
(for)  an  aid  to  Caesar.  (2)  Haec  calamitas  erat  dolori  Gallis.  — 
This  disaster  was  (for)  a  grief  to  the  Gauls. 

Observe :  — 

That  in  sentence  1  auxilio  denotes  the  purpose  or  end  which 
these  soldiers  will  serve  to  Caesar,  the  person  affected  or  con- 
cerned. 

Explain  in  like  manner  the  datives  in  sentence  2. 


180  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

457.  RULE .  —  The  dative  is  used  to  denote  the  purpose  or 
end,  often  with  another  dative  of  the  person  or  thing  affected  or 
concerned, 

458.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Helvetii  suas  copias  id  flumen  traduxerant.  —  The  Siviss 
had  led  their  forces  across  this  river.  (2)  Helvetii  id  flumen 
transierant.  —  The  Swiss  had  crossed  this  river. 

Observe ;  — 

(1)  that  in  sentence  1,  traduxerant  takes  two  accusatives,  cdpias 
the  direct  object  of  the  verb  and  flumen  the  object  of  the  preposi- 
tion trans  changed  to  tra  in  composition. 

(2)  in  sentence  2,  transierat  (though  eo  uncompounded  is  in- 
transitive), governs  an  accusative,  flumen,  as  the  object  of  the 
preposition  trans  in  composition. 

459.  RULES.  — 1.  Transitive  compounds  of  trans  and  a 
few  other  prepositions  may  take  two  accusatives^  one  the  direct 
object  of  the  verb  and  the  other  the  object  of  the  preposition. 

2.  Verbs  of  motion  compounded  with  ad,  circutn,  praeter, 
and  trans  frequently  become  transitive  and  take  an  accusative. 

460.  VOCABULARY. 

avus,  -i,  m.,  grandfather.  solum,  ace.  neut.  of  solus,  as  adv., 

calamitas,  -tatis,  f.,  disaster.  only. 

casus,  -us,  ra.,  chance,  accident.  imraortalis,  -e,  immortal. 

deus,i  i,  m.,  god.  insignis,  -e,  marked,  distinguished, 

socer,  soceri,  m.,  father-in-law.  conspicuous. 

publicus,  -a,  -um,  public,  belonging      sed,  conj.,  but. 
to  the  state.  sive  .  .  .  sive,  whether  .  .  .  or. 

persolvo,  -solvere,  -solvl,  -soltitus,  pay  a  debt  or  penalty. 

ulciscor,  ulcisci,  ultus  sum,  take  vengeance  on,  avenge. 

1  The  noun  deus  is  irregularly  declined  in  the  plural  as  follows :  Nominative, 
dei  (dii),  di;  Genitive,  dedrum,  deum;  Dative,  deis  (diis),  dis ;  Accusative,  deos; 
Ablative,  deis  (diis),  dis.  The  Vocative  singular  is  deus,  the  same  as  the  Nomi- 
native. 


LESSON  LX.  181 

461.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  casus  and  calamitas. 

(2)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  gerunds,  supines,  infinitives,  and 
participles  of  ulciscor. 

462.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

(Fully  explain  datives  and  accusatives  in  the  following  sentences.) 

I.  (1)  Caesar     statuit     siias    copias     id     fiumen     traducere. 

(2)  Fuga  amicorura  erat  magno  dolori  Belgis.  (3)  Adventus 
honim  militum  erat  magno  praesidio  Gallis.  (4)  Caesar  vere- 
batiir  ne  hostes  copias  fiumen  traducerent.  (5)  Caesar  fiumen 
transiit  ut  sociis  auxilio  esset.  (7)  Caesar  Labienum  miinitionl 
praefecit  ut  exemplo  virtutis  mllitibus  esset.  (8)  KomanI  eos, 
qui  fiumen  nondum  transierant,  aggressi  sunt. 

II.  (1)  This  fortification  will  be  (for)  a  great  protection  to 
our  possessions.       (2)  Caesar's  arrival  was  an  aid  to  the  Aedui. 

(3)  Caesar  led  his  forces  across  the  Rhone  that  they  might  be  a 
protection  to  the  allies.  (4)  The  soldiers  had  crossed  many 
rivers.     (5)  The  death  of  Orgetorix  was  a  calamity  to  his  friends. 

463.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Ita  sive  casu  sive  consilio  deorum  immortalium  ea  pars  (pagus 
Tigurinus)  princeps^  poenam  persolvit.  Ea  pars  civitatis  Hel- 
vetiae,  quae  insignem  calamitatem  populo  Komano  intulerat, 
princeps  poenas  persolvit.  Qua  in  re  Caesar  non  solum  publicas 
sed  etiam  privatas  iniurias  ultus  est,  quod  Tigurini  eodem  proelio, 
quo  Cassium  interfecerant,  Lucium  Pisonem  legatum  interfe- 
cerant.  Piso  erat  avus  Caesaris  soceri,  L.  Pisonis.  Tigurini 
avum  eius  (Caesaris)  soceri  interfecerant. 

1  pnnceps :  adjective  used  as  adverb,  trunal.  first. 


182  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


LESSON   LXI. 

FORMS  OF  THE  IMPERATIVE.  —  COMMANDS  AND 
EXHORTATIONS. 

464.  In  punishing  the  Tigurini  Caesar  avenges  the  wrongs  of  the 
state  and  gratifies  a  private  grudge  for  the  death  of  a  very  distant 
relative. 

Ita  sive  casii  sive  consilio  deorum  immortalium,  quae  pars  civi- 
tatis  Helvetiae  insignem  calamitatem  populo  Romano  intulerat, 
ea  princeps  poenas  persolvit.  Qua  in  re  Caesar  non  solum  pu- 
blicas,  sed  etiam  privatas  iniiirias  ultus  est,  quod  eius  socerl  L. 
Pisonis  avum,  L.  Pisonem  legatum,  Tigurini  eodem  proelio,  quo 
Cassium,  interfecerant.     [Cap.  XII.     Finis.] 

465.  Study  the  present  imperatives  of  the  regular  conjugations 
and  of  the  verb  nolo  in  the  App.,  §§  19-23,  26.  The  verbs  dic6, 
duco,  facio,  fero,  have  monosyllabic  imperatives :  die,  due,  fae,  fer. 

466.  TABLE   OF  COMMANDS   AND   EXHORTATIONS. 

In  the  following  table  second  person  forms  are  imperatives,  first 
and  third  person  forms  are  subjunctives. 

Singular, 
affirmative.  negative. 

1st  Person  liberem,  let  me  liberate.         ne  llberem,  let  me  not  liberate. 
2d  Person  libera,  liberate.  noli  liberare,  do  not  liberate. 

3d  Person  llberet,  let  him  liberate.         ne  ITberet,  let  him  not  liberate. 

Plural. 
1st  Person  liberemus,  let  tis  liberate,      ne  liberemus,  let  us  not  liberate. 
2d  Person  liberate,  liberate.  '  nolite  liberare,  do  not  liberate. 

Sd  Person  liberent,  let  them  liberate,     ne  liberent,  let  them  not  liberate. 

Observe :  — 

That  Negative  Commands  or  Exhortations  in  1st  and  3d  persons 
are  expressed  by  the  subjunctive  with  ne,-  not  by  the  imperative. 


LESSON  LXI.  183 

Negative  commands  in  the  2d  person  are  expressed  by  the  im- 
peratives of  nolo  (nOli  and  nOlite,  h&  unwilling),  followed  by  a 
complementary  infinitive. 

467.  VOCABULARY. 

Divic5,  -onis,  a  Swiss  nobleman.  viginti,  num.  adj.,  twenty. 

dux,  ducis,  m.  or  f.,  leader^  guide,      aegre,   adv.,    with  difficulty;   comp. 

general.  aegrius,  sup.  aegerrime. 

improvisus,  -a,  -um,  unexpected.  improviso  or  de  improviso,  abl.   as 

pristinus,  -a,  -um,  former,  of  old.  adv.,  unexpectedly.  (Compare  Eng. 

repentinus,  -a,  -um,  sudden.  "  of  a  sudden.") 

vetus,  m.,  f.,  n.,  veteris  (genitive), 
old,  long  standing. 

adorior,  -orlri,  -ortus  sum,  attack,  assault. 

ago,  agere,  egi,  actus,  drive,  carry  on,  treat,  discuss. 

commoveS,  2,  move  thoroughly,  alarm,  startle. 

consequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum,  folloio  up,  overtake,  attain. 

euro,  1,  care  for,  provide  for  (with  gerundive,  cause  to  be  — ). 

despicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectus,  look  down  upon,  despise. 

468.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  dux  and  the  adjective  vetus,  noting  that  the  latter  is  not 
an  i-stem  and  accordingly  forms  its  ablative  singular  and  genitive  plural 
like  inferior,  §  105. 

(2)  Tabulate  Commands  and  Exhortations  as  in  §466  of  ago  and  de- 
spicio and  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  consequor. 

469.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Ne  Helvetios  decem  diebus  adoriamur.  (2)  Mittite  le- 
gates ad  Caesarem  auxilium  rogatum.  (3)  Nolite  transire  id  flumen, 
quod  est  magna  altitudine.  (4)  Loca  superiora  improviso  occu- 
pemus  ut  Helvetios  itinere  prohibeamus.  (5)  Exspectate  decem 
milia  militum  aiixilio.  (6)  Ne  despiciant  Aeduos  quod  eodem 
consilio  tisi  sunt.  (7)  Noli  Orgetorigem  deligere  qui  hanc  lega- 
tionem  suscipiat.  (8)  Da  Castico  eius  pristinum  imperium  totius 
Galliae. 


184  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

II.  (1)  Attack  the  forces  of  the  Aeduans,  which  are  nearest 
our  camp.  (2)  Do  not  put  that  man  in  charge  of  the  camp. 
(3)  Let  the  leader  not  be  alarmed  by  the  sudden  flight  of  the 
allies.  (4)  Let  them  lead  ten  thousand  across  that  river  as  an 
aid  to  the  Romans.     (5)  Let  us  not  despise  our  former  enemies. 

470.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Hoc  proelio  facto,^  ponteni  in  Arari  faciendum  curat.^  Pontem 
faciendum  curat  ut  reliquas  copias  Helvetioruni  consequi  posset. 
Helvetii  repentino  eius  adventu  commoti  sunt,  cum  ilium  (i.e. 
Caesar)  uno  die  id  fecisse  intellegerent,  quod  ipsi  diebus  xx  aeger- 
rime  confecerant.  Id  erat  ut  flumen  transirent.^  Helvetii  commoti 
legatos  ad  eum  mittunt.  Cuius  legationis  Divico  princeps  fuit. 
Divico  bello  Cassiano  ^  dux  Helvetiorum  fuerat. 

1  facto  here  means /ow^rAf. 

2  has  a  bridge  built  over  the  Saone ;  literally,  causes  a  bridge  to  be  built.  Fa- 
ciendum is  a  gerundive  agreeing  in  G.  N.  C.  with  pontem,  direct  object  of  euro. 

3  ut  transirent:  substantive  clause  of  purpose;  transl.  by  infinitive. 

4  bello  Cassiano,  the  war  with  Cassius,  a  Roman  general,  who  had  been  defeated 
50  years  before  by  the  Swiss. 


EIGHTH   REVIEW. 

I.  List  in  a  column  and  number  from  one  to  thirteen  with 
meanings  the  Latin  nouns  numbered  103,  104,  106-116,  inclusive, 
in  the  Word  List  on  pages  275-278. 

II.  Decline  consecutively  the  first  ten  of  these  nouns,  starting 
with  the  first  and  putting  the  comparative  of  incredibilis  in  agree- 
ment with  each  singular  form  and  the  positive  insignis  in  agree- 
ment with  each  plural  form. 

III.  List  with  meanings  and  compare  when  possible  the  Latin 
adjectives  numbered  66-74,  inclusive,  in  the  Word  List  on  page  278. 

IV.  List  and  number  from  one  to  twenty  with  meanings  and 
principal  parts  the  Latin  verbs  numbered  108-127,  inclusive,  in 
the  Word  List  on  pages  275-278. 


LESSON  LXII.  186 

V.  Write  a  consecutive  synopsis  in  the  2d  plural  passive  of 
the  first  ten  verbs,  and  tabulate  consecutively  with  meanings  the 
infinitives  and  participles  of  the  last  ten.  Write  synopses  of 
verb  numbered  116  in  the  3d  plural  first  or  active  periphrastic 
and  of  verb  numbered  127  in  the  3d  singular  neuter  of  the 
second  or  passive  periphrastic. 

VI.  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  gerunds  and  supines  of  inter- 
ficiS  and  the  imperatives  of  curO,  dSbeS,  and  impedlG. 

VII.  Review  the  Indefinite  and  Interrogative  Pronouns  in 
Lesson  LVII. 

VIII.  Review  the  rules  of  syntax  for  subjunctive  with  verbs 
of  Fearing,  for  the  Subjective  and  Objective  Genitive,  Genitive 
with  Adjectives,  Dative  of  Purpose,  Accusatives  with  verbs 
compounded  with  trans  and  circum.  Commands  and  Exhortations, 
and  illustrate  each  with  an  original  sentence  properly  translated. 

IX.  Translate  the  text  at  the  head  of  Lessons  LV-LXI,  inclu- 
sive, pointing  out  all  examples  of  the  rules  mentioned  above. 


LESSON   LXII. 

PERSONAL  PRONOUNS.  — POSSESSIVE  ADJECTIVES. 

471.  Caesar  bridges  the  Saone  and  throws  his  army  across. 
In  alarm,  the  Swiss  send  an  embassy  of  peace. 

Hoc  proelio  facto,  reliquas  copias  Helvetiorum  ut  consequi 
posset,  pontem  in  Arari  faciendum  curat  atque  ita  exercitum 
traducit.  Helvetii  repentino  eius  adventu  commoti,  cum  id,  quod 
ipsi  diebus  xx  aegerrime  confecerant,  ut  flumen  transirent,  ilium 
uno  die  f^cisse  intellegerent,  l^gatos  ad  eum  mittunt,  cuius  lega- 
tionis  Divico  princeps  fuit,  qui  bello  Cassiano  dux  Helvetiorum 
fuerat. 

472«  Since  the  personal  endings  of  Latin  verbs  indicate  the  person  of  the 
subject,  the  nominative  of  Personal  Pronouns  is  used  only  when  needed  for 
emphasis,  contrast,  or  clearness.  Memorize  the  declension  of  the  pronouns 
ego,  /,  and  tii,  you^  in  the  App.,  §  15.    The  personal  pronoun  of  the  third 


Person. 

Genitive. 

1st  Sing. 

mei,  of  me 

Flu. 

nostri,  of  us 

2d  Sing. 

tui,  of  you 

Flu. 

vestri,  of  you 

Zd  Sing. 

sm,  ofhimy  etc. 

or  Flu. 

186  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

person,  he,  she,  it,  is  lacking  in  Latin,  and  when  not  reflexive,  is  expressed 
usually  by  is,  ea,  id,  sometimes  by  hie  or  ille.  What  is  the  third  person 
reflexive  in  Latin  ? 

473.  Possessive  Adjectives  are  formed  from  the  genitive  of  the 
personal  pronouns  as  follows :  — 

Possessive  Adjective. 

meus,  -a,  -um,  my  or  mine. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  our  or  ours, 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  your  or  yours. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  your  or  yours. 

suus,  -a,  -um,  his,  her,  its,  or  their  (own), 
according  to  the  subject,  to  which  the 
reflexive,  suus,  must  refer. 

When  not  referring  to  the  subject,  the  possessive  adjective  of 
the  third  person  is  supplied  by  the  use  in  the  singular  and  plural, 
respectively,  of  the  genitive  of  the  demonstrative  is,  ea,  id;  namely, 
eius,  his,  her,  its,  and  edrum  or  earum,  their. 

474.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Ego  oppidum  opptigno,  tu  d^fendis.  —  I  attack  the  town,  you 
defend  it.  (2)  M6  libero,  vos  liberatis.  —  I  free  myself,  you  free 
yourselves.  (3)  Quis  vestrum  veniet,  nam  vestri  cupidi  sumus  ?  — 
Who  of  you  will  come,  for  we  are  fond  of  you?  (4)  Nostros  nobls- 
cum  dticemus.  —  We  shall  lead  our  (men)  with  us. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  ego  and  tii  are  used  in  sentence  1  because  they  are 
contrasted  and  emphatic. 

(2)  that  as  in  sentence  2  the  first  and  second  persons  of  the  per- 
sonal pronouns  may  be  used  reflexively. 

(3)  that  the  genitive  form  vestrum  is  partitive  and  vestri  is 
objective,  as  in  sentence  3.  Nostrum  and  nostri  must  be  likewise 
distinguished. 

(4)  that  in  sentence  4  nostrSs  is  used  substantively  and  that 
the  preposition  cum  is  enclitic  with  personal  pronouns  as  well  as 
with  relative,  interrogative,  and  reflexive  pronouns. 


LESSON  LXU.  187 

475.  VOCABULARY. 

contumelia,  -ae,  f.,  insult^  affront.  gravis,  -e,  n.,  heavy,  serious. 

insidiae,   -arum,   f.,    plu.,    ambush,      recens,  m.,  f.,  n.  (recentis,  genitive), 

stratagem,  treacheiy.  recent. 

nomen,  uominis,  n.,  name.  graviter,  adv.,  heavily,  bitterly. 

accid5,  -cidere,  -cidi,  — ,  fall  to,  happen. 

caved,  cavere,  cavl,  cautus,  be  on  guard,  beware  of. 

committo,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus,  perform,  allow  (proelium  com- 
mittere,  jom  battle). 

consists,  -sistere,  -stiti,  — ,  take  a  position,  stand,  rally. 

decipid,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus,  catch,  ensnare,  deceive. 

disco,  discere,  didici,  — ,  learn. 

nitor,  niti,  nisus  (or  nixus)  sum,  strive,  depend  upon  (with  abl.). 

persequor,  -sequi, -secutus  &ViU\,  follow  up,  assail. 

tempto,  1,  try,  test,  attempt. 

476.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  together  insidiae  and  gravis,  nomen  and  recens. 

(2)  Write  synopses  of  accido  in  the  3d  plural  active  and  nitor  in  1st 
plural. 

(3)  Tabulate  with  meanings :  participles  of  caveo,  infinitives  of  com- 
mitt5,  gerunds  of  consisto. 

477.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Ego  recentem  contumeljam  meraoria  tenebo,  tti  nou. 
(2)  Caesar  vestras  Insidias  cavebit.  (3)  In  recent!  proelio  in- 
sidils  non  nitebamur.  (4)  Magnum  exercitum  noblscum  duca- 
mus.  (5)  Tuis  insidiis  non  decepti  sumus.  (6)  Nos  proelium 
committemus  voblscum ;  vos  cavebitis.  (7)  Tuae  contumeliae 
erant  magnae  iniuriae  ^  nobis. 

II.  (1)1  shall  go  to  Geneva,  you  to  the  country.  (2)  Let  us 
carry  grain  with  us.       (3)  These  towns  must  be  defended  by  you. 

(4)  The  Swiss  will  lead  their  (men)  with  them  across  this  river. 

(5)  Your  name  will  be  of  great  aid  to  us.       (6)  Many  of  us  are 
very  fond  of  you  (plu.). 

1  Not  nom.  plu. 


188  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

LESSON   LXIII. 
CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES.* 

478.  Tlie  aged  Divico  haughtily  defies  Caesar. 

Divico  ita  cum  Caesare  egit :  t  "Si  pacem  populus  Romanus 
faciet,  nos  Helvetii  in  earn  partem  ibimus  atque  ibi  erimus,  ubi 
volueris.^  Si  bello  perseqiii  vis,  tene  memoria  vetus  proelium  et 
prlstinam  virttitem  Helvetiorum.  Unum  pagum  adortiis  es,  cum 
ii,  qui  flumen  transierant,  nostris  auxilium  ferre  non  possent.^ 
Ob  earn  rem  noli  ^  nos  despicere.  Nos  ita  a  maioribus  patribusque 
didicimus :  virtute,  non  insidiis,  niti  oportere.  Quare  noli  com- 
mittere  ut  is  locus,  ubi  consistimus,  ex  calamitate  populi  Roman! 
nomen  capiat." 

479.  A  Conditional  Sentence  is  complex  and  consists  of  two 
parts :  the  subordinate  clause  called  the  condition  or  protasis,  and 
the  principal  clause  called  the  conclusion  or  apodosis;  as,  if  he 
attacks  (protasis),  he  will  be  defeated  (apodosis). 

480.  Conditional  sentences  are  classified  as  follows :  — 

I.  Conditions  referring  to  Present  and  Past  Time. 

(a)  Simple. 

(h)  Contrary  to  Fact. 

II.  Conditions  referring  to  Future  Time. 

(a)  More  Vivid  Future. 

(b)  Less  Vivid  Future. 

*  See  Syntactical  Syllabus  regarding  Conditions,  page  281. 

t  This  speech  is  a  condensed  version  in  direct  discourse  of  the  original  text, 
whose  indirect  form  presents  serious  difficulties.  The  same  liberty  has  been 
taken  in  treating  Caesar's  reply  in  Lesson  LXIV.  All  words  of  these  portions 
of  the  original  text  occurring  six  or  more  times  in  Caesar  have  been  used  in  tliese 
versions. 

1  Future  perfect,  translated  as  present  indicative. 

2  Translated  by  same  tense  of  indicative. 
8  Be  unwilling  to,  i.e.  do  not. 


LESSON  LXIII.  189 

481.  Subdivisions. 

I.  Conditions  referring  to  Present  and  Past  Time. 

(a)  Simple  Conditions. 

pRES.     If  he  has  anything,  he  gives  it. 

Si  quid  habet,  dat. 
Past.     If  he  had  anything,  he  gave  it. 
Si  quid  habebat,  dedit. 

Observe:  — 

That  these  conditions  are  stated  simply  without  implying  any- 
thing as  to  their  truth,  and  the  indicative  is  used  in  both 
clauses. 

(h)  Conditions  Contrary  to  Fact. 

Pres.     If  he  had  anything,  he  would  give  it. 

Si  quid  haberet,  daret. 
Past.     If  he  had  had  anything,  he  loould  have  given  it. 
Si  quid  habuisset,  dedisset. 
Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  protases  of  these  sentences  imply  what  is  con- 
trary to  fact :  he  has  or  had  nothing  and  therefore  can  or  could 
give  nothing. 

(2)  that  the  subjunctive  is  used  in  both  clauses,  the  imperfect 
in  the  present  contrary  to  fact  and  the  pluperfect  in  the  past  con- 
trary to  fact. 

II.  Conditions  referring  to  Future  Time. 

(a)  More  Vivid  Future. 

If  he  has  anything,  he  will  give  it. 
Si  quid  habebit,  dabit. 

(b)  Less  Vivid  Future. 

If  he  should  have  anything,  he  would  give  it. 
Si  quid  habeat,  det. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  the  protasis  in  (a)  states  the  future  supposition  vividly 
and  distinctly  and  implies  the  probability  of  the  action  in  the 
14 


190  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

apodosis.  In  this  form  of  conditional  sentence  both  clauses  take 
the  indicative.  In  English  the  present  tense  is  used  in  the  pro- 
tasis though  referring  to  future  time,  while  Latin  is  more  precise 
and  uses  the  future  or  sometimes  the  future  perfect. 

(2)  that  the  protasis  in  (b)  states  the  future  supposition  less 
vividly  and  distinctly  and  implies  the  uncertainty  or  mere  possi- 
bility of  the  action  in  the  apodosis.  In  this  form  of  conditional 
sentence  both  clauses  take  the  present  subjunctive.  Of  what 
forms  are  the  two  conditions  used  in  §  478  ? 


482.  Summary  of  Conditions. 

I.     Conditions  referring  to  Present  or  Past  Time. 
(a)  Simple.     Indicative  in  both  clauses. 

Pres.  —  Imperfect    subjunctive     in 

both  clauses. 

Past.  —  Pluperfect    subjunctive    in 

both  clauses. 


(6)  Contrary  to  Fact 


II.    Conditions  referring  to  Future  Time. 

(a)  More  Vivid.     Future  indicative  in  both  clauses. 

(b)  Less  Vivid.     Present  subjunctive  in  both  clauses. 

483.  VOCABULARY. 

commutatio,  commutationis,  f.,  com-   secundus,   -a,   -um,  following,   next, 

plete  change,  reverse.  second  ;  favorable,  successful. 

meritum,  -i,  n.,  deserts,  due.  diu,  adv.,  long,  for  a  long  time. 

victoria,  -ae,  f.,  victory.  interdum,  adv.,  meanwhile. 

admiror,  1,  wonder  at,  marvel  at. 

consuesco,  -suescere,  -suevi,  -suetus,  become  accustomed,  perf. 
be  accustomed. 

depono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus,  put  down,  aside,  or  away. 

disced5,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus,  withdraw,  depart. 

doled,  dolere,  dolui,  — ,  feel  pain  or  grief,  grieve. 

polliceor,  polliceri,  poUicitus  sum,  oj^er,  promise. 
:  vexo,  1,  harass,  ravage. 


LESSON  LXIV.  191 

484.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  commutatio. 

(2)  Write  synopses  of  disced5  in  the  3d  plural  active  and  poUiceor  in 
the  3d  plural. 

(3)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  dep5iid, 
the  gerunds  of  doleo,  and  supines  of  vexo. 

485.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Romani,  si  id  oppidmn  oppugnabunt,  capient.  (2)  Si 
Caesar  memoriam  recentium  iniuriarum  deposuisset,  Helvetios 
amicos  habuisset.  (3)  Si  Caesar  pacem  cum  Gallis  faciat,  in 
suos  fines  discedant.  (4)  Aedui  diu  dolebunt,  si  Helvetii  suos 
agros  vexabunt.  (5)  Si  domo  discederemus,  nostri  agri  vasta- 
rentur.  (6)  Si  Romani  eo  tempore  cavissent,  non  superati  essent. 
(7)  Si  Caesar  Genavae  est,  Labienus  castris  praeest. 

II.  (1)  If  this  happens,  the  Romans  will  be  on  guard.  (2)  If 
the  Swiss  had  laid  down  their  arms,  Caesar  would  have  promised 
them  peace.  (3)  If  the  Belgians  should  depart,  Caesar  would 
not  try  to  follow  them.  (4)  If  Labienus  were  in  charge  of  the 
fortification,  Caesar  would  not  fear  the  enemy. 

LESSON   LXIV. 
INDIRECT  QUESTIONS.  — SEQUENCE  OF  TENSES. 

486.  Divico  had  won  his  victory  fifty  years  before  by  treachery. 
Let  the  Swiss  beware  of  the  vengeance  of  the  gods  ivhose  custom  it  is 
to  make  mad  with  prosperity  those  whom  they  purpose  to  destroy. 

His  verbis  Caesar  ita  respondit :  "  Memoria  teneo  eas  res  quas 
dixisti  et  gravius  fero  ^  quod  eae  res  non  merito  populi  Romani 
acciderunt.  Romani  vetere  proelio  non  caverant  quod,  ntilla  in- 
itiria  a  se  facta,  non  timebant.  Qua  re  decepti  erant.  Num  non 
solum  veteris  contumeliae  sed  etiam  recentium  iniuriarum  memo- 
riam deponere  possum  ?  Me  invito,  iter  per  provinciam  tenipta- 
1  gravius  fero,  I  bear  more  bitterly,  i.e.  am  more  displeased. 


192  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

vistis.  Aeduos,  Ambarros,  Allobroges  vexavistis.  Nolite  propter 
illam  victoriain  admirari  vos  tarn  diu  iniurias  intulisse.  Consue- 
scunt  dei  immortales  quo  homines  ex  commutatione  rerum  graviiis 
doleant,  his  qiios  ulcisci  voleiit  secundiores  interdum  res  concS- 
dere.  Cum  *  ea  ita  sint,  tamen  si  obsides  a  vobis  dabuntur,  uti 
ea  quae  polliceamini  vos  facturos  intellegam,  voblscum  pacem 
faciam."^ 

Divico  respondit,  "Nos  Helvetii  obsides  recipere,  non  dare 
consuevimus." 

Eo  response  dato,  discessit. 

487.  A  Direct  Question  gives  the  exact  words  of  a  speaker  or 
writer.  An  Indirect  Question  gives  the  words  of  a  speaker  or 
writer  as  reported  by  another  or  by  the  same  person  after  a  verb 
of  asking,  knowing,  doubting,  and  the  like,  followed  by  an  inter- 
rogative pronoun,  adjective,  adverb,  or  particle. 

Direct  Question.  Indirect  Question, 

Quid  Caesar  facit  ?  —  What  Rogat  quid  Caesar  faciat.  — 
IS  Caesar  doing  ?  He  asks  what  Caesar  is  doing. 

Observe :  — 

That  the  indicative  facit  in  the  Direct  Question  becomes  the 
subjunctive  faciat  in  the  Indirect  Question. 

488.  JR  ULE.  —  The  verb  in  an  indirect  question  is  put  in 
the  subjunctive, 

489.  SEQUENCE  OF  TENSES. 

Primary  Tenses. 
Rogat,  he  asks 

{quid  Caesar  faciat,  what  Caesar  is  doing. 
quid  Caesar  fecerit,  what  Caesar  has  done, 

1  Cum  concessive.  2  Future  Indicative. 


Rogabit,  he  will  ask 
Rogaverit,    he    will 
have  asked 


LESSON   LXIV. 


193 


Observe ;  — 

That  the  present,  future,  and  future  perfect,  called  Primary 
or  Principal  Tenses,  are  followed  by  the  present  or  perfect  sub- 
junctive, the  former  to  denote  incompleted  action,  the  latter  to 
denote  action  completed  at  the  time  of  the  main  verb. 


490. 

Bogabat,  he  was  asking 
Rogavit,  he  asked 
Rogaverat,  he  had  asked 

Observe: — 


Secondary  Tenses. 

quid  Caesar  faceret,  ivhat  Caesar  was 

doing. 
quid  Caesar  fecisset,  what  Caesar  had 

done. 


That  the  imperfect,  perfect,  and  pluperfect  called  Secondary  or 
Historical^  Tenses,  are  followed  by  the  imperfect  or  pluperfect  sub- 
junctive, the  former  to  denote  incompleted  action,  the  latter  to 
denote  action  completed  at  the  time  of  the  main  verb. 


491.  R  ULE,  —  A  primary  tense  is  followed  hy  the  sub- 
junctive present  for  incompleted  action,  perfect  for  completed 
action.  A  secondary  tense  is  followed  by  the  subjunctive 
imperfect  for  incompleted  action,  pluperfect  for  completed 
action. 


SUMMARY. 


Primary 
Tenses 


Indicative. 
Pres. 
Put. 
Put.  Perf. 


Subjunctive. 


Secondary    f  Imperf. 


or 

Historical 

Tenses 


Perf. 


Present  to  denote  incompleted  action  with 
reference  to  the  main  verb. 

Perfect  to  denote  completed  action  with  refer- 
ence to  the  main  verb. 

(Imperf.    to  denote    incompleted   action   with 
!       reference  to  the  main  verb. 
j  Pluperf .  to  denote  completed  action  with  refer- 
ence to  the  main  verb. 


Pluperf. 

1  Why  are  these  tenses  called  Historical  ? 


194  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

492.  VOCABULARY. 

agmen,   agminis,   n.,   army    on  the      posterus,  -a,  -um,   nexty   later ^  sub- 
march,  line  of  march.  sequent. 
equitatus,  -us,  ni.,  cavalry.                      cupide,  adv.,  eagerly. 
alienus,   -a,   -um,  belonging  to  an-      cur,  interrog.  adv.,  why? 

other,  foreign,  unfavorable.  num,  whether.     See  §  436. 

pauci,  -ae,  -a,  few. 

cado,  cadere,  cecidi,  [casurus], /aZZ,  be  slain. 
insequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum,  follow  on,  pursue. 
praemitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus,  send  before  or  in  advance, 

493.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  equitatus  in  singular  only  and  agmen  in  full. 

(2)  Write  synopses  of  cado,  in  the  1st  plural  active  and  insequor  in  the 
3d  plural. 

(3)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  prae- 
mitto. 

494.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

(In  the  following  tenses  explain  the  Sequence  of  Tenses  in  all  subjunctive 
forms  and  account  for  the  mood.) 

I.  (1)  In  utrani  partem  flumen  flueret,  iudicari  non  poterat. 
(2). Caesar  Helvetios  rogavit  cur  Aeduos  vexarent.  (3)  Prae- 
mittit  exploratores  qui  videant  quas  in  partes  hostes  iter  facturl 
sint.  (4)  Caesar  suos  rogavit  cur  alieno  loco  cum  equitatu 
hostium  proelium  commlsissent.  (5)  Cur  Caesar  Labienum  huic 
agmini  praefecerit,  non  intellegunt.  (6)  Admirati  sunt  num 
Casticus  regnum  occuparet.  (7)  Divico  non  potest  intellegere 
cur  Caesar  recentium  iniuriarum  memoriam  non  deponat. 

II.  (1)  Caesar  cannot  find  out  what  town  the  enemy  are 
attacking,  have  attacked.  (2)  The  scouts  could  not  see  in  what 
direction  the  enemy  were  marching,  had  marched.  (3)  Caesar 
wondered  why  the  fourth  part  had  not  crossed  the  river. 
(4)  Caesar  asked  the  cavalry  why  they  were  joining  battle,  had 
joined  battle. 


LESSON  LXV. 


195 


495.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Helvetii  postero  die  castra  ex  eo  loco  movent.  Idem  facit 
Caesar  equitatumque  omnem  ad  numerum  quattuor  milium  prae- 
mittit.  Equitatum,  quern  ex  omni  provincia  et  Aeduis  atque 
eorum  sociis  coactum*  habebat,  praemittit  qui  videant  quas  in 
partes  hostes  iter  faciant.  Qui^  cupidius  novissimum  "^  agmen 
insequuntur.  QuI^  cupidius  insecuti  cum  equitati'i  Helvetiorum 
proelium  alieno  loco  committunt ;  et  pauci  de  nostris  cadunt. 

1  coactum  habebat :  equivalent  to  coegerat. 

2  Qui :  the  relative  pronoun  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence  occurs  frequently 
and  should  be  translated  as  a  demonstrative. 

3  novissimum  agmen,  last  litie,  i.e.  rear  guard. 

LESSON   LXV. 
DEFECTIVE  AND  IMPERSONAL  VERBS. 


496.  The  Swiss  attempt  to  get  away.  Caesar 
follows  them.  His  cavalry  allow  themselves  to 
he  drawn  into  an  unfortunate  engagement. 

Postero  die  castra  ex  eo  loco  movent.  Idem 
facit  Caesar,  equitatumque  omnem,  ad  nu- 
merum quattuor  milium,  quem  ex  omni  pro- 
vincia et  Aeduis  atque  eorum  sociis  coactum 
habebat,  praemittit  qui  videant  quas  in  partes 
hostes  iter  faciant.  Qui  cupidius  novissimum 
agmen  insecuti  alieno  loco  cum  equitatti  Hel- 
vetiorum proelium  committunt ;  et  pauci  de 
nostris  cadunt. 


Soldier  in  Marching 
Order. 


497.   The  verbs  coepi,   /  began,  and  6di,  / 
hate,  lack  the  present  system  ^  and  are  therefore  called  Defective 


1  The  present  system  comprises  the  present,  imperfect,  and  future, 
tenses  will  then  be  wanting  in  the  subjunctive? 


What 


196  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGI^. 

Verbs.     The   present   system   of   coepi   is  supplied  by  incipiO,  / 
begin.     Note  6di,  /  hate,  oderam^  /  hatedy  GderOj  /  shall  hate. 

498.  IMPERSONAL  VERBS. 

Many  verbs  on  account  of  their  meaning  appear  only  in  the  3d 
singular.  These  are  called  Impersonal  Verbs  because  they  have  no 
personal  subjects.  Those  most  commonly  occurring  in  Caesar  are 
as  follows :  — 

accidit,  accidebat,  accidet,  etc.,  it  happens  etc. 

constat,  constabat,  constabit,  etc. ,  it  is  clear  etc. 

fit,  flebat,  fiet,  etc. ,  it  happens^  becomes  etc. 

licet,  licebat,  licebit,  etc.,  it  is  permitted  etc.  (with  dative  of  the  person). 

necesseest,  erat,  erit,  etc.,  it  is  necessary^  etc.  (with  inf.  and  subj.  ace). 

oportet,  oportebat,  oportebit,  etc.,  it  is  fitting.,  ought. 

videtur  (sometimes  impersonal  in  passive),  it  seems,  seems  good. 

Intransitive  Verbs  and  the  Special  Verbs  followed  by  the  dative 
(i  254)  are  regularly  used  impersonally  in  the  passive  voice,  re- 
taining the  dative,  as:  pugnatur,  it  is  fought,  there  is  fighting ; 
Orgetorigi  persuadetur,  Orgetorix  is  persuaded  (literally,  it  is  per- 
suaded to  Orgetorix). 

499.  VOCABULARY. 

eques,   equitis,  m.,  horseman;  plu.      quindecim,  num.  adj.,  ^/i5een. 

cavalry.  quingenti,   -ae,   -a,  num.   adj.,   five 

pabulatid,  -5nis,  i.,  foraging.  hundred, 

populatid,   -5nis,    f.,    destroying^    a      quini, -ae, -a,  distributive  num.  adj., 

plundering  expedition.  five  each. 

praesentia,  -ae,  f .,  the  present.  seni,  -ae,  -a,  distributive  num.  adj., 

rapina,  -ae,  f.,  plundering,  robbery.  six  each. 

amplus,   -a,  -um,    large,  extensive;      tantus,  -a,  -um,  so  great,  so  much. 

comp.  amplior,  -ius,  more.  circiter,  adv.,  about. 

audax,  m.,  f.,  n.  (audacis,   genitive), 
bold,  reckless. 

coepi,  coepisse,  coeptus,  have  begun,  began. 
lacesso,  lacessere,  lacessivi,  lacessTtus,  challenge,  provoke,  excite. 
propello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsus,  drive  forward  or  off. 
subsistd,  -sistere,  -stiti,  — ,  halt,  mak$  a  stand. 


LESSON  LXV.  197 

500.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  eques. 

(2)  Compare  the  adjective  audax  and  the  adverb  derived  from  it,  and 
decline  the  positive  of  the  adjective. 

(3)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  lacesso. 

(4)  Write  with  meanings  synopses  of  coepi  in  3d  plural  active  and 
6di  in  2d  singular  active. 

501.  EXERCISE  FOR  PRACTICE. 

(1)  He  hates,  he  will  hate,  he  hated ;  they  had  begun,  they 
began.  (2)  They  hated  the  Romans  and  began  to  make  war 
upon  them.  (3)  The  Swiss  asked  that  it  should  be  permitted 
them.  (4)  It  was  necessary  (for)  Caesar  to  defend  the  posses- 
sions of  the  allies.  (5)  Caesar  ^  was  not  persuaded.  (6)  It  hap- 
pened that  ^  the  cavalry  were  in  an  unfavorable  place. 

502.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Quo  proelio  Helvetii  sublati  sunt,  quod  quingentis  equitibus 
tantam  multitudinem  equitum  propulerant.  Quo  proelio  sublati, 
coeperunt  audacius  non  numquam  subsistere  et  suo  novissimo 
agmine^  nostros  proelio  lacessere.  Caesar  suos  a  proelio  contine- 
bat.  Satis  habebat  in  praesentia  hostem  rapinis,  pabulationibus, 
populationibusque  prohibere.  Duo  exercitus  dies  circiter  quin- 
decim  iter  ita  fecerunt  ut  inter  novissimum  hostium  agmen  et 
nostrum  primum''  non  amplius^  quinis*  aut  senis  milibus  pas- 
suum  interesset. 

1  In  what  case  must  Caesar  be  put  ? 

2  Substantive  Clause  of  Result  with  subjunctive. 
8  Agmine,  abl.  place,  transl. /ro?H  their  rear. 

^  VtixaMm.,  first,  van  of  an  army. 

5  Amphus,  neut.  sing.  nom.  used  substantively. 

«  Quinis  et  senis  etc.,  abl.  deg.  diff.,.;?t;e  or  six  miles  each  day. 


198 


CAESAR'S    FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


LESSON   LXVI. 


DOUBLE  ACCUSATIVES. 


503.  The  Stviss,  puffed  up  over  their  cavalry  victory,  attack 
Caesar  from  their  rear  guard.  He  avoids  battle,  while  preventing 
them  from  ravaging  the  country. 

Quo  proelio  sublati  HelvetiT,  quod  quingentls  equitibus  tantam 
multitudinem  equitum  propulerant,  audacius  subsistere  non  mim- 
quam  et  novissimo  agmine  proelio  nostros  lacessere  coeperunt. 
Caesar  suos  a  proelio  continebat,  ac  satis  habebat  in  praesentia 
hostem  rapinis,  pabulationibus  populationibusque  prohibere.  Ita 
dies  circiter  qulndecim  iter  fecerunt  uti  inter  novissimum  hostium 
agmen  et  nostrum  primum  non  amplius  quinis  aut  senis  milibus 
passuum  interesset.    [Cap.  XV.  Finis.] 


Across  this  Country  makcheo  the  Opposing  Armies. 


LESSON   LXVI.  199 

504.   Double  Accusatives  in  Latin  are  of  two  classes:  — 
I.   Two  Accusatives  of  the  Same  Person  or  Thing. 

MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Senatus  Catamantaloedem  amicum  appellaverat.  —  The 
senate  had  called  Catamantaloedes  a  friend.  (2)  Labienum  certi- 
orem  fecerunt.  —  They  informed  Lahienus  (literally,  made  Lahi- 
entts  more  certai7i).  (3)  Diviconem  ducem  Helvetii  delegerunt. 
—  The  /Swiss  chose  Divico  as  leader.  (4)  Divico  dux  ab  Helvetiis 
delectus  est.  —  Divico  was  chosen  as  leader  by  the  Swiss. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  these  verbs  govern  two  accusatives,  a  direct  object, 
as  Catamantaloedem  or  Diviconem,  and  a  predicate  accusative,  as 
amicum  or  ducem. 

(2)  that  the  predicate  accusative  may  be  an  adjective,  as  cer- 
tiorem  in  sentence  2. 

In  changing  such  a  sentence  into  the  passive  voice,  as  sentence 
3  into  4,  the  direct  object  becomes  subject  and  the  predicate 
accusative  becomes  predicate  nominative. 

505.  RULE.  —  Verbs  of  calling,  choosing^  making,  and  the 
like  may  take  two  accusatives  of  the  same  person  or  thiyig. 

506.  II.  Two  Accusatives :  the  one  of  the  Person,  the  Qther  of 

the  Thing. 

MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Aedui  Caesarem  auxilium  rogaverunt.  —  Tlie  Aedui  asked 
aid  of  Caesar.  (2)  Caesar  Aeduos  frumentum  flagitabat.  —  Caesar 
kept  asking  the  Aedui  for  grain. 

Observe :  — 

That  these  verbs  take  two  accusatives,  the  one  of  the  Person, 
as  Caesarem  and  Aeduos,  and  the  other  of  the  Thing,  as  auxilium 
and  frumentum. 


200  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

507.   R  TILE.  —  Some  verbs  of  asking^  demanding,  and  teach- 
ing take  two  accusatives,  the  one  of  the  person,  the  other  of  the 


508.  VOCABULARY. 

frigus,   frigoris,  n.,  cold,  (plu.  cold    modo,  adv.,  owZy. 

seasons).  publice,  adv.,  publicly,  in  the  name 

pabulum,  -i,  n.,  fodder,  forage.  of  the  state. 

maturus,  -a,  -um,  ripe,  mature,  early,    quidem,  adv.,  certainly,  at  least. 
cotidie,  adv.,  every  day,  daily.  ne  .  .  .  quidem,  not  even   (emphatic 

interim,  adv.,  meamchile.  word  between). 

averto,  avertere,  averti,  aversus,  turn  from  or  away. 

flagito,  1,  demand  often. 

pono,  ponere,  posui,  positus,  put,  place,  establish. 

subveho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectus,  carry  up. 


509.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Write  synopses  of  avert5  in  the  2d  plural  active  and  p5n5  in  the 
2d  plural  passive. 

(2)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  flagitd. 

510.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Helvetii  Diviconem  prmcipem  huius  legationis  delegfi- 
runt.  (2)  Caesar  socios  equitatum  rogavit.  (3)  Caesar  socios 
pabulum,  quod  polliciti  erant,  flagitabat.  (4)  Aedul  non  modo 
amicl  sed  etiam  socil  appellati  erant.  (5)  Interim  Labienus 
equitatum  flumen  Rhodanum  traduxit.  (6)  Interim  equitatus  a 
Labieno  flumen  Rhodanum  traductus  est. 

(Translate  the  following  sentences,  except  (2),  both  actively  and  passively.) 

XL  (1)  The  scouts  informed  Caesar  concerning  the  arrival  of 
Labienus.  (2)  The  Aedui  demanded  their  children  of  the  Swiss. 
(3)  Shall  we  not  choose  Caesar  as  our  leader  ?  (4)  Who  is  lead- 
ing this  army  across  the  river  ? 


NINTH  REVIEW.  201 

511.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Interim  cotldie  Caesar  Aeduos  frumentiira  flagitabat.  Frumen- 
tum,  quod  Aedui  publice  polliciti  essent,  Caesar  flagitare.*  Gallia, 
ut  ante  dictum  est,  sub  septentrionibus  posita  est.  Nam  propter 
frigora,  quod  Gallia  sub  septentrionibus  posita  est,  f rumenta  ^  in 
agris  matiira  non  erant.  Non  modo  frumenta  in  agris  matura  non 
erant,  sed  ne  pabuli  quidem  satis  magna  copia  suppetebat.  Caesar 
frumentum  flumine  Arari  navibus  subvexerat.  Eo  autem  fru- 
mento,  quod  Arari  subvexerat,  uti  minus  poterat.  Eo  f  rumen  to 
uti  minus  poterat  propterea  quod  Helvetii  iter  ab  Arari  averte- 
rant.     Ab  Helvetiis  discedere  nolebat. 

1  flagitare,  historical  infinitive  with  subject  nominative,  used  in  animated 
description.    Translate  by  imperfect  indicative. 

2  frumenta,  standing  grain. 

NINTH   REVIEW. 

I.  List  in  a  numbered  column  with  meanings  the  Latin  nouns 
numbered  118-125,  inclusive ;  also  21  and  46  in  the  Word  List  on 
pages  275-278. 

II.  Decline  these  nouns  consecutively,  beginning  with  the  first 
and  putting  the  positive  adjective  audax  in  agreement  with  singu- 
lar forms,  and  the  comparative  of  recfins  in  agreement  with  plural 
forms. 

III.  List  in  a  column  and  compare  when  possible  the  Latin 
adjectives  numbered  73-91,  inclusive,  in  the  Word  List  on  page  278. 

IV.  Review  the  Personal  pronouns  and  Possessive  adjectives 
in  Lesson  LXII. 

V.  List  in  a  numbered  column  with  meanings  and  principal 
parts  the  Latin  verbs  numbered  123-152,  inclusive,  in  the  Word 
List  on  pages  275-278. 

VI.  Write  consecutive  synopses  of  the  first  ten  in  the  2d  singu- 
lar active  and  the  next  ten  in  the  3d  singular  passive. 

VII.  Tabulate  consecutively  with  meanings  the  infinitives  and 
participles  of  the  last  ten. 


202  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

VIII.  Write  short  Latin  sentences  translated  into  English  to 
illustrate  the  genitive  and  accusative  constructions  enumerated  in 
the  Syntactical  Syllabus  on  pages  279-281. 

IX.  Review  text  at  head  of  Lessons  LXII-LXVI,  inclusive, 
pointing  out  all  examples  therein  of  the  above  principles  of  syntax. 


LESSON  LXVII. 
OPTATIVE  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

512.  Caesar,  in  danger  of  starvation,  urgeyitly  calls  upon  his  allies 
for  promised  supplies.  His  food  supplies  afloat  on  the  Saone  j^rove 
iinavailable  because  the  Swiss  have  left  that  river. 

Interim  cotidie  Caesar  Aeduos  frumentum  quod  essent  publice 
polliciti  flagitare.  Nam  propter  frigora,  quod  Gallia  sub  septen- 
trionibus  (ut  ante  dictum  est)  posita  est,  non  niodo  frumenta  in 
agrls  matura  non  erant,  sed  ne  pabuli  quidem  satis  magna  copia 
suppetebat ;  eo  autem  frumento  quod  flumine  Arari  navibus  sub- 
vexerat  propterea  minus  ilti  poterat,  quod  iter  ab  Arari  Helvetii 
averterant,  a  quibus  discedere  nolebat. 

513.  Before  studying  the  model  sentences  given  below,  review 
carefully  the  subjunctive  in  Conditional  Sentences  as  set  forth  in 
§§480-482. 

MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Utinam  Caesar  adsit.  —  Oh  that  Caesar  may  he  here.  (In 
the  Future.)  (2)  Utinam  Caesar  adesset.  —  Oh  that  Caesar  were 
here.  (In  the  Present.)  (3)  Utinam  Caesar  adfuisset.  —  Oh  that 
Caesar  had  been  here.     (In  the  Past.) 

Observe :  — 

That  each  of  these  sentences  expresses  a  wish  and  takes  the 
Optative  Subjunctive ;  that  the  present  subjunctive  expresses  a  wish 
as  possible  of  accomplishment  in  the  future;  the  imperfect  and 


LESSON   LXVII.  203 

pluperfect  subjunctive  express  the  wish  as  unaccomplished  in  the 
present  and  past  respectively. 

These  tenses  of  the  Optative  Subjunctive  correspond  exactly  to 
the  tenses  of  the  Less  Vivid  Future  and  of  the  Contrary  to  Fact 
conditions.  The  particle  utinam,  oh  that,  ivould  that,  is  sometimes 
omitted  with  the  present  subjunctive,  but  never  with  the  imper- 
fect or  pluperfect.  In  negative  wishes  ne  is  used  as  an  intro- 
ductory particle,  as  Ne  adsit  Caesar,  oh  that  Caesar-  may  not  be  here. 

514.  RULE.  Wishes  are  expressed  hy  the  optative  sub- 
junctive with  utinain  affirmative^  ne  negative. 

515.  VOCABULARY. 

nex,  necis,  f.,  violent  deaths  murder^      vita,  -ae,  f.,  life. 

slaughter.  annuus,  -a,  -um,  yearly.,  annual. 

potestas,  potestatis,  f.,  power.  utinam,  oh  that.,  would  that. 

vergobretus,  -i,  m.,  the  title  of  the 
chief  magistrate  of  the  Aedui. 

comports,  1,  bring  together.,  collect. 

convoco,  1,  call  together.,  summon. 

cre5,  1,  create.,  elect. 

insto,  -stare,  -stiti,  — ,  {stand  to  or  in).,  impend,  he  at  hand. 

metior,  metlri,  mensus  sum,  measure  out. 

516.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Write  synopses  of  insto  in  the  3d  plural  active  and  confer©  in 
the  3d  plural  passive. 

(2)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  gerunds  and  supines  of  creo  ahd  the 
infinitives  and  participles  of  convoco. 

517.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Utinam  Caesar  auxilio  Aeduls  veniat.  (2)  Utinam 
frtimenta  in  agris  matara  fuissent.  (3)  Utinam. Caesar  frumen- 
tum  mllitibus  metiri  posset.  (4)  Ne  Helvetii  omnes  copias 
Genavam  convocarent.  (5)  Utinam  Caesar  Romae  hoc  anno 
consul  crearetur.  (6)  Ne  obsides  ab  principibus  interficiantur. 
(7)  Equites  caveant  ne  ab  hostibus  repellantur.  (8)  Roman! 
virtute  contendant  magis  quam  insidils  nitantur. 


204  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

II.  (1)  May  the  Swiss  not  grieve  on  account  of  their  change  of 
fortune.  (2)  Oh  that  the  immortal  gods  may  give  us  greater 
prosperity.  (3)  Would  that  we  had  not  been  impeded  by  the 
flight  of  our  allies.  (4)  Would  that  we  had  followed  up  the 
enemy  very  boldly.     (5)  Oh  that  the  day  of  return  were  at  hand. 

618.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Diem  ex  die  Aedui  ducebant^  et  dicebant  f  rumen  turn  conferri, 
comportarT,  adesse.  Diem  ex  die  ducere  ^  Aedui  et  dicere  ^  conferri, 
comportari,  adesse.  Se  diutius  duel  intellexit.  Intellexit  diem 
instare  quo  die  fr Omentum  militibus  metlrl  oporteret.^  Ubi  ea 
omnia  intellexit,  principes  eorum  convocavit.  Couvocatis  eorum 
principibus,  quorum  magnam  copiam  in  castrls  habebat,  graviter 
eos  accusat.  In  his  principibus  erant  Diviciacus  et  Liscus,  qui 
summo  magistratui  praeerat.  Eum  magistratum  vergobretum 
appellant  Aedui,  qui  creatur  annuus  et  potestatem  vitae  necisque 
in^  suos  habet.  Couvocatis  eorum  principibus,  in  his  Diviciaco^ 
et  Lisco,  graviter  eos  accusat. 

1  ducebant,  kept  leading  him  on,  i.e.  putting  him  off. 

2  The  infinitives  ducere  and  dicere  are  historical ;  the  others  are  in  indirect 
discourse.     As  to  case  of  Aedui,  see  Note  1,  page  201. 

8  oporteret,  it  would  he  necessary. 

^  in,  translate  over. 

^  Diviciaco  et  Lisco,  appositives  of  principibus. 

LESSON    LXVIII. 

SUBORDINATE  CLAUSES  IN  INDIRECT  DISCOURSE.  —  Q  170I> 

CAUSAL. 

519.  Tlie  Aedui  put  off  Caesar  with  excuses  until  he  loses  patience 
2vith  thenif  and  calling  together  their  leaders,  bitterly  upbraids  them. 

Diem  ex  die  ducere  Aedui :  conferri,  comportari,  adesse  dicere. 
Ubi  se  diutius  duci  intellexit  et  diem  instare,  quo  die  frumentum 


LESSON   LXVITI.  205 

militibus  m6tlri  oporteret,  convocatis  eorum  prmcipibus,  quorum 
magnam  copiam  in  castris  habebat,  in  his  Diviciaco  et  Lisco,  qui 
summo  magistratui  praeerat,  quern  *  vergobretum '  appellant  Aedui, 
qui  creatur  annuus  et  vitae  necisque  in  suos  habet  potestatem, 
graviter  eos  acctisat. 

520.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  AeduI  frumentum,  quod  debent,  non  conferunt.  —  The  Aedui 
do  not  collect  the  grain  which  they  ought.  (2)  Caesar  dicit  Aeduos 
frumentum,  quod  debeant,  non  conf erre.  —  Caesar  says  that  the 
Aedui  do  not  collect  the  grain  which  they  ought.  (3)  Quod  ab  els 
non  sublevatus  est,  Caesar  principes  convocat.  —  Caesar  calls  to- 
gether the  leaders,  because  he  has  not  been  assisted  by  them. 
(4)  Caesar  Aeduos  acctisat  quod  ab  eis  non  sublevatus  sit. — 
Caesar  blames  the  Aedui,  because  (as  he  says)  he  has  not  been  aided 
by  them. 

Observe :  — 

(1)  that  sentence  1  is  a  complex  sentence,  whose  subordinate 
verb  debent  is  in  the  indicative  mood. 

(2)  that  when  sentence  1  is  thrown  into  indirect  discourse  after 
verb  of  saying,  as  in  sentence  2,  the  verb  of  the  subordinate  clause 
debent  becomes  the  subjunctive  debeant. 

521.  RULE. — A  subordinate  clause  in  indirect  discourse 
takes  the  subjunctive. 

Observe :  — 

That  in  sentence  3  the  subordinate  clause  is  in  direct  discourse, 
expresses  cause,  and  takes  the  indicative,  while  in  sentence  4  the 
subordinate  causal  clause  is  in  indirect  discourse  after  accusat,  a 
verb  of  saying ^  and  therefore  takes  the  subjunctive. 

522.  R  ULE,  —  Causal  clauses  with  quod  take  the  indicative 
in  direct  discourse,  the  subjunctive  in  indirect  discourse. 

15 


206  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

523.  VOCABULARY. 

prex,  precis,  f.,  prayer^  entreaty.  antea,  adv.,  before  that.,  previously. 

iraprobus,  -a,  -urn,  wicked.,  depraved.      demum,  adv.,  at  last. 

propinquus, -a, -um,  wear,  dose  (used      praesertim,  adv.,  especially,  partic- 

substaiitively,  relative).  ularly. 

seditiosus,  -a,  -urn,   seditious,  trea-      privatini,  adv.,  privately,  personally- 
sonable.  turn,  adv.,  then. 

destituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -stitutus,  abandon,  desert. 

deterreo,  -terrere,  -terrui,  -territus,  frighten  off,  prevent. 

emo,  emere,  emi,  emptus,  buy. 

prop5no,  -ponere,  -posui,  positus,  put  forward,  set  forth,  propose. 

queror,  queri,  questus  sum,  complain  of,  lament. 

sublevo,  1,  lighten  np,  assist,  support. 

taceo,  tacere,  tacui,  tacitus,  be  silent. 

valeo,  valere,  valui,  — ,  be  strong,  well,  or  powerful. 

524.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  potestas  in  the  singular  and  prex  in  the  plural. 

(2)  Write  synopses  of  propon5  in  the  1st  plural  active  and  queror  in 
the  same  person  and  number. 

(3)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  participles  of  emo,  infinitives  of  vale5, 
and  the  supines  and  gerunds  of  deterred. 

525.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

(Explain  the  mood  and  tense  of  all  subjunctives.) 

I.  (1)  Ntintiant  Aeduos  non  conferre  frumentum  quod  de- 
beant.  (2)  Exploratores  renimtiaverunt  hostes  oppidum  quod 
opptignavissent  non  cepisse.  (3)  Caesar  suas  copias  eduxit 
quod  Labienus  Helvetios  non  adortus  erat.  (4)  Cum  Caesar  ad- 
est,  milites  fortissime  resistunt.  (5)  Labienus  vidit  mllites 
fortissime  resistere  cum  Caesar  adesset.  (6)  Caesar  Labienum 
accusabat  quod  Helvetios  non  adortus  esset.  (7)  Aedui  mag- 
nopere  quest!  sunt  quod  liberi  in  servittitem  abducti  essent. 

II.  (1)  The  Aedui  sent  ambassadors  to  Caesar  because  their 
fields  had  been  laid  waste.  (2)  The  Aedui  bitterl}^  complained 
because    their   fields   had    been    laid    waste.       (3)  The    scouts 


LESSON  LXIX.  207 

announced  that  Labienus  was  bravely  defending  the  town  of 
which  he  was  in  charge.  (4)  When  the  grain  (plu.)  was  ripe,  the 
Komans  took  it  from  the  fields.  (5)  The  leaders  knew  that  the 
Romans  took  grain  (plu.)  from  the  fields  when  it  was  ripe. 

526.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Cum  ^  f  rumentum  neque  emi  neque  ex  agris  sum!  potest,  tam  ne- 
cessario  tempore,^  tam  propinquis  hostibus,^  ab  eis  non  sublevatur. 
Graviter  eos  acciisat,  quod  ^  ab  eis  non  sublevetur.  Multo  etiam 
gravius  queritur,  quod  ^  sit  destitutus,  praesertim  cum  ^  magna  ex 
parte  eorum  precibus  adductus  bellum  susceperit. 

Liscus  dicit :  non  nullos  principgs  Aeduorum  seditiosS,  et  im- 
proba  oratione  multitudinem  deterrere  ne  frumentum  conferant^ 
quod  debeant. 

1  Cum  Temporal.    Why  indicative?    §320. 

2  Ablative  Absolute,  §  261  (2). 

*  Qwpd  Causal.    Why  subjunctive?    §522. 
^  C'ww  Causal.    Why  subjunctive?    §372. 

5  ne  .  .  .  conferant,  Substantive  Clause  of  Purpose.  Transl.  from  collecting, 
etc.    Literally,  that  they  should  not  collect. 

LESSON   LXIX. 

NUMERAL  ADJECTIVES. 

527.  Caesar  arraigns  the  allies  for  deserting  him  after  inducing 
him  to  undertake  the  war.  Liscus  says  that  powerful  men  in  private 
life  hold  up  the  supplies. 

Graviter  eos  accusat  quod,  cum  neque  emi  neque  ex  agris  sum! 
possit,  tam  necessario  tempore,  tam  propinquis  hostibus,  ab  iis  non 
sublevetur ;  praesertim  cum  magna  ex  parte  eorum  precibus  ad- 
ductus bellum  susceperit,  multo  etiam  gravius,  quod  sit  destitu- 
tus, queritur.     [Cap.  XVI.     Finis.] 

Tum  demum  Liscus  oratione  Caesaris  adductus,  quod  antea 
tacuerat,    proponit:     Esse    nonnullos,  quorum    auctoritas    apud 


208 


CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


plebem  plurimum  valeat,  qui  privatim  plus  possint  quam  ipsi 
magistratus.  Hos  seditiosa  atque  improba  oratione  multitudinem 
tleterrere  ne  frumentum  conferant,  quod  debeanfe. 


■Wm 

Near  this  Place  Occurred  the  Conference  with  the  Allies. 


528.  Learn  thoroughly  the  cardinals  as  far  as  twenty  in  the  App.,  §  14, 
and  study  carefully  the  method  of  formation  of  all  other  cardinals.  Review 
the  declension  of  unus,  duo,  tres,  in  the  App. ,  §.  9,  and  mille  in  §  167. 


Observations. 

(a)  The  cardinals  from  quattuor  to  centum  inclusive  are  indeclinable,  as 
quattuor  milites,  four  soldiers,  decern  militum,  of  ten  soldiers. 

(6)  The  multiples  of  centum,  ducenti,  -ae,  -a,  etc.  are  declined  like  the 
plural  of  latus. 

(c)  In  compounds  such  as  viginti  duo,  triginta  unus,  centum  tres,  etc.  the 
declinable  numeral  retains  its  declension,  as  viginti  trium  hominum,  of 
twenty-three  men. 


LESSON  LXIX.  209 

529.  VOCABULARY. 

libertas.  -tatis,  f . ,  freedom.  quantus,  -a,  -um,  interrog.  and  rel. 

adj. ,  how  great  ?  as  great. 
coerceo,  -ercere,  -ercul,  -ercitus,  restrain,  check. 
dubito,  1,  doubt  (followed  by  quin  and  the  subj.),  hesitate  (followed 

by  complementary  inf.). 
perfero,  -ferre,  -tull,  -latus,  bear  through,  carry  through,  endure  to 

the  end. 
praesto,  -stare,  -stitT,  -stitus,  stand  before,  excel;  praestat,  (imper- 
sonal), it  is  preferable. 

530.  WRITTEN  WORK. 

(1)  Decline  libertas  in  the  singular. 

(2)  Write  in  Latin  of  352  men,  with  three  thousand  soldiers,  for  four 
miles  and  the  cardinals  545,  648. 

(3)  Write  a  synopsis  of  perfero  in  the  2d  singular  active. 

(4)  Tabulate  with  meanings  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  dubito. 

531.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Quingentos  equites  mittamus,  qui  Caesarl  auxilio  sint. 

(2)  Caesar  verebatur  ut  Labienus   cum  mille  militibus  veniret. 

(3)  Legates  mittemus  rogatum  Caesarem  quadringentos  milites. 

(4)  Liscus  demum   proposuit  quanto   cum  periculo   id  fecisset. 

(5)  Non  nulli  Aedui  timebant  ne  Caesar  libertatem  erepturus 
esset.  (6)  Casu  accidit  ut  quattuor  milia  militum  Genavae 
essent.  (7)  Labienus  rogavit  quas  iniurias  Helvetil  finitimis 
intulissent.       (8)  Haec  omnia  Aeduis  dititissime  perf erenda  sunt. 

II.  (1)  Let  us  march  to  Geneva  with  two  thousand  soldiers. 
(2)  If  Caesar  had  been  present,  our  freedom  would  not  have  been 
snatched  away.  (3)  Would  that  our  allies  had  not  joined  battle 
on  that  day.  (4)  If  the  Swiss  hate  ^  the  Romans,  they  will  not 
lay  down  their  arms.  (5)  I  fear  that  Caesar  is  greatly  alarmed 
by  the  recent  calamity. 

1  Remember  that  I^tin  is  very  exact  as  to  tenses,  always  employing  the  tense 
that  will  precisely  express  the  time.    What  is  the  time  of  this  feeling  of  hatred  ? 


210  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

532.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

El  principes,  qui  privatim  plus  possunt  quam  magistratus  ipsi, 
dicunt  haec:  "Praestat  imperia  Gallorum  quam  Romauorum 
perferre,  si  iam  principatum  Galliae  obtinere  non  poterimus. 
Neque  debemus  dubitare  quin  Roman!  llbertatem  Aeduis  una  cum 
reliqua  Gallia  sint  erepturl,  si  Helvetios  superaverint.* "  Ei  prin- 
cipes dicunt  praestare  imperia^  etc.  Dicunt  neque  se  debere 
etc.^  Liscus  etiam  haec  dicit :  "  Nostra  consilia  quaeque  in  cas- 
tris  geruntur  ab  eisdem  principibus  hostibus  enuntiantur.  Hi  a 
me  coerceri  non  possunt.  Quin  etiam,^  quod  necessario  *  coactus 
rem  Caesari  enuntiavi,  intellego  quanto  cum  periculo  id  fecerim.^ 
Ob  eam  causam  quam  diu*potui  tacui.'^  Liscus  etiam  dicit  ab  eis- 
dem enuntiari  nostra  consilia  ^  etc.;  hos  a  se  coerceri  non  posse  ^  etc.; 
sese  intellegere^  quanto  cum  periculo  rem  Caesari  enuntiaverit.^ 

1  Why  subjunctive  ?    §  488. 

2  The  student  will  observe  that  this  clause  is  the  indirect  form  of  a  preceding 
sentence.    This  indirect  form  he  should  complete  in  Latin  and  then  translate. 

3  Quin  etiam,  but  even,  nay  more. 

4  necessario,  abl.  as  adv.  necessarily. 

5  quam  diu,  as  long  as. 


LESSON   LXX. 

TEMPORAL  CLAUSES  WITH  rOSTQUAM,    UBI,   PRIV8- 

QUAM.^  —  REWIEW  OF  SUBJUNCTIVES. 

533.  Liscus  shows  how  these  treacherous  leaders  secretly  ivish  for 
the  success  of  the  Swiss.  Acting  as  spies,  they  report  Caesar^ s  plans 
to  the  enemy  and  intimidate  the  magistrates  so  that  Liscus,  the  ab- 
solute ruler,  has  feared  to  tell  the  truth. 

Praestare,  si  iam  principatum  Galliae  obtinere  non  possint, 
Gallorum  quam  Romanorum  imperia  perferre;  neque  dubitare 
debere  quin,  si  Helvetios  superaverint  Romani,  una  cum  reliqua 

♦  See  remark  regarding  these  clauses  in  the  Syntactical  Syllabus,  page  281. 


LESSON  LXX.  211 

Gallia  Aeduis  libertatem  sint  erepturi.  Ab  eisdem  nostra  cousilia, 
quaeque  in  castris  gerantur,  hostibus  enuntiari :  hos  a  se  coerceri 
non  posse.  Quin  etiam,  quod  necessario  rem  coactus  Caesari 
enuntiarit,  intellegere  sese,  quanto  id  cum  periculo  fecerit,  et  ob 
eam  causam,  quam  diu  potuerit,  tacuisse.     [Cap.  XVII.     Finis.] 


534.  MODEL  SENTENCES. 

(1)  Ubi  se  paratos  esse  arbitrati  sunt,  oppida  sua  incenderunt. 
—  When  they  thought  they  were  ready,  they  set  on  fire  their  toivns. 
(2)  Postquam  Caesar  id  intellexit,  castra  movit.  —  After  Caesar 
learned  this,  he  moved  his  camp.  (3)  Galll  superiora  loca  occupa- 
verunt  priusquam  oppidum  oppugnaverunt. —  The  Gauls  seized  the 
heights  before  they  attax^ked  the  town.  (4)  Galli  adventum  Caesaris 
exspectabant,  priusquam  oppidum  oppugnarent.  —  The  Gauls 
were  waiting  for  the  arrival  of  Caesar  before  they  attacked  the  towiij 
(the  presumption  being  that  they  did  not  attack  at  all) . 


Observe:  — 

(1)  that  in  sentences  1  and  2  ubi,  when,  and  postquam,  after, 
introduce  Temporal  Clauses  and  are  followed  by  the  perfect 
indicative. 

(2)  that  in  sentences  3  and  4  observe  that  priusquam,  before, 
takes  the  indicative  when  the  Temporal  Clause  states  a  Fact, 
the  subjunctive  when  the  Temporal  Clause  implies  Purpose  or 
Expectation. 


535.    RULE. — 1.    The   conjunctions  postquam   and  ubi 

introduce   temporal   clauses  and  are  followed   hy  the  perfect 
indicative. 

2.  Priusquam  takes  the  indicative  when  its  clause  states  a 
fact^  the  subjunctive  when  its  clause  implies  purpose  or  expecta- 
tion. 


212 


CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 


536.       SUMMARY  OF  USES  OF  THE  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

I.  In  Subordinate  Clauses. 

f  aflBrmative  ut  or  qui,  or  qu5  with  comparatives, 
1.   Purpose  I  ^^^^^^^  ^- 

afi&rmative  ut, 
negative  ut  non. 

3.   Cause  and  concession  —  cum. 

Ilnd.  with  primary  tenses. 
Subj.  with  secondary  tenses, 
verbs  of  fearing  :  ne  afl&rmative,  ut  negative ; 
perficit,  accidit,  etc.,  or  in       1 
apposition  with  a  substantive  J 

I.  Present  and  Past  Time, 
(a)  Simple  — Ind.        f  pres.  Time  — Imp.  Subj. 
(&)  Contrary  to  Factj  Pact  Time  —  Plup.  Subj. 

II.  Future  Time, 
(a)  More  Vivid  —  Ind. 
(6)  Less  Vivid  — Subj.  Pres.  or  Perf. 

7.   Indirect  Questions  —  interrogative  pronoun,  adjective,  adverb,  or  parti- 


2.   Result 


4.   Time  —  cum 


5.   Substantive 


6.    Conditions  in 
Protases 


ut. 


cle. 


8.   Indirect  Discourse,  including  quod  Causal. 
„         .  J  Ind.  to  state  a  fact ; 

^  [Subj.  to  imply  purpose  or  expectation. 


II. 


In  Principal  Clauses. 


1.  Commands  and  f  Subj.  in  1st  and  3d  pers.,  negative  ne  ; 

Exhortations  |^  Imperative  in  2d  pers.,  negative  noli  or  nolite  with  inf. 
Future  —  Possible  —  Pres.  Subj. , 

2.  Wishes      Pres. — Unfulfilled  —  Imp.  Subj.,  utinam  affirmative. 

Past  —  Unfulfilled — Plup.  Subj.,  ne  negative. 

3.  Apodoses  of 


Conditions 


like  protases  in  mood  and  tense. 


537. 


WRITTEN  WORK. 


Tabulate  as  above  the  uses  of  the  subjunctive,  illustrating  each  variety 
by  a  short  original  Latin  sentence. 


TENTH  REVIEW.  213 

538.  EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

I.  (1)  Ubi  hostes  adortus  est,  se  f  iigae  mandav6runt.  (2)  Post- 
quam  id  Caesari  nuntiatum  est,  equitatura  agmini  praeraisit. 
(3)  Priusquam  principes  convocavit,  castra  movit.  (4)  Caesar 
adventum  Labieni  exspectabat,  priusquam  pacem  confirmaret. 
(5)  Cum  Belgae  suos  ex  hibernis  eduxissent,  Roman!  eos  aggressi 
sunt.  (6)  Cum  Labienus  hibernis  non  praeesset,  milites  vere- 
bantur  ne  castra  expugnarentur. 

II.  (1)  After  Caesar  arrived,  the  enemy  withdrew.  (2)  When 
Labienus  crossed  the  river,  he  waited  for  Caesar.  (3)  Labienus 
will  wait  for  Caesar  before  he  will  cross  the  river.  (4)  Let  us 
find  out  who  is  in  charge  of  this  fortification.  (5)  Before  he 
should  attack  the  enemy,  Caesar  sent  out  scouts. 

TENTH   REVIEW. 

I.  List  in  a  column  with  meanings  and  index  as  formerly  di- 
rected the  Latin  nouns  numbered  126,  127,  128,  and  the  Latin 
adjectives  numbered  92,  93,  94,  in  the  Word  List  on  pages 
275-278. 

II.  List  in  a  column  with  principal  parts  and  meanings  the 
Latin  verbs  numbered  147-171,  inclusive,  in  the  Word  List  on 
pages  275-278. 

III.  List  in  a  column  and  number  the  Latin  verbs  meaning : 
arrive  J  bear,  be  willing  j  be  unwilling  ^  hasten,  cross,  prohibit,  receive, 
persuade,  drive,  drive  back,  put  in  command  of,  remove,  take  by 
storm,  have,  hinder,  kill,  order,  conquer,  burn,  lay  aside,  accuse. 

Conjugate  consecutively  both  in  the  present  indicative  and 
present  subjunctive  active  the  first  six  of  these  verbs  as  follows : 
the  1st  singular  of  the  first,  the  2d  singular  of  the  second,  the  3d 
singular  of  the  third,  the  1st  plural  of  the  fourth,  etc.^ 

In  like  manner  conjugate  in  the  perfect  indicative  active  and 
passive,  the  second  six  verbs,  in  the  future  indicative  the  third 
six,  and  in  the  imperfect  subjunctive  the  last  six. 

J  A  model  of  this  scheme  will  he  found  in  the  App.  §  30. 


214 


CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


IV.  List  in  a  column  and  number  the  verbs  meaning:  set  out, 
attempt,  follow,  use,  attack,  promise,  get  possession  of.  Noting  that 
all  of  the  above  verbs  are  deponents,  tabulate  consecutively  with 
meanings  the  infinitives  and  participles. 

V.  Translate  text  at  the  head  of  Lessons  LXVII-LXX,  inclu- 
sive, pointing  out  all  examples  of  the  rules  mentioned  above. 

VI.  Arrange  four  columns,  one  each  for  the  genitive,  dative, 
accusative,  and  ablative,  and  place  each  of  the  following  construc- 
tions under  its  proper  heading,  noting  that  four  of  these  con- 
structions should  appear  in  more  than  one  column  :  Direct  Object, 
Indirect  Object,  Possessor,  Specification,  Extent  of  Time  and 
Space,  Time  When,  Place  in  Which,  Place  to  Which,  Place  from 
Which,  Verbs  Compounded  with  Prepositions,  Utor,  etc..  Special 
Verbs,  the  Whole,  Means,  Agency,  Manner,  Verbs  of  Asking,  De- 
manding, etc..  Degree  of  Difference,  Cause,  Subjective  and  Objec- 
tive, Separation,  Comparison,  Verbs  of  Making,  Choosing,  etc., 
Absolute,  Quality. 


■f^P*ll 


The  RriNs  of  the  Roman  Forum.  To  the  Left  is  the  Basilica,  an  Edifice  fok  Courts 
AND  Business  Offices,  Erected  by  Caesar.  In  the  Foreground  is  the  Temple  of  thb 
Deified  Caesar. 


CHAPTERS  XVIII-XXIX   INCLUSIVE 

OF 

THE  GALLIC   WAR. 

CONTINUING  THE  STORY  OF  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

Note.  —  The  student  has  now  studied  all  forms  and  principles  necessary 
to  the  reading^ of  Caesar.  The  remainder  of  the  story  of  the  First  Campaign 
must  be  read  by  reference  to  the  general  vocabulary,  and  with  the  aid  of 
Development  Exercises,  which  will  no  longer  attempt  to  give  a  connected 
account  of  the  story,  but  will  be  limited  to  a  treatment  of  those  sentences 
likely  to  present  difficulty  in  their  original  form.  Indirect  Discourse  will 
generally  be  simplified  by  giving  in  the  Development  Exercises  the  equivalent 
Direct  Discourse,  as  has  been  done  in  the  exercise  immediately  following. 
The  English-Latin  exercises  occurring  at  the  end  of  each  chapter  should  be 
divided  by  the  teacher  into  as  many  parts  as  the  days  required  to  complete  a 
chapter.  Lack  of  time  may  necessitate  the  omission  of  some  of  the  sen- 
tences, but  should  not  be  permitted  to  crowd  out  of  consideration  the  review 
of  the  principles  involved  as  indicated  by  the  references  preceding  each 
exercise.  The  sentences  numbered  in  heavy  type  contain  those  construc- 
tions of  most  frequent  occurrence,  as  indicated  in  the  Syntactical  Syllabus. 

539.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Pluribns  praesentibiis,  Caesar  eas  res  iactari  nolebat.  Itaque 
ex  Dumnorige  solo  ea  quaerit.  Turn  Dumnorix  llberius  et  auda- 
cius  dicit.  Caesar  reperit  haec  esse  vera :  Homo  ipse  erat  Dum- 
norix, homo  summa  audacia,  magna  apud  plebem  propter  liberal- 
itatem  gratia,  cupidus  rerum  no  varum. 

PART  I. 

540.  Liscus,  when  questioned  in  private^  confirms  Caesar^s  sus- 
picion that  Dumnorix  is  the  mischief  maker. 

215 


216 


CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


The  Scutum,  oe 
Heavy  Shield  of 

A  LlGIONABIUS. 


Caesar  hac  oratione  Lisci  Dumnorigem,  Divi- 
ciaci  fratrem,  designari  sentiebat,  sed,  quod 
pltiribus  praesentibus  eas  res  iactari  nolebat, 
celeriter  concilium  dimittit,  Liscum  retinet. 
Quaerit  ex  solo  ea,  quae  in  conventti  dixerat. 
Dicit  liberius  atque  audacius.  Eadem  secreto 
ab  aliis  quaerit;  reperit  esse  vera:  Ipsuni  esse 
Dumnorigem,  summa  audacia,  magna  apud  ple- 
bem  propter  liberalitatem  gratia,  cupidum  rerum 
novarum. 


541.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Dumnorix  complures  annos  portoria  reliquaque  omnia  Aedu- 
orum  vectigalia  parvo  pretio  redempta  habebat.  His  rebus  et 
suam  rem  familiarem  auxerat  et  facultates  ad  largiendum  magnas 
comparaverat. 

Dumnorix  magnum  numerum  equitattis  suo  stimptu  semper 
alebat  et  circum  se  habebat.  Non  solum  domi,  sed  etiam  apud 
finitimas  civitates  largiter  poterat.  Huius  potentiae  causa  matrem 
homini  in  Biturigibus  illic  nobilissimo  in  matrimonium  colloca- 
verat.  Dumnorix  ipse  ex  Helvetiis  uxorem  habebat.  Sororem  ex 
matre  et  propinquas  suas  in  alias  civitates  nuptum  collocaverat. 


PART  II. 
542.  By  bullying  other  bidders,  Dumnorix  procures 
the  contract  for  collecting  the  Aeduan  taxes  at  a  figure 
that  enables  him  to  accumidate  a  great  fortune  and 
bribe  his  way  to  popular  favor.  He  further  strength- 
ens his  hand  by  cleverly  planned  marriages  with  the 
princely  houses  of  neighboring  states. 

Complures  annos  portoria  reliquaque  omnia 
Aeduorum  vectigalia  parvo  pretio  redempta  habere, 
propterea  quod  illo  licente  contra  licerl  audeat  nemo. 


A  Roman  Le- 
gionary   Stand- 
ard. 

His  rebus 


CHAPTER  XVIII  OF  CAESAR'S  GALLIC   WAR.       217 

et  suam  rem  familiarem  auxisse  et  facultates  ad  largiendum 
magnas  comparasse;  magnum  niimerum  equitatus  suo  sumptu 
semper  alere  et  circum  se  habere ;  neque  solum  domi,  sed  etiam 
apud  finitimas  civitates  largiter  posse,  atque  huius  potentiae 
causa  matrem  in  Biturigibus  homini  illic  nobilissimo  ac  potentis- 
simo  collocasse,  ipsum  ex  Helvetiis  uxorem  habere,  sororem  ex 
matre  et  propinquas  suas  ntiptum  in  alias  civitates  collocasse. 

543.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Propter  earn  afflnitatem  Helvetiis  favet  et  cupit.^  Suo  nomine 
Caesarem  et  Romanes  oderat.^  Si  quid  accidit  Romanis,  in 
summam  spem  regni  obtinendl  per  Helvetios  venit.  Imperio 
popull  Roman!  non  modo  de  regno,  sed  etiam  de  ea  gratia  quam 
habet  desperat. 

In  quaerendo  reperiebat  proelium^  equestre  adversum,  quod 
panels  ante  diebus  factum  esset,  initium  eius  f ugae  a  Dumnorige 
et  eius  equitibus  factum  esse,  eorum  fuga  reliquum  equitatum 
esse  perterritum. 

1  cupit,  desires  ^eir  success. 

2  The  pluperfect  of  the  defective  verb  odi  has  the  sense  of  the  imperfect. 

8  On  inquiry  he  found  out,  in  regard  to  the  unfortunate  cavalry  battle,  which 
had  been  fought  a  few  days  before,  that  the  beginning  of  this  flight  had  been,  etc. 

PART  III. 

544.  Dumnorix  favors  the  Swiss  on  account  of  his  Swiss  wife 
and  hates  the  Romans,  homing  in  the  event  of  the  latters'  defeat  to 
make  himself  a  king.  Caesar  also  finds  out  that  Dumnorix  had 
treacherously  brought  about  the  repulse  in  the  cavalry  skirmish  a  few 
days  before. 

Favere  et  cupere  Helvetiis  propter  earn  afflnitatem,  odisse  etiam 
suo  nomine  Caesarem  et  Romanes,  quod  eorum  adventu  potentia 
eius  deminuta  et  Diviciacus  frater  in  antiquum  locum  gratiae 
atque  honoris  sit  restittitus.     Si  quid  accidat  Romanis,  summam 


218  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

in  spem  per  Helvetios  regni  obtinendi  venire;  imperio  populi 
RomanI  non  modo  de  regno,  sed  etiam  de  ea,  quam  habeat,  gratia 
desperare.  Reperiebat  etiam  in  quaerendo  Caesar,  quod  proelium 
equestre  adversum  panels  ante  diebus  esset  factum,  initium  eius 
fugae  factum  a  Dumnorige  atque  eius  equitibus  (nam  equitatui, 
quern  auxilio  Caesarl  Aedui  miserant,  Dumnorix  praeerat)  :  eorum 
fuga  reliquum  esse  equitatum  perterritum. 


545.  EXERCISES.* 

Review  Ablative  and  Genitive  of  Quality  in  §  308,  Dative  of  Purpose  in 
§  467,  Indirect  Discourse  in  §§  284-286. 

(1)  Caesar  thought  that  Diviciacus  was  of  a  friendly  spirit 
toward  ^  him.  (2)  We  desire  our  clients  to  be  of  great  loyalty  ^ 
toward^  Caesar.  (3)  Caesar  sent  nine  ships  as  a  protection  to 
this  bridge.  (4)  We  sent  away  the  leaders  who  were  not  of  great 
good  will  ^  towards  us.  (5)  Among  the  Swiss  were  very  many  re- 
tainers of  distinguished  loyalty.  (6)  This  bank  was  fortified  by 
a  band  of  500  cavalry.  (7)  Caesar  replied  that  the  soldiers  were 
of  remarkable  good  will  ^  towards  himself.  (8)  This  town  had 
been  fortified  by  a  wall  of  sixteen  feet.  (9)  Caesar  hoped  that  the 
senate  would  be  (fut.  inf.)  of  friendly  disposition  toward  him. 
(10)  Caesar  perceived  that  the  seventh  legion  had  been  left  as  an 
aid  to  him.  (11)  A  bridge  was  made  over  (in)  this  river  with 
rafts.  (12)  The  senate  replied  that  this  was  (for)  a  great  calamity 
to  them.  (13)  Very  many  soldiers  assembled  at  the  banks  of  the 
Rhone  as  an  aid  to  Caesar.  (14)  Caesar  ordered  the  soldiers  to 
march  one  by  one.  (15)  A  space  of  fifteen  feet  intervened  be- 
tween the  banlf  of  the  river  and  these  buildings. 

1  in  with  ace.  2  fides.  s  voluntas. 

*  See  Note,  p.  215. 


CHAPTER  XIX  OF  CAESAR'S  GALLIC   WAR. 


219 


546. 


CHAPTER   XIX. 


DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 


Ad  has  suspiciones  certissimae  r6s  accedebant,  quod  ^  Dumnorix 
obsides  inter  eos  dandos  curasset,^  quod  ^  ea  omnia,  Caesare  et  civi- 
tate  inscientibus,  fecisset.  Eas  res  satis  esse  causae  arbitrabatur 
quare  in  eum  animadverteret.^  His  omnibus  rebus  unura  resiste- 
bat,  quod^  Diviciaci  summum  studium  in*  populum  Romanum  cog- 
noverat. 

1  quod,  conj.,  trans,  the  fact  that. 

2  dandos  curasset,  see  §  470,  note  2. 

3  in  eum  animadverteret,  indirect  question,  transl.  punish  him. 
*  in,  towards. 


PART  I. 

547.   Having  learned  these  facts  regarding  Dumnorix,  and  having 
confirmed  his  suspicions  regarding  him,  Caesar  tho^lght 
he  had  good  reasoyi  to  punish  him  or  order  the  Aedu- 
ans  to  do  so.     Regard  for  his  hrotlier,  Diviciacus, 
stays  Caesar^  s  hand. 

Quibus  rebus  cognitTs,  cum  ad  has  suspiciones 
certissimae  res  accederent,  quod  per  fines  Sequa- 
norum  Helvetios  traduxisset,  quod  obsides  inter 
eos  dandos  curasset,  quod  ea  omnia  non  modo 
iniussti  suo  et  cTvitatis,  sed  etiam  inscientibus  ipsTs 
fecisset,  quod  a  magistratu  Aeduorum  accusaretur, 
satis  esse  causae  arbitrabatur,  quare  in  eum  aut 
ipse  animadverteret  aut   civitatem  animadvertere     Pila,  or  Heavy 

.  Javelins,  THROWN 

luberet.      His   omnibus   rebus   unum    repugnabat,   at  the  beginning 
quod  Diviciaci  fratris  summum  in  populum  Roma-      ^"^  ^  battle. 
num  studium,  summam  in  se  voluntatem,  egregiam  fidem,  iusti- 
tiam,  temperantiam  cognoverat. 


220  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

548.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Cotldianis  interpretibus  remotis,  per  Caium  Valerium  Troucillum 
cum  Diviciaco  Caesar  coUoquitur.  Hic  Troucillus  fuit  princeps 
Galliae  provinciae  et  familiaris  Caesaris,  cui^  Caesar  summam 
omnium  rerum  fidem  habebat.  Caesar  com monefacit  quae  ipso  ^ 
praesente  dicta  sint.     Caesar  hortatur  ut  ipse  ^  de  eo  statuat. 

1  cui,  dative  after  expression  of  trusting,  transl.  in  lohom. 

2  ipso  praesente,  ablative  absolute,  transl.  in  his  presence. 
8  ipse  like  ipso  above  refers  to  Caesar. 

PART  II. 

549.  Caesar's  fear  that  he  ivould  wound  the  feelings  of  Dividojcus 
leads  him  to  consult  with  his  faithful  ally  before  deciding  upon  the 
punishment  of  Dumnorix. 

Nam  ne  eius  supplicio  Diviciaci  animum  ofPenderet,  verebatur. 
Itaque  prius  quam  quicquam  conaretur,  Diviciacum  ad  se  vocari 
iubet  et  cotldianis  interpretibus  remotis  per  C.  Valerium  Troucil- 
lum, principem  Galliae  provinciae,  familiarem  suum,  cui  summam 
omnium  rerum  fidem  habebat,  cum  eo  colloquitur:  simul  com- 
monefacit,  quae  ipso  praesente  in  concilio  Gallorum  de  Dum- 
norige  sint  dicta,  et  ostendit,  quae  separatim  quisque  de  eo  apud 
se  dixerit.  Petit  atque  hortatur,  ut  sine  eius  offensione  animi  vel 
ipse  de  eo,  causa  cognita,  statuat,  vel  civitatem  statuere  iubeat. 

55a  EXERCISES. 

Review  Objective  and  Subjective  Genitive  in  §  450,  Genitive  of  the 
Whole,  §  166,  and  Demonstrative  Pronouns  in  §  66,  74,  App.  16. 

(1)  Very  many  of  his  soldiers  were  driven  back  almost  in  sight 
of  Caesar.  (2)  A  space  of  nine  miles  intervened  daily  between 
the  cavalry  and  the  rest  of  the  army.  (3)  A  garrison  of  sixteen 
soldiers  was  left  there  as  an  aid  to  the  cavalry.  (4)  The  good  will 
of  that  whole  army  was  sought  by  Labienus.  (5)  The  Swiss  were 
elated  by  the  memory  of  this  victory.     (6)  The  senate  was  greatly 


CHAPTER  XX  OF  CAESARS   GALLIC   WAR.  221 

alarmed  by  the  bold  plots  of  this  leader.  (7)  The  whole  number 
of  their  soldiers  returned  to  that  camp  without  hope  of  victory. 
(8)  On  the  arrival  of  five  legions  of  the  army,  Caesar  decided 
to  join  battle.  (9)  Without  the  aid  of  the  cavalry,  Caesar  will 
not  attempt  to  follow  the  enemy.  (10)  Many  of  the  Swiss  were 
greatly  alarmed  by  their  recent  change  of  fortune. 


CHAPTER   XX. 

551.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Diviciacus  Caesarem  complexus  est.  Caesarem  complexus, 
obsecrare  coepit  his  verbis  : 

"  Scio  *  ilia  ^  esse  vera.  Nee  quisquam  ex  eo  plus  doloris 
capit  *  ^  quam  ego.  Pliis  doloris  capio  propterea  quod,  cum  (when) 
ego  domi  atque  in  reliqua  Gallia  gratia^  plurimum  poteram,t 
Dumnorix  minimum  propter  adulescentiam  poterat.f  Per  m6 
gratia  crevit.f  Quibus^  opibus  ac  nervis  non  solum  ad  min- 
uendam  meam  gratiam  sed  paene  ad  meam  perniciem  tititur."  f 

1  ilia,  those  charges. 

2  capit,  takes,  i.e.  feels  grief. 

8  gratia  plurimum  posse,  to  he  very  great  in  influence. 
*  Quibus :  translate  as  demonstrative.    Why? 

PART  I. 

552.  With  tears  and  embraces,  the  frightened  prince  entreats 
Caesar  not  to  decide  upon  anything  too  severe  against  his  brother, 
in  spite  of  the  fact  that  Dumnorix  is  using  power  acquired  through 
Diviciacus  to  the  latter^ s  ruin. 

Diviciacus  multis  cum  lacrimls  Caesarem  complexus  obsecrare 
coepit,  ne  quid  gravius  in  fratrem  statueret :  Scire  se  ilia  esse 

*  t  In  the  Indirect  Discourse  in  Part  I,  those  verbs  marked  with  an  asterisk 
become  infinitives,  while  those  marked  with  a  dagger  become  subjunctive. 
Why? 

16 


222  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

vera,  nee  quemquain  ex  eo  plus  quam  se  doloris  capere,  propterea 
quod,  cum  ipse  gratia  plurimum  domi  atque  in  reliqua  Gallia,  ille 
minimum  propter  adulescentiam  posset,  per  se  crevisset ;  quibus 
opibus  ac  nervis  non  solum  ad  minuendam  gratiam,  sed  paene  ad 
perniciem  suam  titeretur. 

553.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 
Dwidacus  continues  his  plea  for  his  brother's  life. 

Ego  tamen  commoveor  et  amore  fraterno  et  existimatione  vulgi. 
Quod  sT^  quid  gravius  Dumnorigi  acciderit,^  cum  ego  eum  locum 
amicitiae  apud  te  teneo,  nemo  existimabit  id  non  mea  voluntate 
factum  esse.  Qua  ex  re  erit  ^  uti  totius  Galliae  animi  a  me  aver- 
tantur." 

Haec  cum  (when)  si.  Caesare  petit,  Caesar  rogat  ut  finem  orandi 
faciat. 

1  quod  si,  but  if. 

2  accident,  future  perfect  becomes  pluperfect  subjunctive  in  the  Indirect  Dis- 
course in  Part  II,  being  a  subordinate  clause  after  a  secondary  tense.  Why  does 
the  present  subjunctive  avertantur  become  imperfect  subjunctive? 

^  erit,  will  be,  i.e.  will  come  to  pass. 

PART  II. 

554.  Love  for  his  brother  and  regard  for  popular  opinion  will 
not  permit  Diviciacus  to  consent  to  the  punishment  of  Dumnorix. 
Moved  by  the  tears  of  Diviciacus,  Caesar  consoles  him. 

Sese^  tamen  et  amore  fraterno  et  existimatione  vulgi  com- 
moverl.  Quod  si  quid  el  a  Caesare  gravius  accidisset,  cum  ipse 
eum  locum  amicitiae  apud  eum  teneret,  neminem  existimaturum 
non  sua  voluntate  factum  ;  qua  ex  re  futtirum,  uti  totius  Galliae 
animi  a  se  averterentur.  Haec  cum  pluribus  verbis  flens  a 
Caesare  peteret,  Caesar  eius  dextram  prendit ;  consolatus  rogat, 
finem  orandi  faciat. 

1  A  verb  of  saying  must  be  understood  before  sese. 


CHAPTER  XX   OF   CAESAR'S  GALLIC   WAR.  223 

555.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Caesar  Diviciaco  ostendit  eius  gratia m  ^  apud  s6  esse  tanti  lit 
eius  voluntatis  initiriairi  condonet.  Diimnorigi  ostendit  quae  in 
eo  reprehendat.^  Quae  civitas  queratur,^  proponit.  Dicit  s6 
Diviciaco  *  praeterita  condonare.  Caesar  scit  quae  agat,^  quibus- 
cum  loquatur.^ 

1  gratiam  .  .  .  tanti,  his  favor  is  of  so  much  weight  toith  him. 

2  Dative,  indirect  object  of  condono ;  translate,  he  forgives  the  wrong  in  con- 
sideration of  e^ic. 

8  Indirect  Question ;  quae  is  an  interrogative  pronoun. 

PART  III. 

556.  Caesar  summons  DumnoHx  andj  in  the  presence  of  his 
brother,  warns  him  of  the  danger  in  which  he  stands.  Caesar  then 
puts  spies  on  the  track  of  the  ambitious  Gaid  to  insure  his  good 
behavior. 

Tanti  eius  apud  se  gratiam  esse  ostendit,  uti  et  rei  publicae 
iniuriam  et  suum  dolorem  eius  voluntati  ac  precibns  condonet. 
Dumnorigem  ad  se  vocat,  fratrem  adhibet;  quae  in  eo  repre- 
hendat,  ostendit ;  quae  ipse  intellegat,  quae  cTvitas  queratur, 
proponit ;  monet,  ut  in  reliquum  tempus  omnes  suspiciones  vitet ; 
praeterita  se  Diviciaco  fratri  condonare  dicit.  Dumnorigi  custodes 
ponit,  ut,  quae  agat,  quibuscum  loquatur,  scire  possit. 

557.  EXERCISES. 

Review  Dative  with  Special  Verbs  in  §  264,  Ablative  with  Utor,  etc.,  in 
§  295,  Optative  Subjunctive  in  §§  513  and  514. 

(1)  Oh  that  we  may  persuade  the  Swiss  not  to  attack  those 
forts.  (2)  We  think  that  the  senate  is  opposing  Caesar.  (3)  The 
Swiss  were-anxious-for  (studeS)  the  forts.  (4)  Oh  that  we  had 
not  relied  on  our  recent  victory.  (5)  They  were  using  these 
buildings  also  (as)  a  protection.  (6)  On  account  of  their  desire 
of  freedom,  the  hostages  were  anxious  for  a  change  of  fortune. 
(7)  Caesar  likewise  relied  on  the  loyalty  of  these  nine  legions. 


224  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

(8)  Would  that  our  leader  had  got-possession-of  the  buildings  of 
this  town.  (9)  Caesar  did  not  allow  his  allies  to  use  treachery. 
(10)  For  this  reason,  the  fathers  of  these  children  opposed  the 
customs  of  the  Gauls.  (11)  Orgetorix  wished  to  use  the  influence 
of  his  relatives.  (12)  On  account  of  his  recent  victory,  the  Gauls 
were-anxious-for  Caesar's  good  will.  (13)  Caesar  did  not  use 
the  cavalry  before  the  fourth  watch.  (14)  On  account  of  his 
kindness,  we  are-anxious-for  peace.  (15)  Oh  that  our  friends  had 
not  resisted  his  kindness. 


CHAPTER   XXI. 

558.  DEVELOPMENT   EXERCISE. 

Caesar  certior  factus  est  hostes  sub  rnonte  consedisse.  Certior 
factus  etc.,  Caesar  misit  (homines)  qui^  cognoscerent  qualis^  in 
circuitu^  ascensus  esset.  Titum  Labienum,  legatum  pro  praetore, 
iubet  summum  iugum  montis  ascendere.  Cum  eis  ducibus,*  qui 
iter  oognoverant,  Labienum  montem  ascendere  iubet.  Cum  ex- 
ploratoribus  Considius  praemittitur. 

1  qui  c5gn5scerent,  Relative  Clause  of  Purpose. 

2  qualis  .  .  .  'fesset,  Indirect  Question. 

8  in  circuitu,  vi  a  roundabout  way  (so  as  not  to  be  seen  by  the  enemy  at  the  foot 
of  the  mountain). 

4  ducibus,  an  appositive  of  eis,  with  those  as  guides  who  etc.  {i.e.  the  homines 
sent  out  before) . 

559.  Caesar  lays  a  cunning  trap  to  catch  the  Swiss  by  sending 
Labienus  up  the  mountain  above  their  camp  while  he  himself  is  to 
attack  them  in  front.  Considius,  a  Gaul  with  a  high  military  repu- 
tation, takes  part  in  the  enterprise. 

Eodem  die  ab  exploratoribus  certior  factus  hostes  sub  monte 
consedisse  milia  passuum  ab  ipsius  castris  octo,  qualis  esset  natura 
montis  et  qualis  in  circuitu  ascensus,  qui  cognoscerent,  misit. 
Renuntiatum  est  facilem  esse.     De  tertia  vigilia  T.  Labienum, 


CHAPTER  XXI   OF   CAESAR'S  GALLIC   WAR. 


225 


Iggatum  pro  praetore  cum  duabus  legionibus  et  iis  ducibus,  qui 
iter  cognoverant,  suinmum  iugum  montis  ascendere  iubet;  quid 
sui  consill  sit,  ostendit.  Ipse  de  quarta  vigilia  eodem  itinere, 
quo  hostes  ierant,  ad  eos  contendit  equitatumque  omnem  ante  se 
mittit.  P.  Considius,  qui  rei  mllitaris  perltissimus  habebatur  et 
in  exercitu  L.  Sullae  et  postea  in  M.  CrassI  fuerat,  cum  explora- 
toribus  praemittitur. 


Near  here  Caesar  planned  to  trap  tue  Swi 


560. 


EXERCISES. 


Review  Genitive  and  Dative  with  Adjectives,  §§  278,  450,  2 ;  Indirect 
Question,  §  488  ;  Relative  Pronouns,  §§  81-83. 

(1)  These  leaders  also  were  skilled  in  military  affairs.  (2)  They 
did  not  desist,  because  they  were  desirous  of  victory.  (3)  Caesar 
wondered  why  (quarS)  the  leaders  had  not  enrolled  five  legions. 
(4)  Meanwhile  they  replied  that  their  legions  were  friendly  to 
the  enemy.  (5)  The  soldiers  desired  to  know  what  military 
standards  had  been  captured.  (6)  Caesar  wished  to  find  out  what 
legions  were  desirous  of  battle.  (7)  Around  the  military  stand- 
ards were  those  soldiers  most  skilled  in  fighting.^     (8)  Caesar 

1  For  the  word  *'  fighting  "  use  the  gerund  of  pugno.    For  case  see  §  450  (2). 


226 


CAESAR'S   FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 


led  out  the  soldiers  who  were  most  friendly  to  him.  (9)  The 
rivers  which  arise  in  the  mountains  are  nearest  the  ocean. 
(10)  Our  fathers,  who  were  very  skilled  in  military  affairs,  en- 
gaged-in  (facio)  many  battles. 


561. 


CHAPTER   XXII. 
DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 


Cum  (when)  summus  mons^  a  Labieno  ten6r6tur,  cum  ipse^  ab 
hostium  castris  non  longius  mille  et  quingentls  passibus^  abesset, 
cum  neque  aut  ipsius^  adventus  aut  LabienI  cognitus  esset,  Con- 
sidius  equo  admisso*  ad  eum  accurrit.  Considius  dicit  montem 
ab  hostibus  tenerl,  se  id  a  Gallicis  inslgnibus  cognovisse. 


A  Roman  Co- 
hort Standard. 


PART  I. 

562.  }Vhen  Caesar  has  his  trap  all  ready  to  spring, 
with  Labienus  above  the  enemy  and  his  own  forces 
in  front  and  neither  observed,  Corisidius  rushes  up 
with  an  important  piece  of  misinformation. 

Prima  luce,  cum  summus  mons  a  Labieno  tenerg- 
tur,  ipse  ab  hostium  castris  non  longius  mllle  et 
quingentls  passibus  abesset,  neque,  ut  postea  ex 
captlvis  comperit,  aut  ipslus  adventus  aut  LabienI 
cognitus  esset,  Considius  equo  admisso  ad  eum 
accurrit;  dIcit  montem,  quem  a  Labieno  occuparl 
voluerit,  ab  hostibus  tenerl ;  id  se  a  Gallicis  armis 
atque  Inslgnibus  cognovisse.  Caesar  suas  copias  in 
proximum  collem  subducit,  aciem  Instruit. 

1  summus  m5ns,  the  top  of  the  hill. 

2  ipse  and  ipsius  refer  to  Caesar. 

*  passibus,  Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference. 
^  equo  admisso,  his  horse  let  go,  i.e.  on  a  gallop. 


CHAPTER  XXII  OF   CAESAR'S   GALLIC   WAR.         227 

563.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Labieno  ^  erat  praeceptum  a  Caesare  ne  proelium  conunitteret. 
Erat  praeceptum  ne  Labieims  proelium  committeret  nisi  ipslus^ 
copiae  visae  essent.  Id  erat  praeceptum  ut  ^  impetus  undique  uno 
tempore  in  hostes  fieret.  Labienus,  ut^  ei^  a  Caesare  praeceptum 
erat,  proelio  abstinebat.  Multo^  die  Caesar  cognovit  raontem  a 
Labieno  tenerL  Caesar  item  cognovit  Helvetios  castra  movisse. 
Considius,  timore  perterritus,  Caesari  renuntiaverat  pro  viso*  id 
quod  non  viderat.^ 

1  Indirect  Object  of  praeceptam  erat,  translate  as  if  subject,  though  the  ac- 
tual subject  is  the  order  given.    See  §  498. 
^  I.e.  Caesar's  forces. 

*  ut  with  the  subjunctive  means  that  or  so  that ;  with  the  indicative  ut  means  a«. 
<  multo  die,  late  in  the  day. 

6  pro  viso,  as  seen. 

•  viderat  in  the  Indirect  Discourse  in  Part  II  becomes  subjunctive.    Why? 

PART  II. 

664.  Labienus,  unable  to  understand  why  Caesar  did  not  attack 
the  Swiss  in  front,  waited  for  his  commander  a>ccording  to  orders. 
The  Swiss,  becoming  aware  of  the  danger  of  their  situation,  decamped, 
leaving  Caesar  to  find  out  how  he  had  been  misled  through  the  foolish 
imagination  of  Considius.  Caesar  then  resumes  his  pursuit  of  the 
Swiss  at  the  usual  distance. 

Labienus,  ut  erat  ei  praeceptum  a  Caesare,  ne  proelium  com- 
mitteret, nisi  ipsius  copiae  prope  hostium  castra  visae  essent,  ut 
undique  uno  tempore  in  hostes  impetus  fieret,  monte  occupato 
nostros  exspectabat  proelioque  abstinebat.  Multo  denique  die 
per  exploratores  Caesar  cognovit,  et  montem  a  suis  teneri  et  Hel- 
vetios castra  movisse  et  Considium,  timore  perterritum,  quod  non 
vidisset,  pro  viso  sibi  renuntiavisse.  Eo  die,  quo  consuerat 
intervallo,  hostes  sequitur  et  milia  passuum  tria  ab  eorum  castris 
castra  ponit. 


228  CAESAR'S   FIRST    CAMPAIGN^. 

565.  EXERCISES. 

Review  Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference,  §  365 ;  Ablative  of  Comparison, 
§  351  ;  Ablative  of  Specification,  §  122 ;  Comparison  of  Adjectives  and  Ad- 
verbs, §§  104,  105,  309,  310,  App.,  §§  12,  13. 

(1)  Caesar  did  not  follow  the  enemy  more  than  twelve  miles. 
(2)  In  the  second  watch  the  enemy  were  in  all  more  than  five 
miles  away  from  our  camp.  (3)  These  territories  are  wider  than 
territories  which  border  on  the  ocean.  (4)  The  rivers  which  arise 
in  the  mountains  are  more  than  five  miles  away  from  our  camp. 
(5)  The  Swiss  are  much  more  powerful  in  arms  than  the  Allo- 
broges.  (6)  The  Gauls  began  to  burn  their  towns,  twelve  in 
number.  (7)  Our  camp  was  pitched  twelve  miles  away  from  this 
town  (8)  These  roads  are  greater  in  width  than  the  roads  of 
Gaul.  (9)  Our  army  underwent  far  greater  dangers  than  (did) 
the  Gauls.  (10)  The  Aedui  obtained  their  request  from  Caesar 
more  easil}''  than  (did)  the  Belgians. 

CHAPTER   XXIIL 

566.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Biduum  omnino  supererat,  cum^  frumentum  exercitui  metiri 
oporteret.  Bibracte  erat  oppidum  Aeduorum  longe  maximum  et 
copiosissimum.  Quod  a  Bibracte  non  amplius  mllibus  passuum 
xviii  aberat,  rel^  frumentariae  prospiciendum  existimavit. 
Helvetii  existimaverunt,  Eomanos  timore  perterritos,  a  se  dis- 
cedere.  Helvetii  id  eo^  magis  existimaverunt,  quod  (because) 
pridie  Romani,  superioribus  locis  a  Labieno  occupatis,  proelium 
non  commisissent.**  Helvetii,  seu  quod  id  existimarent,*  sive 
eo,^  quod  conf iderent  *  Romanos  re  f rtimentaria  intercltidi  posse, 

1  cum,  to  the  time  when. 

^  rei  frumentariae,  dative  after  pro  in  composition ;  transl.  he  thought  he  ought 
to  look  out  for  provisions. 

*  eo,  Ablative  of  Cause ;  transl.  on  this  account. 

*  Subjunctive,  because  Caesar  is  stating  the  reasoning  of  the  Swiss.    See  §  522. 


CHAPTER  XXIII  OF  CAESAR'S   GALLIC   WAR.        229 

consilium  comnmtaverunt.     Consilio  commutato  et  itinere  con- 
verse, nostros  insequi  coep^runt. 

567.  The  next  day  Caesar  abandons  his  pursuit  of  the  Siviss  in 
order  to  go  to  Bibracte  after  provisions,  TJie  JSwiss  now  turn  around 
andfollotv  Caesar,  either  because  they  believe  him  afraid  of  them  or 
because  they  hope  to  cut  him  off  from  supplies.  They  thus  give  him 
the  advantage  of  choosing  the  battlefield, 

Postridie  eius  diei,  quod  omnlno  biduum  supererat,  cum  exer- 
citui  frtimentum  metiri  oporteret,  et  quod  a  Bibracte,  oppido 
Aeduorum  longe  maximo  et  copiosissimo,  non  amplius  milibus 
passuum  xviii  aberat,  rei  frumentariae  prospiciendum  existimavit; 
iter  ab  Helvetils  avertit  ac  Bibracte  ire  contendit.     Ea  res  per 


^-h~ 


On  the  Hill  in  the  Background  was  the  Old  Town  of  Bibeactb. 

fugitivos  L.  Aemili,  decurionis  equitum  Gallorum,  hostibus  nun- 
tiatur.  Helvetii,  seu  quod  timore  perterritos  Romanos  discedere 
a  se  existimarent,  eo  magis,  quod  prldie,  superioribus  locis  occu- 


230  CAESAR'S  FIRST  CAMPAIGN. 

patis,  proelium  non  commisissent,  sive  eo,  quod  re  frumentaria 
intercludi  posse  confiderent,  commtitato  consilio  atqiie  itinere  con- 
verso,  nostros  a  novissimo  agmine  insequi  ac  lacessere  coeperunt. 

568.  EXERCISES. 

Review  Ablative  of  Means,  §  97  ;  Ablative  of  Cause,  §  137  ;  Quod  Causal, 
§  622;  Ablative  Absolute,  §  262. 

(1)  On  account  of  his  popularity,  Dumnorix  gained-his-re- 
quest  from  the  people.  (2)  Driven  back  by  the  onset  of  our 
(men),  the  enemy  hid  themselves  in  the  woods.  (3)  When  this 
thing  was  announced  (abl.  abs.),  Caesar  began  to  make  an  attack 
on  the  enemy.  (4)  Since  the  enemy  had  drawn  up  their  line  of 
battle,  Caesar  placed  his  legions  at  intervals.  (5)  By  leading 
away  the  horses   (abl.  abs.),  Caesar  cut  off  all  hope  of  flight. 

(6)  Caesar  placed  the  cavalry  and  horses  around  the  military 
standards    because     the     soldiers     were     thoroughly    alarmed. 

(7)  Having  called  his  lieutenants  to  a  council  of  war,  Caesar 
showed  them  how  great  the  danger  was.  (8)  Our  army  hastened 
to  cross  the  river  by  joining  boats  together  (abl.  abs.).  (9)  Caesar 
blamed  his  lieutenants  because  they  had  not  attacked  the  enemy. 
(10)  Driven  back  on  account  of  the  speed  of  the  enemy's  onset, 
our  men  desisted  from  the  attack  on  (of)  the  fortification. 

CHAPTER   XXIV. 

569-  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Caesar  id  ^  animum  advertit.  In  medio  colle  ^  triplicem  ^  aciem 
legionum  quattuor  veteranarum  ihstruxit.     Duas  legiones,  quas 

1  id,  ace.  after  ad  in  composition;  literally,  Caesar  turns  his  mind  to  this,  i.e. 
notices  this. 

3  in  medid  colle,  on  the  middle  of  the  hill,  halfway  up.  Caesar  needed  such  a 
vantage  ground  from  which  to  hurl  the  heavy  javelins  with  force. 

«  triplicem,  in  three  ranks,  the  first  two  of  which  took  turns  in  engaging  the 
enemy  in  front,  while  the  third  remained  in  the  rear  as  a  reserve. 


CHAPTER   XXIV  OF  CAESAR'S   GALLIC    WAR.       231 

proxime  conscripserat,  in  summo  iugo  ^  collocari  iussit.  lussit  duas 
legiones  et  omnia  auxilia  in  summo  iugo  collocari  ac  totum  mon- 
tem  hominibus  complerl.  Helvetii,  confertissima  ^  acie,  phalange 
facta,  successerunt. 

570.  Caesar  selects  a  hill  as  a  battle  ground  and  arranges  Jiis 
small  force  with  consummate  skill.  TJie  Siviss,  outnumbering  him 
four  to  one,  expose  themselves  to  the  Roman  javelins  in  a  solid  mass. 

Postquara  id  animum  advertit,  copias  suas  Caesar  in  proximum 
collem  subduxit  equitatumque,  qui  sustineret  liostium  impetum, 
misit.      Ipse    interim    in 

'■  Jith  Cohort       Sfff  Cohort        ind  Cohort        fst  Cohort 

colle      medio      triplicem  }     |  ■  |     ||      |     ]     ||     |     |     ||     |     |     | 

acieni  Instruxit  legionum 

quattuor       veteranarum;            nn                       eth  eth 

sed  in  summo  iugo  duas  I'll         I      I      I     I  I     I     I     I 

legiones,   quas   in   Gallia 

citeriore     proxime     con-  , — J^ — .         . — ^^^ — .  | — ^^ — . 

scrlpserat,  et  omnia  auxi-                              — —  — — — 

The  Triple  Battle  Line. 

lia     collocari,    ac    totum 

raontem  hominibus  complerl,  et  interea  sarcinas^  in  unum  locum 
conferri,  et  eum  ab  ils,  qui  in  superiore  acie  constiterant,  munlri 
iussit.  Helvetii  cum  omnibus  suis  carris  sectitl,  impedimenta  in 
unum  locum  contulerunt;  ipsi  confertissima  acie,  reiecto  nostro 
equitatu,  phalange  facta,  sub  primam  nostram  aciem  successerunt. 

571.  EXERCISES. 

Review  Dative  with  Compound  Verbs,  §  394  ;  Accusative  with  Compound 
Verbs,  §  489  ;  Double  Accusatives,  §§  505-507. 

(1)  Caesar  placed  Labieuus  in  charge  of  the  line  of  battle 
which  he  had  drawn  up.       (2)  Caesar  dismissed  the  assembly 

1  in  sumind  iugo  (compare  summus  mons) ,  oh  the  top  of  the  ridge.  The  raw  re- 
cruits and  the  auxilia,  consisting  of  Gallic  cavalry,  bowmen  and  sliugers,  could 
not  be  depended  upon  for  serious  fighting ;  and  so  are  put  in  a  safe  place  where 
they  would  appear  formidable  to  the  ignorant  Swiss. 

'■^  A  rude  square  or  phalanx  proved  an  admirable  target  for  the  Roman  javelins. 

3  For  sarcinae  carried  by  marching  soldier,  see  cut  on  page  195. 


232  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

and  led  his  forces  across  the  river.  (3)  The  leaders  perceived 
that  the  tenth  legion  was  not  present  at  the  battle.  (4)  Caesar 
asked  why  the  tenth  legion  had  not  crossed  the  river  of  their  own 
accord.  (5)  Meanwhile  the  lieutenant  who  was  in  charge  of  the 
military  standards  withstood  the  attack  of  the  enemy.  (6)  Hav- 
ing drawn  up  a  triple  line  of  battle  (abl.  abs.),  Caesar  was  anxious 
for  the  onset.  (7)  Caesar  was  anxious  (cupio)  to  know  which 
legion  had  crossed  the  river  first.  (8)  The  tenth  legion  surpassed 
all  the  others  in  bravery  and  (atque)  loyalty.  (9)  His  friends 
elected  Caesar  consul  at  Rome.  (10)  Labienus  was  selected  lieu- 
tenant on  account  of  his  distinguished  bravery. 


CHAPTER   XXV. 

572.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Caesar,  primum  suum  equum,  deinde  equos  omnium  ^  ex  con- 
spectu  removit,  ut  aequato  omnium  periculo  spem 
fugae  tolleret.  Caesar,  primum  suo  equo  remoto, 
deinde  equls  omnium  ex  conspectti  remotis,  cohor- 
tatus  suos,  proelium  commisit.  Milites  RomanI 
primum  plla  ^  miserunt  e  superiore  loco.  Pills  ^ 
missis,  hostium  phalangem  facile  perfrggerunt. 
Ea  phalange  disiecta,  gladios  destrinxerunt. 
Gladiis  destrictis  in  eos  impetum  fecerunt.  Pliira 
hostium  scuta  tino  ictti  pilorum  transfixa  et  con- 
ligata  sunt.     Eis   sctitis   conligatis,*  cum  (when) 

The   Romans   first   ■ 
HURLED     THE        1  omnium,  i.e.  of  all  the  mounted  officers. 
AND  THEN        ^  ^^^^  ^^^  ^^^  Tegulat  mcthod  of  fighting  on  the  part  of 

CHARGED     WITH    ^^^  Romaus :  first,  to  disorganize  the  ranks  of  the  enemy  by 
Drawn  Swords,      a  series  of  volleys    of    javelins;    and  then,  to    charge    the 

demoralized  foe  with  swords. 
8  pilum,  a  long  heavy  spear  intended  for  throwing  and  not  thrusting. 
*  The  enemy  were  so  crowded  together  that  their  large  scuta  overlapped  and 
were  easily  pinned  together. 


CHAPTER  XXV  OF  CAESAR'S  GALLIC   WAR. 


233 


ferrum^  se  inflexisset,  id  evellere  non  poterant.  Neque  pila 
evellere  neque  sinistra  impedita  satis  commode  pugnare  poterant, 
ut  multi,  bracchio^  diu  iactato,  praeoptarent  nudo  corpore^  ptig- 
nare. 

1  femim,  the  iron  neck  of  the  javelin  was  purposely  made  soft  so  as  to  bend 
and  render  the  weapon  useless  to  the  enemy. 

2  bracchio  diu  iattato,  after  their  arms  had  been  tossed  about  for  a  long  time. 

3  nudo  corpore,  with  body  exposed. 

PART  I. 
573.    The  javelins  hurled  down  upon  the  Swiss  demoralize  their 
crowded  throng,  whose  bravery  avails  nothing  against  the  military 
science  of  the  Romans. 

Caesar,  primum  suo,  deinde  omnium  ex  consjjectu  remotis  equls, 
ut  aequato  omnium  periculo  spem  fugae  tolleret,  cohortatus  suos 
proelium  commisit.     Milites  e  loco  superiore  pills  missis  facile 


Thb  Battle  Gbound  from  Caesar's  Position. 


234  CAESAR'S   FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

hostium  phalangein  perfregerunt.  Ea  disiecta,  gladiis  destrictis 
in  eos  impetum  fecerunt.  Gallls  magno  ad  pugnam  erat  iinpedi- 
mento,  quod  pluribus  eorum  scutis  uno  ictu  pilorum  transflxis  et 
colligatis,  cum  ferrum  se  Inflexisset,  neque  evellere  neque  sinistra 
impedita  satis  commode  ptignare  poterant;  multi  ut  diu  iactato 
bracchio  praeoptarent  scutum  manu  emittere  et  ntido  corpore 
pugnare. 

574.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Coeperunt  et  pedem  ref erre  ^  et  eo  ^  se  recipere.  Boil  et  Tulingi 
agmen  hostium  claudebant  et  novissimis  praesidio  erant.  Aggress! 
nostros  ex  itinere  ^  ab  latere  aperto/  Boil  et  Tulingi  circumvenire 
coeperunt.  Monte  ab  Helvetiis  capto^et  nostris  succedentibus, 
Boil  et  Tulingi  nostros  circumvenire  coeperunt.  Helvetii,  id  con- 
spicatT,  rursus  instare  coeperunt.  Roman!  s!gna  converterunt  ^  et 
bipertito  intulerunt. 

^  ^peiemteferte,  to  withilraio.    Literally,  what?  ^  e6,a,dy.,  thither. 

8  ex  itinere  modifies  nostros,  they  attacked  ours  on  the  march,  i.e.  lohile  march- 
in(f  in  pursuit  of  the.  Swiss. 

4  ab  latere  apertd,  07i  the  exposed  flank,  i.e.  on  the  rear  and  side  exposed  in 
swinging  around  after  the  retreating  Swiss. 

^monte  capt5  et  nostris  succedentibus,  ablative  absolutes;  translate  by  tem- 
poral clauses,  making  capid  mean  reach. 

*  The  third  line  had  to  turn  around  to  resist  the  Boii  and  Tulingi  behind  them. 

PART  II. 

575.  Tlie  Swiss  give  way  and  ivithdraw 
to  a  near-by  hill.  Tlie  Romans  ivhile  pursu- 
ing them  are  exposed  to  a  very  dangerous 
attack  in  the  rear.  The  third  and  rear  line 
wheels  about  to  face  the  new  foe. 

Tandem   vulneribus    defess!    et   pedem 
referre  et,  quod  nions  aberat  circiter  mille 
passus,  eo  se   recipere  coeperunt.     Capto 
^Zte^'of^T^^^c  c'j^aIII',  nionte   et   succedentibus    nostr!s,   Boi!    et 
BowMBN  AND  slingbes.        TuHug!,  qu!  hominum  m!libus  circiter  xv 


CHAPTER  XXV  OF  CAESAR'S  GALLIC   WAR. 


235 


agmen  hostium  claudebant  et  novissimis  praesidio  erant,  ex 
itinere  iiostrCs  ab  latere  aperto  aggr^bsl  circum venire ;  et  id  con- 
spicati  Helvetii,  qui  in  montem  sese  receperant,  rursus  instare  et 
proelium  redintegrare  coeperunt.  RonianI  conversa  signa  bipertito 
intulerunt ;  prima  et  secunda  acies,  ut  victis  ac  submotis  resisteret, 
tertia,  ut  venientes  sustineret. 


576. 


EXERCISES. 


Review  Ablative  of  Accompaniment,  §  89 ;  Ablative  of  Manner,  §  318 ; 
Subjunctive  of  Purpose  and  Result,  §§  220,  228  ;  Substantive  Clauses,  §§  442, 
443. 

(1)  Labienus  will  exhort  the  soldiers  to  fight  boldly.  (2)  Cae- 
sar feared  that  the  Acdui  would  not  be  able  to  sustain  the  attack 
of  the  Swiss.    (3)  That  he  might  not  be  cut  off  from  nearer  Gaul, 


Hill  where  the  Boii  and  Tulingi  Attacked. 

Caesar  hastened  to  attack  the  cavalry  with  two  legions.  (4)  Cae- 
sar feared  that  the  enemy  would  use  swords  and  heavy  javelins  in 
this  battle.     (5)  It  happened  that  our  soldiers  had  been  cut  off 


236  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

from  their  baggage.  (6)  For  sixteen  days,  Caesar  followed  up 
the  cavalry  with  the  ligh termed  (expeditus)  soldiers.  (7)  Our 
soldiers  attacked  the  town  with  such  violence  that  they  received 
many  wounds.  (8)  Caesar  seized  the  heights,  that  his  men  might 
harass  the  enemy  more  easily.  (9)  On  account  of  their  recent 
disgrace,  Caesar  did  not  lead  this  legion  with  him.  (10)  It 
happened  that  Caesar  had  enrolled  five  legions  there. 


CHAPTER   XXVI. 

PART  I. 

577.  After  a  long  double-headed  battle,  the  Swiss  and  their  allies 
withdraw,  stubbornly  fighting  among  the  baggage  wagons  till  late  at 
night. 

I  Ita  ancipiti  proelio  diu  atque  acriter  pugnatum  est.^  Diutius 
cum  -  sustinere  nostrorum  impetus  non  possent,  alterl^  se,  ut  coe- 
perant,  in  montem  receperunt,  alter!  ad  impedimenta  et  carros  suos 
se  contulerunt.  Nam  hoc  toto  proelio,^  cum^  ab  hora  septima  ad 
vesperum  pugnatum  sit,^  aversum^  hostem  videre  nemo  potuit. 
Ad  multam  noctem  etiam  ad  impedimenta  pugnatum  est,  prop- 
terea  quod  pro  vallo  carros  obiecerant  et  e  loco  superiore  in 
nostros  venientes  tela  coniciebant,  et  non  nulli  inter  carros  raedas- 
que  mataras  ac  tragulas  subiciebant,  nostrosque  vulnerabant.  Diu 
cum  ^  esset  pugnatum,  impedlmentis  castrisque  nostrl  potiti  sunt. 

^  pugnatum  est,  passive  of  an  intransitive  verb  used  impersonally ;  translate 
they  fought. 

2  cum,  causal. 

8  alteri  .  .  .  alteri,  the  one  party  (the  Swiss)  .  .  .  the  other  party  (the  Boii  and 
Tulingi). 

4  proelio,  ablative  instead  of  accusative  to  express  Duration  of  Time,  especially 
common  with  a  noun  modified  by  totus. 

s  cum,  concessive. 

6  aversum,  turned  inflight. 

i^  cum,  temporal.    Why  followed  by  subjunctive  ? 


CHAPTER  XXVI  OF  CAESAR'S   GALLIC   WAR.        237 

PART  n. 

578.  Bereft  of  food,  shelter ^  and  hope,  a  dejected  multitude  of  one 
hundred  and  thirty  thousand  men,  loomen,  and  children,  ivorii  ivith 
the  fatigue  and  anxieties  of  battle,  2yress  fonvard  across  a  strange 
country  all  night  long  and  for  three  days  thereafter  in  a  vain  effort  to 
escape  the  Roman  conqueror.  TJiough  so  severely  crippled  himself 
as  to  feel  unable  to  pursue  them,  Caesar  sends  messages  ahead  for- 
bidding the  Gallic  natives  to  afford  the  wretched  refugees  the  least 
aid  or  comfort.  Three  days  later  he  sets  out  with  all  his  forces  to 
overhaul  the  demoralized  host. 

Ibi  Orgetorigis  fiiia  atque  unus  e  filiis  captus  est.  Ex  eo 
proelio  circiter  horainum  milia  cxxx  superfuerunt  eaque  tota 
nocte  continenter  ieriint:  niillam  partem  noctis 
itinere  intermisso  in  fines  Lingonum  die  quarto^ 
pervenerunt,  cum  ^  et  propter  vulnera  militum  et 
propter  sepulturam  occisorum  nostrl  tridimm  morati 
eos  sequi  non  potuissent.  Caesar  ad  Lingonas  lit- 
teras  nuntiosque  misit,  ne  eos  frumento  neve  alia    Letters  wkre 

WRITTEN      ON 

re  iuvarent :  qul^  si  iuvissent,  se  eodem  loco,  quo      thin,  polished 
Helvetios,    habiturum.       Ipse    triduo    intermisso,      with  wax. 
cum  omnibus  copils  eos  sequI  coepit. 

579.  EXERCISES. 

Review  Time  When,  §  202  ;  Duration  of  Time  and  Extent  of  Space,  §  174 ; 
Temporal  Clauses,  §  320. 

(1)  For  a  space  of  four  days  Caesar  will  follow  up  the  enemy. 
(2)  At  sunset  the  Gauls  sent  messengers  to  announce  the  unfavor- 
able battle.     (3)  Influenced  by  the  kindness  of  Caesar,  the  Gauls 

1  die  quartd,  in  three  days  (counting  the  day  of  hattle  made  die  quarto,  07i  the 
fourth  day). 

2  cum,  causal.    Caesar's  loss  must  have  heen  heavy.    Why? 

^  qui  .  .  .  habiturum,  Indirect  Discourse  habitiirum,  future  iufinitive  principal 
verb  Indirect  Discourse. 
17 


238  CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 

sought  peace  on  the  same  day.  (4)  The  Romans  followed  up  the 
enemy  for  about  sixteen  miles  with  the  light-armed  (expeditus) 
cavalry.  (5)  Within  five  hours  the  enemy  were  driven  back  to 
their  trenches.  (6)  On  the  previous  day  Caesar  had  engaged  in 
battle  that  he  might  avenge  this  insult.  (7)  When  Caesar  had 
joined  the  ships  together,  he  placed  guards  at  intervals.  (8)  The 
ramparts  were  sixteen  feet  in  width.  (9)  A  few  of  our  men 
fell  while  they  were  fighting  fiercely  around  these  ramparts. 
(10)  After  they  had  fought  fiercely  for  three  hours  around  the 
baggage,  our  men  quickly  withdrew  into  camp. 


CHAPTER   XXVII. 

680.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Caesar  obsides,  arma,  servos  poposcit.  Dum  ea^  conquiruntur 
et  conferuntur,  circiter  vi  milia  hominum  6  castris  Helvetiorum 
egress!  ^  sunt.  Ei  homines  sive  timore  perterriti  sunt  ne  armis 
traditis  supplicio  afficerentur,  sive  spe  salutis  induct!  sunt,  quod^ 
ex!stimarent  suam  fugam  in  tanta  multitudine  dediticiorum  aut 
occultar!  aut  omn!no  !gnorar!  posse.  Sive  timore  perterrit!,  sive 
spe  salutis  induct!,  prima  nocte*  e  castris  Helvetiorum  egress!, 
ad  Rhenum  finesque  Germanorum  contenderunt. 

581.  Tlie  Swiss,  without  baggage  or  provisions,  are  forced  to  sue 
for  peace.  JSix  thousand  attempt  to  escape  across  the  Rhine  to 
Germany. 

Helveti!,  omnium  rerum  inopia  adduct!,  l6gatos  de  deditione  ad 
eum  miserunt.  Qu!  cum  eum  in  itinere  convenissent  seque  ad 
pedes  proiecissent  suppliciterque  locut!  flentes  pacem  petissent, 

1  ea,  these,  i.e.  obsides,  servos,  and  arma. 

^  egressi  agrees  with  milia  in  sense,  not  form. 

8  quod,  causal.    Why  followed  by  subjunctive? 

4  prima  nocte,  in  the  evening.    Compare  prima  luce,  mult5  die. 


CHAPTER  XXVIir  OF   CAESAR'S   GALLIC    WAR.       239 

atque  eos  in  eo  loco,  quo  tuni  essent,  suum  adventuni  exspectare 
iussisset,  paruerunt.  Eo  postquam  Caesar  pervenit,  obsides,  arma, 
servos  qui  ad  eos  perfugisseiit,  poposcit.  Duin  ea  conquiruntur 
et  conferuntur,  nocte  intermissa,  circiter  hominum  milia  vi  eius 
pagi,  qui  Verbigeniis  appellatur,  sive  timore  perterriti,  ne  armis 
traditis  supplicio  afficerentur,  sive  spe  salutis  inducti,  quod  in 
tanta  multitudine  dediticiorum  suam  fugam  aut  occultari  aut 
omnino  ignorari  posse  existimarent,  prima  nocte  e  castris  Helve- 
tiorum  egress!  ad  Rhenuin  finesque  Gerinanorum  contenderunt. 

582.  EXERCISES. 

Review  Place  to  Which  and  from  Which,  §§  235,  236;  Place  in  Which, 
§§243,  244  ;  Ablative  of  Separation,  §  68  ;  Reflexive  Pronouns,  §§  182-184. 

(1)  Having  been  driven  back  into  camp,  our  (men)  were  cut 
off  from  their  baggage.  (2)  In  this  battle,  the  Gauls  used  long 
swords  and  broad  shields.  (3)  After  receiving  many  wounds, 
their  (men)  retreated  (se  recipere)  into  camp.  (4)  At  sunset,  the 
soldiers  left  the  ramparts  that  they  might  harass  the  enemy. 
(5)  Our  (men)  were  driven  back  from  the  ramparts  of  the  enemy 
by  their  long  javelins.  (6)  The  Romans  cut  to  pieces  the  enemy, 
who  had  hidden  themselves  in  the  woods.  (7)  At  Rome,  Caesar 
enrolled  two  new  legions.  (8)  The  legions,  which  were  wintering 
at  Geneva,  did  not  leave  their  winter  quarters.  (9)  The  enemy 
used  their  javelins  and  swords  in  order  to  drive  back  the  Romans 
from  their  ramparts.  (10)  The  legion  that  left  Rome  with  La- 
bienus  was  cut  to  pieces  at  Geneva. 


CHAPTER   XXVIII. 

583.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Quod^   ubi^   Caesar  resciit,  his,  quorum  per  fines   sex   milia 
ierant,  imperavit  uti  conquirerent  et  reducerent.     Eos  reductos 
1  quod,  an  initial  relative ;  translate  as  demonstrative.  2  ubi,  when. 


240 


CAESAR'S  FIRST   CAMPAIGN. 


in  numero  hostium^  habuit.  Omnibus  frtigibus  amissis,  nihil 
domi  erat  Helvetiis,  quo  famem  tolerarent.  Quod  nihil  domi 
erat,  Caesar  Allobrogibus  imperavit,  ut  Helvetiis  frumenti  copiam 
facerent. 

1  in  numerd  hostium,  a  polite  way  of  saying  that  Caesar  butchered  the  whole 
six  thousand  in  order  to  teach  the  Gauls  the  necessity  of  keeping  faith  with  the 
new  Roman  governor. 


•  1.;".  ■%••.»-■„-.  •^•■jxS 


The  Last  Stand  :  The  Scene  of  the  Fight  over  the  Baggage  WAGt)NS. 

PART  I. 

584.    Caesar  recajytures  and  slaughters  the  six  thousand.     The 

others  are  received  in  surrender.     The  Siciss  are  ordered  back  to 

their  desolate  country,  to  be  fed  for  a  time  on  the  supplies  of  Roman 

allies. 

Quod  ubi  Caesar  resciit,  quorum  per  fines  ierant,  his  uti  con- 
quirerent  et  reducerent,  si  sibi  purgati  esse  vellent,  imperavit; 


V 
CHAPTER  XXVIII    OF   CAESAR'S   GALLIC    WAR.       241 

reductos  in  hostium  numero  habuit;  reliquos  omngs,  obsidibus, 
armis,  perfugis  traditis,  in  deditionem  accepit.  Helvetios,  Tu- 
lingos,  Latobrigos  in  fines  suos,  unde  erant  profecti,  revert! 
iussit;  et  quod  omnibus  frugibus  amissis  domi  nihil  erat,  quo 
famem  tolerarent,  AUobrogibus  imperavit,  ut  iis  frumenti  copiam 
facerent. 

585.  DEVELOPMENT  EXERCISE. 

Helvetios  ipsos  oppida  vicosque,  quos  incenderant,  restituere 
iussit.  Id  ea  maxime  ratione  fecit,  quod  noluit  agrum  Helveti- 
orum  vacare.  Noluit  eum  locum  vacare,  ne  German!  in  f!nes 
Helvetiorum  translrent.  Timebat  ne  finitimi  Galliae  provinciae 
German!  essent.  Aedu!  petierunt  ut  Boios  in  suis  f!nibus  collo- 
carent.  Id  petierunt  quod  Boi!  egregia  virtute  cognit!  erant. 
Aeduis^  petentibus  ut  Boios  in  su!s  finibus  coUocarent  Caesar 
concessit.  Quibus  Boi!s  Aedu!  agros  dederunt  et  quos  (Boios) 
postea  in  parem  condicionem  iuris  et  libertatis  receperunt. 

1  Aeduis,  dative  after  concessit.  This  makes  ut  .  .  .  collocarent  the  direct 
object  of  petentibus.  Translate  freely,  Caesar  granted  the  request  of  the  Aedui 
that  they  might  settle^  etc. 

PART  n. 

586.  Caesar  makes  Switzerland  a  buffer  state  between  the  Ger- 
mans and  the  Roman  province.  He  pei^nits  his  faithful  allies,  the 
Aedui,  to  strengthen  themselves  by  annexing  to  their  state  the  brave 
Boii. 

Ipsos  oppida  vicosque,  quos  incenderant,  restituere  iussit.  Id 
ea  maxime  ratione  fecit,  quod  noluit  eum  locum,  unde  Helveti! 
discesserant,  vacare,  ne  propter  bonitatem  agrorum  German!,  qui 
trans  Rhenum  incolunt,  e  su!s  finibus  in  Helvetiorum  fines 
transirent  et  finitimi  Galliae  provinciae  Allobrogibusque  essent. 
Boios  petentibus  Aeduis,  quod  egregia  virtute  erant  cogniti,  ut  in 
finibus  suis  collocarent,  concessit ;  quibus  ill!  agros.  dederunt  quos- 


242  CAESAR'S   P^IRST   CAMPAIGN. 

que  postea  in  parem  iuris  libertatisque  condicionem,  atque  ipsi 
erant,  receperunt. 

587.  EXERCISES. 

Review  Genitive  and  Dative  of  Possessor,  §§  76,  386  ;  and  Conditional 
Sentences,  §§  479-482.  (Express  possession  in  following  sentences  by  the 
Dative  of  Possessor.) 

(1)  Caesar  had  many  relatives  who  were  wounded  in  that  bat- 
tle. (2)  If  these  messengers  had  been  wounded,  we  would  not 
have  been  led  back  in  safety.  (3)  If  their  fathers  should  be 
handed  over,  these  boys  would  return  home.  (4)  Our  soldiers 
had  heavy  shiekls  and  long  swords,  with  which  they  wounded 
very  many  of  the  enemy.  (5)  If  the  enemy  conceal  themselves 
in  the  woods,  our  men  will  be  led  back  to  their  ramparts. 
(6)  The  leader  wondered  how  many  of  the  horses  had  been 
wounded  in  this  battle.  (7)  The  messengers  handed  over  the 
shields  which  they  had  to  our  men.  (8)  The  wounds  which  the 
cavalryman  had  were  received  in  the  recent  battle.  (9)  Our 
soldiers  had  nothing  left  except  their  swords  and  shields. 
(10)  If  the  enemy  were  to  withstand  the  attack  of  our  cavalry, 
they  would  conquer. 

CHAPTER   XXIX. 

588.  In  the  captured  Swiss  camp  Caesar  finds  lists  containing  a 
census  of  the  number  of  emigrants,  men,  women,  and  children.  Out 
of  368,000  only  110,000  survivors  were  found.  The  Swiss  noiv  find 
their  territories  ample  for  their  diminished  numbers. 

In  eastrls  Helvetiorum  tabulae  ^  repertae  sunt  litterls  Graecis 
confectae  ^  et  ad  Caesarem  relatae,  quibus  in  tabulis  nominatim 

1  tabulae,  lists ;  literally,  tablets,  presumably  of  wood  bound  together  by  a 
hinge  and  waxed  inside  after  the  Roman  fashion. 

2  litteris  Graecis  confectae,  made  out  in  Greek  characters.  The  Gauls  may 
have  become  familiar  with  the  simpler  method  of  notation  through  the  Greek 
traders  from  Marseilles. 


CHAPTER  XXIX  OF  CAESAR'S   GALLIC   WAR.       243 

ratio  confecta  erat,  qui  numerus  domo  exisset  eorum,  qui  arma 
ferre  possent,  et  item  separatim  pueri,  senes  mulieresque.  Qua- 
rum  omnium  rerum  summa  erat  capitum^  Helvetiorum  milium 
ccLxiii,  Tulingorum  milium  xxxvi,  Latobrlgorum  xiv,  E-aura- 
corum  XXIII,  Boiorum  xxxii ;  ex  his,  qui  arma  ferre  possent,  ad 
milia  nonaginta  duo.  Summa  omnium  fuerunt  ad  milia  ccclxviii. 
Eorum,  qui  domum  redierunt,  censii  habito,  ut  Caesar  impera- 
verat,  repertus  est  numerus  milium  c  et  x. 

1  capitum,  literally,  heads,  as  we  say  head  of  cattle.    Translate,  persons. 

589.  EXERCISES. 

Review  Ablative  and  Dative  of  Agency,  §§  193,  425 ;  Periphrastic  Conju- 
gations, §  423  ;  Adjectives  with  genitive  in  -ius,  §§  144,  145. 

(1)  These  children  must  be  led  back  into  safety  by  us. 
(2)  This  assembly  ought  to  be  dismissed  by  Caesar  before  the 
flight  of  the  whole  army.  (3)  After  the  heights  have  been 
seized  (abl.  abs.)  by  us,  the  Romans  are  going  to  pitch  their 
camp  there.  (4)  The  children  of  our  soldiers  must  not  be  sent 
under  the  yoke  of  the  Gauls.  (5)  On  the  next  day  a  triple  line 
of  battle  was  drawn  up  by  Caesar  before  the  town.  (6)  When 
the  messengers  return,  the  children  are  going  to  leave  the  camp. 
(7)  The  Gauls  must  not  be  despised  by  us  on  account  of  this 
unsuccessful  battle.  (8)  We  are  going  to  exhort  the  tenth 
legion  to  come  at  the  critical  moment  (i.e.  at  the  necessary  time). 
(9)  Caesar  knows  that  he  must  win  over  the  minds  of  the  Gauls 
by  another  victory.  (10)  Caesar  is  not  going  to  allow  the  mes- 
sengers to  leave  the  camp  before  sunset. 


APPENDIX 

AND 

VOCABULAKIES. 


TABLES   OF 
DECLENSIONS,    CONJUGATIONS,   COMPARISONS,    AND 

NUMERALS. 

NOUNS. 
1.  First  Declension  —  Stems  in  -a. 


fossa,  f.,  ditcJi. 


provincia,  f .,  province. 


Sing. 

Plu. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

Nominatwe 

fossa 

fossae 

provincia 

provinciae 

Genitive 

fossae 

fossarutn 

provinciae 

provinciarum 

Dative 

fossae 

fossls 

provinciae 

provinciis 

A  ccusative 

fossain 

fossas 

provinciam 

provincias 

Ablative 

fossa 

fossis 

provincia 

provinciis 

2. 


Second  Declension. 


Gallus,  -i,  m.,  a  Gaul. 


oppidum,  -i,  n.,  town. 


Sing. 

Plu. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

Nominative 

Gallus 

Galli 

oppidum 

oppida 

Genitive 

Galli 

Gallorum 

oppidi 

oppidonim 

Dative 

Gallo 

Gallis 

oppido 

oppidis 

A  ccusative 

Galium 

Gallos 

oppidum 

oppida 

A  hlative 

Gallo 

Gallis 

oppido 

oppidis 

Vocative 

Galle 

ager,  i, 

m^Jield. 

puer,  -i, 

ra.,  f.,  child. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

Nominative 

ager 

agri 

puer 

pueri 

Genitive 

agri 

agrorum 

pueri 

puerorum 

Dative 

agro 

agris 

puero 

pueris 

Accusative 

agrura 

agros 

puerum 

pueros 

Ablative 

agro 

agrls 

247 

puero 

pueris 

248 


APPENDIX. 


Third  Declension. 


o.    CONSONANT  STEMS. 


lex,f 

.,  law. 

virtus,  f . 

,,  bravery. 

mercator, 

m.,  trader. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

Norn. 

lex 

leges 

virtus 

virtutes 

mercator 

mercatores 

Gen. 

legis 

legum 

virtiitis 

virtiitum 

mercatoris 

mercatorum 

Dat. 

legi 

legi  bus 

virtiiti 

virtutibus 

mercatorl 

mercatoribus 

Ace. 

legem 

leges 

virtutem 

virtutes 

mercatorem 

mercatores 

AM. 

lege 

legibus 

virtute 

virtutibus 

mercatore 

mercatoribus 

consul,  m.,  consul.  nobilitas,  f.,  nobility.         flumen,  n.,  river. 

Sing.             Plu.               Sing.  Plu.  Sing.            Plu. 

Nom.   consul        consules  nobilitas  no  plural   flumen  flumina 

Gen.     consulis      consulum  nobilitatis  fliiminis  fliiminum 

Dat.     consul!       consulibus  nobilitati  flSmini  fliiminibus 

Ace.     consulem  consules  nobilitatem  flumen  flumina 

Abl.      consule      consulibus  nobilitate  fliimine  fliiminibus 


4. 

6.    I-STEMS. 

pars, 

Upart. 

finis,  m 

I.,  f.,  end. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

Nominative 

pars 

partes 

finis 

fines 

Genitive 

partis 

partium 

finis 

finium 

Dative 

parti 

partibus 

fini 

finibus 

A  ecusative 

partem 

partes  (is) 

finem 

fines  (is) 

Ablative 

parte 

partibus 

fine  (i) 

finibus 

hostis,  m 

.,  enemy. 

vectigal. 

n.,  tax. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

Sing 

Plu. 

Nominative 

hostis 

hostes 

vectigal 

vectigal  ia 

Genitive 

hostis 

hostium 

vectigalis 

vectigalium 

Dative 

hosti 

hostibus 

vectigali 

vectigalibus 

Accusative 

hostem 

hostes 

vectigal 

vectigalia 

Ablative 

hoste 

hostibus 

vectigali 

vectigalibus 

APPENDIX. 


249 


5.  Fourth   Declension. 

STEM  IN  U. 

passus,  m.,  pace.         cornu,  n.,  horn. 

Sing.  Plu.  Sing.  Put. 

Nom.  passus      passus  cornu      cornua 

Gen.    passus       passuum       cornus     cornuum 

Dat.     passu!       passibus       cornu      cornibus 

Ace.     passum     passus  cornu      cornua 

Ahl.     passu        passibus       cornu      cornibus 
Loc. 


domus, 

Sing. 

domus 

domus 

r  domui, 
L  domo 

domum 

domu, 
domo 
domi 


f.,  house. 

Plu. 

domiis 
I  domuum, 
1  domorum 

domibus 

f  domus, 
1  domos 

domibus 


6. 


Fifth  Declension. 


dies,  m.,  f., 

,  day. 

res, 

f.,  thing. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

Nominative 

dies 

dies 

res 

res 

Genitive 

diei 

dierum 

rei 

rerum 

Dative 

diei 

diebus 

rei 

rebus 

Accusative 

diem 

dies 

rem 

res 

Ablative 

die 

diebus 

re 

rebus 

7. 


ADJECTIVES. 
First  and  Second  Declensions. 


MAS. 

Nom.  latus 

Gen.  lati 

Dat.  lato 

Ace.  latum 

Abl.  lato 


latus. 

wide. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

lata 

latum 

lati 

latae 

lata 

latae 

lati 

latorum 

latarum 

latorum 

latae 

lato 

latis 

latis 

latis 

latam 

latum 

latos 

latas 

lata 

lata 

lato 

latis 

latis 

latis 

250 


APPENDIX. 


liber,  free. 


Singular. 

Plural. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NBU. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NBU. 

Norn. 

liber 

libera 

liber  um 

liberi 

liberae 

libera 

Gen. 

liberi 

liberae 

liberi 

liberorum 

liberarum 

liberorum 

Dat. 

libero 

liberae 

libero 

liberis 

liberis 

liberis 

Ace. 

liberura 

liberam 

liberum 

liberos 

liberas 

libera 

AM. 

libero 

libera 
Singular 

libero 
noster, 

liberis 

our. 

liberis 
Plural. 

liberis 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

Nam. 

noster 

nostra 

nostrum 

nostri 

nostrae 

nostra 

Gen. 

nostri 

nostrae 

nostri 

nostrorum 

nostrarum 

nostrorum 

Dat. 

nostro 

nostrae 

nostro 

nostris 

nostris 

nostris 

Ace. 

nostrum 

nostram 

nostrum 

nostros 

nostras 

nostra 

AM. 

nostro 

nostra 

nostro 

nostris 

nostris 

nostris 

9.         Adjectives  with  Genitives  in  -ius  —  Declinable 

Numerals. 

Nine  adjectives  of  the  First  and  Second  Declensions  have  the  geni- 
tive singular  in  -ius  (in  alter  usually  -ius)  and  the  dative  singular  in  -i 
in  all  genders.  These  are  alius,  another,  solus,  only,  totus,  tchole,  ullus, 
any,  nullus,  no,  unus,  one,  alter,  the  other,  uter,  ivhich  (of  two),  neuter, 
neither.  In  the  plural  the  case-endings  of  these  adjectives  are  exactly  the 
same  as  in  latus. 

Singular. 


MAS. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

Nom. 

iinus 

una 

iinum 

totus 

tota 

totum 

Gen. 

unius 

Unius 

iini  us 

totius 

totius 

totius 

Dat. 

iini 

iini 

iini 

toti 

toti 

tot! 

Ace. 

iinum 

iinam 

iinum 

t5tum 

totam 

totum 

A  hi. 

iino 

iina 

lino 

toto 

tota 

toto 

Nom. 

alius 

alia 

aliud 

alter 

altera 

alterum 

Gen. 

alius 

alius 

alius 

alterius 

alterius 

alterius 

Dat. 

alii 

alii 

alii 

alter! 

alter! 

alter! 

Ace. 

alium 

aliam 

aliud 

alterum 

alteram 

alterum 

Abl. 

alio 

alia 

alio 

altero 

altera 

altero 

APPENDIX. 

251 

MAS. 

FEM.                         NEU. 

MAS.,  FEM 

NEU. 

Nom. 

duo 

duae                duo 

tres 

tria 

Gen. 

duorum 

duarum           duorum 

trium 

triuin 

Dat. 

duob 

us 

duabus            duobus 

tribus 

tribus 

Ace. 

duos 

(duo) 

duas                duo 

tres,  -is 

tria 

Ahl. 

duob 

us 

duabus           duobus 

tribus 

tribus 

10. 

Third  Dect<f.nsion. 

One  Termination, 

audax,  hold. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

MAS.,  FEM.                NEU. 

MAS.,  FEM. 

NEU. 

Nominative 

audax 

audax 

audaces 

audacia 

Genitive 

audacis            audacis 

audaci  um 

audaci  um 

Dative 

audacl 

audaci 

audacibus 

audacibus 

Accusative 

audacem          audax 

audacis,  -es 

audacia 

Ablative 

audaci 

audaci 

audacibus 

audacibus 

liberans  (Present  Participle),*  freeing. 
Singular.  Plural. 


MAS.,  FEM. 

NEU. 

MAS., 

,  FEM. 

NEU. 

N(m.     liberans 

liberans 

liberante  s 

liberantia 

Gen.      liberantis 

liberantis 

liberantium 

liberantium 

Dat.       liberanti 

liberanti 

liberantibus 

liberantibus 

Ace.      llberantem 

liberans 

liberantis,  -es 

liberantia 

Ahl.       liberante,-i 

liberante,  -i 

liberantibus 

liberantibus 

.  Tivo  Terminations. 

fortis,  hrave. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

MAS.,  FEM.                     NEU. 

MAS.,  FEM. 

NKU. 

Nominative              fortis 

forte 

fortes 

fortia 

Genitive                   fortis 

fortis 

fortium 

fortium 

Dative                      forti 

forti 

fortibus 

fortibus 

Accusative               fortem                forte 

fortis,  -es 

fortia 

A  hlative                    fort! 

forti 

.fortibus 

fortibus 

*  All  present  participles,  many  of  which  are  used  as  adjectives,  e.g.  oriens,  are 
declined  as  adjectives  of  one  ending. 


252 

' 

APPENDIX. 

Three  Terminations. 

celer, 

stvift. 

* 

Singular. 

Plural. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

Nom. 

celer 

celeris 

celere 

celeres 

celeres 

celeria 

Gen. 

celeris 

celeris 

celeris 

celeri  urn 

celerium 

celerium 

Dat. 

celerl 

celerl 

celeri 

celeribus 

celeribus 

celeribus 

Ace. 

celerem 

celerem 

celere 

celeris,  -es 

celeris,  -es 

celeria 

AN. 

celeri 

celeri 
Singular. 

celeri 
acer, 

celeribus 
fierce. 

celeribus 
Plural. 

celeribus 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

Nom. 

acer 

acris 

acre 

acres 

acres 

acria 

Gen. 

acris 

acris 

acris 

acrinln 

acrium 

acrium 

Dat. 

acri 

acii 

acri 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

Ace. 

acrem 

acrem 

acre 

acris,  -es 

acris,  -es 

acria 

Abl. 

acri 

acri 

acri 

acribrs 

acribus 

acribus 

11.  Declension  of  Comparatives. 

fortior,  braver.  plus,  more. 

Singular.  Plural, 


MAS.,  FEM.  NEU.  MAS.,  FEM.  NEU. 

Nom.  fortior  fortius     fortiores       fortiora 

Gen.   fortioris  fortioris  fortiorum    fortiorum 

Dat.    fortiori  fortiori    fortioribus  fortioribus 

Ace.    fortiorem  fortius     fortiores       fortiora 

All.    fortiore  fortiore   fortioribus  fortioribus 


MAS., 

FEM., 

MAS., 

NEU. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

plus 

plures 

pldra 

pliiris 

1  plurium 

plurium 

pluribus 

pliiribus 

pliis 

pliire  s 

pliira 

pliire 

pluribus 

pluribus 

12.  Irreoular  Comparison  of  Adjectives. 

Positive.  Comparative.  Superlative. 

bonus,  good  melior  optimus 

pessimus 
•maximus 
minimus 
plurimus 


malus,  had 

peior 

magnus,  large 

maior 

parvus,  small 

minor 

multus,  much 

pliis 

APPENDIX. 

253 

Positive. 

Comparative. 

Superlative. 

facilis,  easy 

facilior 

facillimus 

difficilis,  difficult 

difficilior 

difficillimus 

similis,  like 

similior 

simillimus 

dissimilLs,  unlike 

dissimilior 

dissimillimus 

hum  ills,  low 

humilior 

humillimus 

gracilis,  slender 

gracilior 

gracillimus 

(prae,  before^ 

prior,  former 

T^rlmus,  first 

(citra,  this  side  of^ 

citerior,  hither 

citimus,  hithermost 

(ultra,  beyond) 

ulterior,  farther 

ultimus,  farthest,  last 

(in,  intra,  m,  tcithin) 

interior,  inner 

intimus,  inmoh 

(prope,  near) 

propior,  nearer 

proximus,  near  est  j  next 

exterus,  outside 

exterior 

extremus 

inferus,  below 

inferior 

infimus  (imus) 

posterus,  behind 

posterior 

postremus 

superus,  above 

superior 

supremus  (summus) 

dives,!  rich 

fdivitlor, 
1  ditior 

f  divitissimus, 
1  ditissimus 

13.             IRREGULAR    COMPARISON  OF 

ADVERBS. 

Positive. 

Comparative. 

Superlative. 

bene,  well 

melius 

optime 

male,  ill 

peius 

pessime 

multum,  much 

pliia 

piarimum 

parum,  (too)  little                  minus 

minime 

diii,  long 

diutius 

didtissime 

saepe,  often 

saepius 

saepissime 

magnopere,  greatly                magis 

maxime 

14. 

NUMERALS. 

Cardinal. 

Ordinal.                       Roman. 

1.  unus,  iina,  unura, 

one                    primus,  -a. 

-um,  first                         i 

2.  duo,  duae,  duo,  two                        secundus  (alter),  second                  ii 

3.  tres,  tria,  three 

tertius,  third                                    in 

4.  quattuor 

quart  us 

nil  or  IV 

5.  quinque 

quiutus 

V 

6.  sex 

sextus 

VI 

1  The  only  irregularity  of  dives  is  its  showing  two  bases  divit  and  dit. 

18. 


254 

APPENDIX. 

Cardinal. 

Ordinal. 

Roman. 

7. 

septem 

Septimus 

VII 

8. 

octo 

octavus 

VIII 

9. 

novem 

nonus 

Vim  or  IX 

10. 

decern 

decimus 

X 

11. 

undecim 

lindecimus 

XI 

12. 

duodecim 

duodecimus 

XII 

13. 

tredecim  (decern 

et  tres) 

tertius  decimus 

XIII 

14. 

quattuordecim 

quartus  decimus      ♦ 

,   Xlill  or  XIV 

15. 

qulndecim 

quintus  decimus 

XV 

16. 

sedecim 

sextus  decimus 

XVI 

17. 

septendecim 

Septimus  decimus 

XVII 

18. 

duodeviginti  (octodecim) 

duodevicensimus 

XVIII 

19. 

undeviginti  (novendecim) 

iindevicensimus 

xviiii  or  XIX 

20. 

viginti 

vicensimus 

XX 

21. 

viginti  unus 

vicensimus  primus 

XXI 

(or  unus  et  viginti) 

(unus  et  vicensimus,  etc  J) 

30. 

triginta 

tricensimus 

XXX 

40. 

quadraginta 

quadragensimus 

xxxx  or  XL 

50. 

quinquaginta 

quinquagensimus 

L 

60. 

sexaginta 

sexagensimus 

LX 

70. 

septuaginta 

septuagensimus 

LXX 

80. 

octoginta 

oct5gensimus 

LXXX 

90. 

nonaginta 

nonagensimus 

Lxxxx  or  xc 

100. 

centum 

centensimus 

c 

101. 

centum  (et)  unus,  etc. 

centensimus  primus,  < 

°tC.                       CI 

200. 

ducenti,  -ae,  -a 

ducentensimus 

CC 

300. 

trecenti 

trecentensimus 

ccc 

400. 

quadringenti 

quadringentensimus 

cccc 

500. 

quingenti 

quingentensimus 

IC,  or  D 

600. 

sescenti 

sexcentensimus 

DC 

700. 

septingenti 

septingentensimus 

DCC 

800. 

octingenti 

octingentensimus 

DCCC 

900. 

nongenti 

nongentensimus 

DCCCC 

1,000. 

mille 

millensimus 

Cic,  or  M 

5,000. 

quinque  milia 

quinquiens  millensimus                icc 

10,000. 

decern  milia 

deciens  millensimus 

ccicc 

100,000. 

centum  milia 

centiens  millensimus 

ccciccc 

APPENDIX. 


255 


PRONOUNS. 


15. 


Personal  and  Reflexive. 


Flu. 

SiNQ.       Flu 

FIRST 

SECOND 

ERSON. 

PERSON. 

Sing. 


Nom.  ego  nos  tu 

Gen.  mel  nostrum,  nostri  tui 

Dat.  mihi,mi  nobis  tibi 

Ace.  me  nos  te 

Ahl.  me  nobis  te 


Sing. 


Flu. 


REFLEXIVE  OF  THE 
THIRD   PERSON. 


VOS  

vestrum,  vestri  sui  sui 

vobis  sibi  sibi 

VOS  se  (sese)  se(sese) 

vobis  se  (sese)  se(sese) 


16. 


Demonstrative  and  Intensive. 


Singular. 

Plural. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NKU. 

Nom. 

hie 

haec 

hoc 

hi 

hae 

haec 

Gen. 

huius 

huius 

huius 

horum     harum 

horum 

Dat. 

huic 

huic 

huic 

bis 

his 

his 

Ace. 

hunc 

banc 

hoc 

hos 

has 

haec 

Ahl. 

hoc 

hac 

hoc 

his 

his 

his 

Nom. 

ille 

ilia 

illud 

illi 

illae 

ilia 

Gen. 

illius 

illius 

illius 

illorum  illarum 

illorum 

Dat. 

ill! 

illl 

illi 

illis 

illis 

illis 

Ace. 

ilium 

illam 

illud 

illos 

illas 

ilia 

Ahl. 

ill5 

ilia 

iUo 

illis 

illis 

illis 

Singular. 

Flural. 

MAS. 

FEM.           NEU. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NKU. 

Nom. 

is 

ea 

id 

ei 

(ii) 

eae 

ea 

Gen. 

eius 

eius 

eius 

eorum 

earum 

eorum 

Dat. 

ei 

ei 

ei 

eis 

(iis 

) 

eis  (iis) 

eis  (iis) 

Ace. 

eum 

eam 

id 

eos 

eas 

ea 

Ahl. 

65 

ea 

eo 

eis 

(iis 

) 

eis  (iis) 

eis  (iis) 

256 

APPENDIX. 

SmauiiAR. 

Plural. 

MAS. 

FBM. 

NEU. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

Nom. 

idem 

e'adem 

idem 

f  eidem 
1^  iidem 

eaedem 

e'adem 

Gen, 

eius'dem  eiusdem 

eiusdem 

eoruu'dem 

earundem 

eorundem 

Dat. 

eidem 

eidem 

eidem 

{ eis'dem       j  eisdem         eisdem 
[  iis'dem        [  iisdem       [  iisdem 

Ace. 

eun'dem 

eandem 

idem 

eos'dem 

easdem 

e'adem 

All. 

eodem 

eadem 

eodem 

eisdem        | 
iisdem         { 

eisdem      j 
iisdem       [ 

eisdem 
iisdem 

Singular. 

Plural. 

MAS. 

FKM. 

NEU. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

Nom. 

iste 

ista 

istud 

isti 

istae 

ista 

Gen. 

istius 

istius 

istius 

istorum     istarum 

istorum 

Dat. 

isti 

isti 

isti 

istis 

istis 

istis 

Ace. 

istum 

I        istam 

istud 

istos 

istas 

ista 

AM. 

isto 

ista 

isto 

istis 

istis 

istis 

Nom. 

ipse 

ipsa 

ipsum 

I             ipsi 

ipsae 

ipsa 

Gen. 

ipsius         ipsius 

\         ipsi  us 

ipsorum    ipsarum 

ipsorum 

Dat. 

ipsi 

ipsi 

ipsi 

ipsis 

ipsis 

ipsis 

Ace. 

ipsum        ipsam        ipsum            ipsos 

ipsas 

ipsa 

AM. 

ipso 

ipsa 

ipso 

ipsis 

ipsis 

ipsis 

17. 

Relative  and  Interrogative. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

Nom. 

qui 

quae 

quod 

qui 

quae 

quae 

Gen. 

cuius 

cuius 

cuius 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 

Dat. 

cui 

cui 

cui 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Ace. 

quern 

quam 

quod 

quos 

quas 

quae 

Ahl. 

quo 

qua 

quo 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Interrogative  { 

^forms  in 

brackets  are 

1  adjectives). 

Singular. 

Plural. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

MAS. 

FBM. 

NEU. 

Nom. 

quis  (qui) 

(quae) 

quid  (quod)      qui 

quae 

quae 

Gen. 

cuius 

(cuius) 

cuius 

quorum      quarum 

quorum 

Dat. 

cui 

(cui) 

cui 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Ace. 

quern 

(quam) 

quid  (quod)      quos 

quas 

quae 

Ahl. 

quo 

(qua) 

quo 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

APPENDIX. 

257 

18 

Indefinite  ( 
Singular 

[forms  in  brackets  are 

adjectives) 

Plural. 

1. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NBU. 

MAS. 

FEM. 

NEU. 

Nom. 

aliquis 

aliqua 

f  aliquid 
I  (aliquod) 

aliqui 

aliquae 

aliqua 

Gen. 
Dat. 

alicuius 
alicui 

alicuius 
alicui 

alicuius 
alicui 

aliquorum 
aliquibus 

aliquarum 
aliquibus 

aliquorum 
aliquibus 

Ace. 

aliquem   aliquam 

1  aliquid 
\  (aliquod) 

aliquos 

aliquas 

aliqua 

AM. 

aliquo 

aliqua 

aliquo 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

Nom. 

quidam 

quaedam 

quiddam 
(quoddam) 

quidam 

quaedam 

quaedam 

Gen. 
Dat. 

cuiusdam 
cuidam 

cuiusdam 
cuidam 

cuiusdam 
cuidam 

quoruudam 
quibusdam 

quarundam 
quibusdam 

qudrundam 
quibusdam 

Ace. 

quendam 

quandam 

J  quiddam 
1  (quoddam) 

quOsdam 

quasdam 

quaedam 

Abl. 

quodam 

quadam 

quodam 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

VERBS. 
19.  First  Conjugation. 

liberd,  liberate. 
Principal  Parts  :  libero,  liberare,  liberavi,  liberatus. 


Active  Voice. 


Indicative. 
Present. 


Passive  Voice. 


Sing. 
libero 
liberas 
liberat 


liberabam 
liber  abas 
liberabat 


liberabo 
liberabis 
liberabit 


Plu. 

liberamus 

liberatis 

liberant 


liberabamus 

liberabatis 

liberabant 


liberabiraus 

liberabitis 

liberabunt 


Sing. 
liberor 

liberaris  or  -re 
liberatur 

Imperfect. 

liberabar 
liberabaris  or  -re 
liberabatur 

Future. 

liberabor 
liberaberis  or  -re 
liberabitur 


Flu. 

liberamur 
liberamini 
liberantur 


liberabamur 
liberabamini 
liberabautur 


liberabimur 
liberabimini 
liberabuntur 


258 


APPENDIX. 


Active  Voice. 


liberavi 
libera  visti 
liberavit 


liberavimus 
liberavistis 
liberaverunt 


Passive  Voice, 


Perfect. 


liberatus  sum 
liberatus  es 
liberatus  est 


liberati  sumus 
liberati  estis 
liberati  sunt 


liberaveram 

liberaveras 

liberaverat 


Pluperfect. 


liberaveramus 

liberaveratis 

liberaverant 


liberatus  eram 
liberatus  eras 
liberatus  erat 


liberati  eramus 
liberati  eratis 
liberati  erant 


Future  Perfect. 

liberavero  liberaverimus  liberatus  ero  liberati  erimus 

liberaveris  liberaveritis  liberatus  eris  liberati  eritis 

liberaverit  liberaverint  liberatus  erit  liberati  erunt 


Subjunctive. 

Present. 

Sing. 

Flu. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

liberem 

liberemus 

liberer 

liberemur 

liberes 

liberetis 

libereris  or  -re 

liberemini 

liberet 

liberent 

liberetur 
Imperfect. 

liberentur 

liberarem 

liberaremus 

liberarer 

liberaremur 

liberares 

liberaretis 

liberareris  or  -re 

liberaremini 

liberaret 

liberarent 

liberaretur 
Perfect. 

liberarentur 

liberaverim 

liberaverimus 

liberatus  sim 

liberati  simus 

liberaveris 

liberaveritis 

liberatus  sis 

liberati  sitis 

liberaverit 

liberaverint 

liberatus  sit 
Pluperfect. 

liberati  sint 

liberavissem 

libera  vis  semus             liberatus  essem 

liberati  essemus 

liberavisses 

liberavi  ssetis 

liberatus  esses 

liberati  essetis 

liberavisset 

liberavissent 

liberatus  esset 

liberati  essent 

APPENDIX. 


259 


2d  per s,  libera 


2d  per s.   liberate 
Zd  pers.   liberate 


Active  Voice.  Imperative.  Passive  Voice. 

Present. 
liberate  2d  pers.  liberare  liberamini 

Future. 

liberatote  2d  pers.   liberator        

liberanto  ^d  pers.   liberator         liberantor 

Infinitive. 


Pres.  liberare 

Perf.  liberavisse 

Fut.  liberatQrus  (esse) 

Pres.  liberans 

Fut.  liberatiirus,  -a,  -um 

Perf.  


Participle. 


liberari 
liberatus  esse 
liberatuin  iri 


Pres.   — 

Fut.    liberandus,  -a,  -vim  * 
Perf.  liberatus,  -a,  -um 


20. 


Gerund. 

Nominative    

Genitive  liberandi 

Dative  liberando 

Accusative      liberandum 
Ablative  liberando 

Supine. 

Accusative      liberatuin 
Ablative  liberatii 

Second  Conjugation. 

moved,  move. 

Principal  Parts  :  moveo,  movere,  m6vi,  motus. 


Ai 

ctive  Voice. 

Indicative.            Passive  Voice. 
Present. 

Sma. 

Plu. 

Sing.                          Flu. 

moveo 

movemus 

moveor                   movemur 

moves 

movetis 

mover  is                  move  mini 

movet 

movent 

movetur                 moventur 

1  The  future  passive  participle  is  commonly  known  as  the  gerundive. 


260 


APPENDIX. 


Active  Voice.  Passive  Voice. 

Imperfect. 

movebam  movebamus  movebar  movebamur 

movebas  movebatis  movebaris  movebamini 

movebat  movebant  movebatur  movebantur 


Future. 


movebo 
movebis 
movebit 


movi 

ra5visti 

movit 


moveram 

moveras 

moverat 


movero 
moveris 
moverit 


moveam 

moveas 

iiioveat 


moverem 

moveres 

moveret 


movebimus 

movebor 

movebimur 

movebitis 

moveberls 

movebimiiii 

movebunt 

movebitur 
Perfect. 

movebuntur 

movimus 

'  sum 

sunms 

movistis 

motus    es 

moti    estis 

moverunt 

est 
Pluperfect. 

sunt 

moveramus 

eram 

eram  us 

moveratis 

motus 

eras 

moti  j  eratis 

moverant 

erat 

erant 

Future  Perfect. 

maverimus 

ero 

erimus 

moveritis 

motus    eris 

moti 

eritis 

moverint 

erit 

erunt 

Subjunctive. 

Present. 

moveamus 

movear 

moveam  ur 

moveatis 

movearis 

moveamini 

moveant 

moveatur 
Imperfect. 

moveantur 

moveremus 

moverer 

moveremur 

inoveretis 

movereris 

moveremini 

moverent 

movere 

tur 

moverentur 

moverim 

moveris 

moverit 


Perfect. 
moverimus  [  sim  [  simus 

moveritis  motus  {  sis  moti  j  sitis 

moverint  sit  sint 


APPENDIX. 

261 

Active  Voice 

Pluperfect. 

Passive  Voice. 

mdvissem 

rnovisses 

movisset 

movissemus 

movissetis                    motus 

movissent 

'  essem                 f  essemus 
esses          moti    essetis 
esset                   [  essent 

Imperative. 

Present. 

2d  pers. 

move 

movete           2d  pers. 
Future. 

movere         moveraini 

2d  pers. 
M  pers. 

moveto 
move  to 

movetdte       2d  pers. 
movento         ^d  pers. 

Infinitive. 

movetor 

movetor        moventor 

Pres. 
Perf. 
Fut. 

movere 
movisse 
moturus,  -a, 

Pres. 
Perf. 

-um  (esse)        Fut. 

Participles. 

mover! 

motus,  -a,  -um  (esse) 

motum  iri 

Prfi9 

movens 
m5turus,  -a, 

Pres. 
-um                   Fut. 
Perf. 

rres. 

Fut. 

Perf. 

movendus,  -a,  -um 
motus,  -a,  -um 

Gerund. 

Nominative  

Genitive  movendi 

Dative  movendo 

Accusative  movendum 

Ablative  movendo 


Supine. 

Accusative     motum 
Ablative         motu 


262 


APPENDIX. 


21.  Third  Conjugation. 

divide,  divide. 
Principal  Parts  :  divido,  dividere,  divisi,  divisus. 


Active  Voice. 


Sing. 

divid5 
dividis 
dividit 


Plu. 

di  vidimus 

dividitis 

dividunt 


Indicative. 
Present. 


Passive  Voice. 


Sing. 

divider 

divideris  or  -re 
dividitur 


Plu. 

dividimiir 
dividimini 
dividuntur 


dividebam 

dividebas 

dividebat 


Imperfect. 


dividebamus 

dividebatis 

dividebant 


dividebar 
dividebaris  or  -re 
dividebatur 


dividebamur 
dividebamini 
dividebantur 


dividam 

divides 

dividet 


dividemus 

dividetis 

divident 


Future. 


dividar 

divideris  or  -re 
dividetur 


dividenmr 
dividemini 
dividentur 


divisi 

divisisti 

divisit 


Perfect. 

divisimus 
divisisti  s 
diviserunt  or  -ere 


sum 
divisus  I  es 
est 


isumus 
estis 
sunt 


diviseram 

diviseras 

diviserat 


Pluperfect. 


diviseramus 

diviseratis 

diviserant 


divisus 


eram 

eras 

erat 


(eramus 
eratis 
erant 


Future  Perfect. 

divisero                 diviserimus  f  ero                      [  erimus 

diviseris                diviseritis  divisus  |  eris  divisi  ]  eritis 

diviserit                diviserint  erit                        erunt 


APPENDIX. 

263 

Active  Voice.               Subjunctive. 

Passive  Voice. 

Present. 

dividam 

dividas 

dividat 

dividamus                     dividar 
dividatis                        dividaris  or  -re 
dividant                        dividatur 

dividamur 
dividamini 
dividantur 

Imperfect. 

dividerem 

divideres 

divideret 

divideremus                  dividerer 
divideretis                     dividereris  or  -re 
dividerent                     divideretur 

divideremur 
divideremini 
dividerentur 

diviserim 

diviseris 

diviserit 

Perfect. 
diviserimus 

diviseritis                      divisus 
diviserint 

'  sim 
sis 
sit 

simus 
divisi     sitis 
sint 

divisissem 

divisisses 

divisisset 

Pluperfect. 
divisissemus 

divisissetis                     divisus 
divisissent 

Imperative. 
Present. 

'  essem 
esses 
esset 

essemus 
divisi     essetis 
essent 

2d  pers. 

divide           dividite          2d  pers. 

dividere        dividimini 

Future. 

2d  pers. 
Mpers. 

dividito        dividitdte        2d  pers. 
dividito        dividunto        3d  pers. 

dividi 
dividi 

for 

tor       dividuntor 

Infinitive. 

Pres. 
Per/. 
Put, 

dividere                                Pres. 
divisisse                               Per/. 
divisurus,  -a,  -um  (esse)      Put. 

dividi 

divisus,  -a,  -um  (esse) 

divisum  iri 

Participles. 

Pres. 

Put. 
Perf. 

divide  ns                                Pres. 
divisHrus,  -a,  -um                 Put. 
Per/. 

dividendus,  -a,  -um 
divisus,  -a,  -um 

264 


APPENDIX. 

Gerund. 

Nominative  

Genitive  dividend! 

Dative  dividendo 

Accusative  dividendum 

Ablative  dividendo 

Supine. 

A  ccusative      di  vi  sum 
Ablative  divisii 


22.  Third  Conjugation  in  io. 

capio,  take. 

Principal  Parts  :  capio,  capere,  cepi,  captus. 

Active  Voice.  Indicative.  Passive  Voice. 


Present. 

Sing. 

Flu. 

Sing. 

Flu. 

capio 

capimus 

capior 

capimur 

capis 

capitis 

caperis  or  -re 

capiniini 

capit 

capiunt 

capitur 
Imperfect. 

capiuntur 

capiebam 

capiebamus 

capiebar 

capiebamur 

capiebas 

capiebatis 

capiebaris  or  -re 

capiebatnini 

capiebat 

capiebant 

capiebatur 
Future. 

capiebantur 

capiam 

capiemus 

capiar 

capieraur 

capies 

capietis 

capieris  or  -re 

capiemini 

capiat 

capient 

capietur 
Perfect. 

capientur 

cepi 

cepimus 

sum 

sumus 

cepisti 

cepistis 

captus    es 

capti    estis 

cepit 

ceperunt  or  -ere 

[est 

sunt 

APPENDIX. 

26f 

Active  Voice. 

Passive  Voice. 
Pluperfect. 

ceperam 

ceperas 

ceperat 

ceperamus 

ceperatis 

ceperant 

eram 
captus    eras 
erat 

capti 

eramus 

eratis 

erant 

Future  Perfect. 

cepero 
ceperis 
ceperit 

ceperimus 

ceperitis 

ceperint 

ero 

captus    eris 

erit 

Subjunctive. 

f  erimus 
capti    eritis 
[  erunt 

Sing. 

Plu. 

Present. 

SlNQ. 

Plu. 

capiam 

capias 

capiat 

capiamus 

capiatis 

capiant 

capiar 

capiaris  or  -re 
capiatur 

Imperfect. 

capiamur 
capiamini 
capiantur 

caperem 

caperes 

caperet 

caperemus 

caperetis 

caperent 

caperer 

capereris  or  -re 
caperetur 

caperemur 
caperemini 
capere  ntur 

ceperim 

ceperis 

ceperit 

ceperimus 

ceperitis 

ceperint 

Perfect. 

sim 
captus  ]  sis 
[sit 

simua 
capti    sitis 
sint 

cepissem 

cepisses 

cepisset 

cepissemus 

cepissetis 

cepissent 

Pluperfect. 

essem 
captus    esses 
esset 

capti 

essem  us 

essetis 
essent 

Imperative. 

Present. 

2d  pers. 

cape           capite 

2d  pers.   capere 
Future. 

capimini 

2d  pers. 
M  pers. 

capito        capitote 
capita        capiunto 

2d  pers.   capitor 
3d  pers.   capitor 

intor 

capiu 

266 


APPENDIX. 


Active  Voice.  Passive  Voice. 
Infinitive. 

Pres.   capere                                            Pres,  capi 

Per/,    cepisse                                           P^rf,  captus,  -a,  -um,  (esse) 

Fut.     capturus,  -a,  -um  (esse)               Fut.  captum  iri 

Participle. 

Pres.   


Pres.  capiens 

Fut.     capturus,  -a,  -um 

Per/.    


Per/,   captus,  -a,  -um 
Fut.     capiendus,  -a,  -um 


Gerund. 
Genitive         capiendi 
Dative  capiendo 

Accusative     capiendum 
Ablative         capiendo 

Supine. 

Accusative    captum 
Ablative        captu 

23.  Fourth  Conjugation. 

impedio,  impede. 
Principal  Parts  :  impedio,  impedire,  impedivi,  impeditus. 


Active  Voice. 

Passive  Voice. 

Indicative. 

Present. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

Sing. 

Flu. 

impedio 

impedimus 

impedior 

impedimur 

impedis 

impedltis 

impediris  or  -re 

impedirnini 

impedit 

impediunt 

impeditur 
Imperfect. 

impediuntur 

impediebam 

impediebamus 

impediebar 

impediebamur 

impediebas 

impediebatis 

impediebaris  or  -re 

impediebamini 

impediebat 

impediebant 

impediebatur 
Future. 

impediebantur 

impediam 

impediemus 

impediar 

impediemur 

impedies 

impedietis 

impedieris  or  -re 

impedieminf 

impediet 

irapedient 

impedietur 

impedientur 

APPENDIX. 


267 


sumus 

estis 

sunt 


Active  Voice.  Passive  Voice. 

Perfect. 
impedlvi  impedivimus  f  sum 

impedivisti      impedivistLs  impedltus  j  es  impediti 

iinpedivit         impediverunt  [  est 

or  -ere 

Pluperfect. 
impedlveram     impedlveramus  f  eram  f  eramus 

impediveras       impedlveratis  impeditus  j  eras  impediti  j  eratis 

impediverat      impediverant  [  erat  [  erant 


Future  Perfect. 


impedivero        impediveriraus 
impediveris       impediveritis 
impediverit       impediverint 


ero 

impeditus  j  eris 

erit 


impediti 


erimus 

eritis 

erunt 


impediam 

impedias 

impediat 


impediamus 

impediatis 

impediant 


Subjunctive. 
Present. 
impediar 
impediaris  or  -re 
impediatur 


impediamur 
impediamini 
impediantur 


impedlrem 
impedires 
impediret 

impediverim 

impediveris 

impediverit 


Imperfect. 

impediremus  impedirer 


impediretis 
impedirenfc 

impediverimus 

impediveritis 

impediverint 


impediremur 
impedireris  or  -re  impediremini 
impediretur  impedirentur 


impeditus 


Sim 

'  simus 

sis 

impediti    sitis 

sit 

sint 

Pluperfect. 

impedivissem     impedivissemus  f  essem  f  essemus 

impedivisses       impedivissetis  impeditus  j  esses  impediti  |  essetis 

impedivisset      impedivissent  [  esset  I  essent 


2d  per 8.   impedi 


Imperative. 
Present. 
impedite  2d  pers.   impedire       impedimini 


2(38 


APPENDIX. 


Active  Voice.  Passive  Voice. 

Future. 

2d  pers.   impedito         irapeditote  2d  pers.  irapeditor        

3d  pers.   impedito        impediunto         3d  pers.  impeditor        impediuntor 


Pres.   impedire 
Per/,   impedivisse 


Infinitive. 

Pres.   impedir! 

Per/,   impeditus,  -a,  -um  (esse) 


Fut.     impediturus,  -a,  -um  (esse)         Fut.     impedltum  iri 


Pres.   impediens 

Fut.     impediturus,  -a,  -um 

Per/.   . 


Participle. 

Pres. 


Fut.     impediendus,  -a,  -um 
Per/,   impeditus,  -a,  -um 


Gerund. 

Nominative     

Genitive  impediendi 

Dative  impediendo 

Accusative      impediendum 
Ablative         impediendo 

Supine. 
Accusative      impeditum 
Ablative  impeditii 


24. 


Deponent  Verbs. 


Conj. 

I        Conor 

conari 

conatus  sum 

attempt 

Conj. 

II        vereor 

vereri 

veritus  sum 

to  fear 

Conj. 

III         sequor 

sequi 

seciitus  sum 

to  follow 

Conj. 

IV         potior 

potiri 

potitus  sum 

to  get  possession 

I 

II 

III 

IV 

Pres. 

Conor 

vereor 

sequor 

potior 

cdnaris  (-re) 

vereris  (-re) 

sequeris  (-re) 

potiris  (-re) 

conatur 

veretur 

sequitur 

potitur 

conamur 

veremur 

sequimur 

potimur 

conamini 

veremini 

sequimini 

potimini 

conantur 

verentur 

sequuntur 

potiuntur 

APPENDIX. 

26S 

I 

II                          III 

IV 

Impf. 

conabar 

verebar                 sequebar 

potiebar 

Flit. 

couabor 

verebor                  sequar 

potiar 

Per/. 

conatus  sum 

veritus  sum           secutus  sum 

potitiis  sum 

Plup. 

conatus  eram 

veritus  eram         secutus  eram 

potitus  eram 

P.P. 

conatus  ero 

veritus  ero            secutus  ero 
Subjunctive. 

potitus  ero 

Pres. 

coner 

verear                    sequar 

potiar 

Iinpf. 

conarer 

vererer                   sequerer 

potirer 

Per/. 

conatus  sim 

veritus  sim           secutus  sim 

potitus  sim 

Plup. 

conatus  essem 

veritus  essem        secutus  essem 
Imperative. 

potitus  essem 

conare,  etc. 

verere,  etc.            sequere,  etc. 
Infinitives.* 

potire,  etc. 

Pres. 

conari 

vereri                     sequi 

potiri 

Perf. 

conatus  esse 

veritus  esse           secutus  esse 

potitus  esse 

Put. 

conaturus  esse 

veritiirus  esse       secuturus  esse 

potiturus  esse 

Participles.' 


Pres.     CO  nan  8 
Put.      conatiirus 
Perf.     conatus 


conandus 


conandi,  etc. 


verens 

veritiirus 

veritus 


sequens 
sec  ut  virus 
secutus 


potiens 

potiturus 

potitus 


Gerundive.  v 

verendus  sequendus  potiendus 

Gerund, 
verendi,  etc.         sequendi,  etc.       potiendi,  etc. 


Supine. 

cOnatum,  -tii  veritum,  -tu  secutum,  -tii         potitum,  -tu 

*  Notice    that  deponent   verbs    have   the  active  form  of  the  future 
infinitive  and  the  participles  of  both  voices. 
19 


270 


APPENDIX. 


25. 


Present. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

sum 

sumus 

es 

estis 

est 

sunt 

Pe 

RFECT. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

fui 

fuimus 

fuisti 

fuistis 

fuit 

fuerunt 

Irregular  Verbs. 
Principal  Parts  :   sum,  esse, 

Indicative. 
Imperfect. 


Sing. 

Plu. 

eram 

eram  us 

eras 

eratis 

erat 

erant 

Pluperfect. 

Sing.  Plu. 

fueram  fueramus 

fueras  fueratis 

fuerat  fuerant 


fui. 


Future. 


Sing. 
ero 
eris 
erit 


Plu. 

erimus 

eritis 

erunt 


Future  Perfect. 

Sing.  Plu. 

fuero  fuerimus 

fueris  fueritis 

fuerit  fuerint 


Present. 
sim  simus 

sis  ^    sitis 

sit  sint 

Perfect. 
fuerim  fuerimus 

fueris  fueritis 

fuerit  fuerint 


Subjunctive. 

Imperfect. 

essem 

esses 
esset 

essemus 

essetis 

essent 

Pluperfect. 

is                   fuissem 
fuisses 
fuisset 

fuissemus 

fuissetis 

fuissent 

es,  he  (thou) 

est5,  thou  shalt  he 
esto,  he  shall  he 


Imperative. 
Present. 

Future. 


Infinitives. 
Pres.   esse,  to  be 
Per/,    fuisse,  to  have  heen 
Fut.     futurus  esse,  to  he  about  to  he 


este,  he  (ye} 

estote,  ye  shall  he 
sunto,  they  shall  he 


Participles. 

futurus,  -a,  -um,  about  to  be 


APPENDIX. 


271 


26. 


volo,  velle,  volui,  — ,  to  be  willing,  will,  wish. 
nolo,  nolle,  nolul,  — ,  to  be  unwilling,  will  not. 
nialo,  nialle,  malui,  — ,  to  be  more  willing,  prefer. 
possum,  posse,  potui,  — ,  to  be  able. 


Indicative. 


Pres. 


Impf. 
Fut. 

Perf. 
Plup. 
F.P. 


volo,  /  wish. 

vis 

vult 

volumus 

vultis 

volunt 

volebani 

volam,  voles, 

etc. 
volui 
volueram 
volueio 


Pres.     velim 
velis 
velit 
velim  us 
velitis 
velint 
Impf.     vellem 
Perf.      voluerim 
Plup.     voluissem 


nolo,  /  will  not. 
non  vis 
non  vult 
nolumus 
non  vultis 
nolunt 
nolebam 
nolam,  noles, 

etc. 
nolui 
nolueram 
noluero 


malo,  I  prefer,     possum,  I  am  able. 


mavis 

mavult 

malumus 

mavultis 

malunt 

malebam 

malam,  males, 

etc. 
malui 
malueram 
maluero 


Subjunctive. 


nolim 

nolis 

nolit 

nolimus 

nolitis 

nolint 

nollem 

noluerim 

noluissem 


malim 

malis 

malit 

malimus 

malitis 

malint 

mallem 

maluerim 

maluissem 


Pres. 
Fut. 


Imperative. 

noli,  nolite  

nolito,  etc.  


potes 
potest 
possumus 
potestis 
possunt 
poteram 
potero,  poteris, 
etc. 
Apotui 
potueram 
potuerd 


possim 

possis 

possit 

possimus 

possitis 

possint 

posse  m 

potuerim 

potui  ssem 


Pres.      velle 
Perf      voluisse 

Pres.      volens 


Infinitives. 


nolle 
noluisse 


malle 
maluisse 


Participle. 


nolens 


posse 
potuisse 


potens 


272 

APPENDIX. 

27. 

Principal  Parts: 

eo,  ire,  (ivi)  ii,  itus,  to  go. 

Indicative. 

Subjunctive. 

Pres. 

eo,  is,  it 

earn,  eas,  eat 

imus,  itis,  eunt 

eamus,  eatis,  eant 

Imp/. 

ibam,  ibas,  ibat 

irem,  ires,  iret 

ibamus,  ibatis,  ibant 

iremus,  iretis,  irent 

Fut. 

ibo,  ibis,  ibit 
Ibiinus,  ibitis,  ibunt 

Perf. 

(ivi)  ii 

(iverim)  ierim 

Plup. 

(iverani)  ieram 

(ivissem)  iissem 

P.P. 

(ivero)  iero 

Imperative. 

Infinitive. 

Pres. 

i,  ite 

Pres.         ire 

Fut. 

ito,  ito,  itdte,  eunto 

Perf.         (ivisse)  iisse 
Fut.          itiirus  esse 

Participles. 

Gerundive. 

Pres. 

iens,  euntis,  eunti,  etc. 

eundum  (neuter  only) 

Fut. 

itiirus,  -a,  -um 

Gerund.                   Supine, 
eundi,  etc.                  itum,  itii 

28.   Fi6,  le  made,  become,  is  the  regular  passive  of  faciS,  make.     Note 
the  i  before  all  vowels  except  e  in  the  combination  -er. 

Principal  Parts  :  fio,  fieri,  factus  sum. 


Indicative. 

Subjunctive. 

Imperative. 

Pres. 

fio,  fis,  fit 
flmus,  fitis,  fiunt 

fiam 

Pres. 

fi,  fite 

Imp. 

fiebam 

fierem 

Infinitive. 

Fut. 

fiam 

Pres. 

fieri 

Perf. 

factus  sum 

factus  sim 

Perf 

factus  esse 

Plup. 

factus  eram 

factus  essem 

Fut. 

factum  iri 

F.P. 

factus  ero 

Perf 

Participle. 

factus 

Gerundive, 
faciendus 

APPENDIX. 


273 


29. 


Principal  Parts  :  f ero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  hear. 


Active. 

Passive. 

Indie. 

Subj. 

Indie. 

Subj. 

Pres. 

fero 

feram 

feror 

ferar 

fers 

feras 

ferris 

feraris  (-re) 

fert 

ferat 

fertur 

feratur 

ferimus 

feramus 

ferimur 

feramur 

fertis 

feratis 

feriraiiii 

feram  ini 

ferunt 

ferant 

feruntur 

ferantur 

Impf. 

ferebam 

ferrem 

ferebar 

ferrer 

FuL 

feram 

ferar 

Per/. 

tuli 

tulerim 

latus  sum 

latus  sim 

Plup. 

tuleram 

tulissem 

latus  eram 

latus  essem 

F.P. 

tulero 

latus  ero 

latus  ero 

Imperative. 

Pres. 

fer 

ferte 

ferre 

ferimini 

Flit 

ferto 
ferto 

fertote 
ferunto 

fertor 
fertor 

J/  Ul. 

feruntor 

Infinitive. 

Pres. 

ferre 

ferri 

Per/. 
Fut. 

tulisse 
laturus  esse 

latus  esse 
latum  iri 

k 

Participles. 

Pres. 

ferens 

Perf.         latus,  -a, 

-um 

Fut. 

laturus,  -a,  ■ 

•um 

Ger.         ferendus 

,  -a  -um 

Gerund. 

ferendi,  -do, 

,  -dum,  -do 

Supine. 

latum,  latu. 

274 


APPENDIX. 


30.   MODELS  OF   ORIGINAL   SCHEMES  FOR 
FORM   DRILL. 


Consecutive  Declension. 
VocAB.  Forms.  Sing. 

1.  pars  Nom.   mercator 

2.  lingua         Gen.     animi 

3.  flumen        Dat.     bello 

4.  provincia    Ace.     causam 

5.  mercator    Ahl.     proelio 

Plu. 

6.  animus       Nom.  fines 

7.  bellum        Gen.    partium 

8.  causa  Dat.     linguis 

9.  proelium     Ace.     flumina 
10.  finis  Ahl.     provinciis 


Consecutive  Synopsis. 


VocAB.  Forms. 

1.  sum 

2.  divido 

3.  incolo 

4.  appello 

5.  instituo 

6.  differo 


7.  absum 

8.  pertineo 

9.  contineo 
10.  gero 


Indicative. 
Pres.        sunt 
Imperf.    dividebant 
Put.         incolent 
Perf.        appellaverunt 
Pluperf.  instituerant 
F.  P.       distulerint 

Subjunctive. 
Pres.        absint 
Imperf.    pertinerent 
Perf.        continuerint 
Pluperf.  gessissent 


Consecutive  Infinitives  and  Participles. 
Vocabulary  Forms. 
11.  contendo         13.  obtineo         15.  capio  17.  vergo 


12.  prohibeo         14.  dico 


16.  attingo         18.  orior 


19.  specto 
20.  indiico 


Infinitives. 
Active.  Passive. 

Pres.    contendere  dici 

Perf.    prohibuisse  captus  esse 

Put.     obtentiirus  esse  attactum  iri 


Participles. 
Active.                 Passive. 
vergens  ^ 


oritur  us 


1  spectatns 

inducendus 


Consecutive  Conjugation. 
Vocabulary  Forms. 
21.  facio      22.  persuadeo      23.  exeo      24.  praesto      25.  potior      26.  fio 
Perf  Ind.  Act.  Imp.  SubJ.  Passive. 

SiNQ.  Plu.  Sing.  Plu. 

feci  praestitimus         fierem  praestaremur 

persuasisti  (no  active)  ^         (impers.  in  passive)^  potiremini 

exiit  fecerunt  exiretur  fierent 

1  Note  that  it  is  quite  as  important  to  know  where  no  form  occurs  as  to  know 
what  is  the  proper  form. 


LIST    OF   FIVE   HUNDRED    WORDS. 

Compiled  from  the  Vocabulary  of  High  School  Latin  with  the 
permission  of  the  author,  Dr.  Gonzales  Lodge,  of  the  Teachers 
College,  Columbia  University.  This  classified  list  consists  of 
words  occurring  in  Caesar's  First  Campaign  and  used  six  or  more 
times  in  the  first  five  books  of  the  Gallic  War.  The  progressive 
and  intelligent  teacher  will  have  no  difficulty  in  appreciating  the 
value  of  this  word  list  as  an  aid  in  the  acquisition  of  a  practical 
vocabulary  and  in  the  annotation  of  sight  passages,  which  may 
thus  be  marked  with  scientific  accuracy. 


VERBS. 

Chap.  1. 

1.  sum 

2.  divido 

3.  incolo 

4.  appello 

5.  Tnstituo 

6.  differo 

7.  absum 

8.  pertineo 

9.  contineo 

10.  gero 

11.  contendo 

12.  prohibeo 

13.  obtineo 

14.  dico 

15.  capio 

16.  attingo 

17.  vergo 

18.  orior 

19.  specto 

Chap.  2. 

20.  induce 

21.  facio 

22.  persuades 

23.  exeo 


24.  praesto 

25.  potior 

26.  flo 

27.  infero 

28.  possum 

29.  bello 

30.  habeo 

31 .  pateo 

32.  vagor 

Chap.  3. 

33.  adduce 

34.  permoveo 

35.  constituo 

36.  proficiscor 

37.  compare 

38.  confirmo 

39.  conficio 

40.  duco 

41.  deligo 

42.  suscipio 

43.  occupo 

44.  accipio 

45.  Conor 

46.  do 

47.  probo 

48.  perficio 

49.  concilio 


50.  iuro 

51.  spero 

Chap.  4. 

52.  enuntio 

53.  cogo 

54.  sequor 

55.  oportet 

56.  conduce 

57.  incito 

Chap.  5. 

58.  pare 

59.  incendo 

60.  porto 

61.  telle 

62.  subeo 

63.  iubeo 

64.  liter 

65.  transeo 

66.  eppQgno 

67.  recipio 

Chap.  6. 

68.  video 

69.  existimo 

70.  eo 

71.  patier 


72.  cenvenio 

73.  pace 

74.  flue 

Chap.  7. 

76.  ntintio 

76.  mature 

77.  perveni5 

78.  impero 

79.  mitto 

80.  rogo 

81.  licet 

82.  teneo 

83.  eccido 

84.  pello 

85.  concedo 

86.  puto 

87.  tempero 

88.  intercede 

89.  respendeo 

90.  sumo 

91.  volo 

92.  reverter 

Chap.  8. 

93.  perduco 

94.  dispone 

95.  venio 


275 


276 


APPENDIX. 


96.  ostendo 

97.  deicio 

98.  iungo 

99.  repello 

100.  desisto 

Chap.  9. 

101.  irapetro 

102.  studeo 

Chap.  10. 

103.  renuntio 

104.  intellego 

105.  praeficio 

106.  educ5 

Chap.  11. 

107.  traduco 

108.  defendo 

109.  raereor 

110.  vasto 

111.  expugno 

112.  debeo 

113.  demonstro 

114.  exspecto 
116,  statuo 

116.  consumo 

Chap.  12. 

117.  iudico 

118.  impedio 

119.  aggredior 

120.  concldo 

121.  mando 

122.  abdo 

123.  interficio 

124.  ulciscor 

Chap.  13.' 

125.  consequor 

126.  euro 

127.  commoveo 

128.  adorior 

129.  fero 

130.  despicio 

131.  nitor 

132.  committo 
1.33.  consisto 
134,  ag5 


Chap,  14. 

135,  accido 

136,  caves 

137,  decipio 

138,  timeo 

139,  tempto 

140,  vexo 

141,  depono 

142,  consuesco 

143,  polliceor 

144,  discedo 

145,  admlror 

146,  doleo 

Chap.  15. 

147,  moveo 

148,  praemltto 

149,  insequor 

150,  cad5 

151,  lacesso 

152,  coepi 

Chap.  16. 

153,  flagito 

154,  pono 

155,  averto 
le56.  nol5 
157,  con fero 
168,  comporto 

159.  Insto 

160.  convoco 

161.  praesum 

162.  creo 

163.  accuse 

164.  emo 
166.  queror 

Chap.  17. 

166.  propono 

167.  valeo 

168.  deterred 

169.  perfer5 

170.  dubito 

171.  supero 

Chap.  18. 

172.  sentio 

173.  dimitto 

174.  quaero 

175.  cupio 

176.  advertd 


177.  perterreo 

178.  reperid 

Chap.  19. 

179.  cognosco 

180.  removeo 

181.  pet5 

182.  hortor 

183.  vereor 

Chap.  20. 

184.  scio 

185.  moneo 

186.  loquor 

Chap.  22. 

187.  instrud 
Chap.  24. 

188.  sustineo 

189.  mfinio 

Chap.  26. 

190.  cohortor 

191.  pugno 

192.  vinco 

193.  resisto 

Chap.  26. 

194.  vulnero 

Chap.  27. 

195.  trado 

196.  egredior 

Chap.  28. 

197.  reduce 
Chap.  29. 

198.  redeo 

NOUNS. 

Chap.  1. 

1.  pars 

2.  lingua 

3.  flu  men 

4.  provincia 

5.  mercator 


6,  animus 

7,  bellum 

8.  causa 

9.  proelium 

10.  finis 

11.  initium 

12.  Ocean  us 

13.  sol 

14.  septentrio 

15.  mons 

16.  occasus 


Chap,  2. 

17.  regnum 

18.  nobilitas 

19.  clvitas 

20.  copia 

21.  imperium 

22.  locus 

23.  natura 

24.  ager 

25.  lacus 

26.  res 

27.  homo 

28.  multitudo 

29.  passus 

30.  latitudo 


Chap.  3. 

31.  auctoritas 

32.  carrus 

33.  numerus 

34.  iter 

35.  fruraentum 

36.  pax 

37.  amicitia 

38.  annus 

39.  legatid 

40.  filius 

41.  pater 

42.  senatus 

43.  populus 

44.  frater 

45.  profectio 

46.  tern  pus 

47.  exercitus 

48.  oratio 

49.  fides 

50.  ius 


APPENDIX. 


277 


Chap.  4. 

51.  mos 

62.  ignis 

53.  dies 

64.  cliens 

66.  anna 

66.  magistratus 

57.  mors 

Chap.  5. 

58.  nihil 

59.  oppidum 

60.  vicus 

61.  aedificium 

62.  domus 

63.  spes 

64.  pericukira 
66.  mensis 

66.  consilium 

67.  socius 

Chap.  6. 

68.  vadum 

69.  pons 

70.  vis 

71.  ripa 

Chap.  7. 

72.  miles 

73.  legio 

74.  adventus 

75.  princeps 

76.  maleficium 

77.  voluntas 

78.  memoria 

79.  iugum 

80.  facultas 

81.  iniuria 

82.  spatiura 

83.  legatus 

Chap.  8. 

84 .  miirus 

85.  altitudo 

86.  pes 

87.  fossa 

88.  opus 

89.  praesidium 

90.  castellum 

91.  navis 

92.  ratis 


93.  nox 

94.  munitio 

95.  concursus 

96.  telum 

Chap.  9. 

97.  via 

98.  angustiae 

99.  sponte 

100.  gratia 

101.  beneficium 

102.  obses 

Chap.  11. 

103.  auxilium 

104.  conspectus 

105.  liberi 

106.  ser Vitus 

107.  hostis 

108.  fuga 

109.  fortuna 

Chap.  12. 

110.  explorator 

111.  vigilia 

112.  castrum 

113.  silva 

114.  pagus 

115.  casus 

116.  calamitas 

Chap.  13. 

117.  dux 

118.  insidiae 

119.  nomen 

Chap.  14. 

120.  contumelia 

121.  victoria 

122.  commiitatio 

Chap.  15. 

123.  equitatus 

124.  agmen 

125.  eques 

Chap.  16. 

126.  potestas 

127.  prex 


Chap.  17. 

128.  libertas 
Chap.  18. 

129.  concilium' 
Chap.  22. 

130.  captivus 

131.  equus 

132.  acies 

133.  impetus 

Chap.  24. 

134.  impedi- 
mentum 

Chap.  25. 

135.  pllum 

136.  gladius 

137.  piigna 
1.38.    scutum 

139.  signum 

140.  vulnus 

Chap.  26. 

141.  vallum 

ADJECTIVES 

and 
PRONOUNS. 

Chap.  1. 

1.  omnis 

2.  tres 

3.  qui 

4.  unus 
6.  alius 

6.  tertius 

7.  ipse 

8.  noster 

9.  hie 

10.  sul 

11.  fortis 

12.  longus 

13.  parvus 

14.  is 

16.  reliquus 

16.  cotidianus 

17.  suus 

18.  inferus 


Chap.  2. 

19.  ndbilis 

20.  totus 

21.  facilis 

22.  latus 

23.  altus 

24.  alter 

25.  finitimus 

26.  cupidus 

27.  magnus 

28.  angustus 

29.  mille 

30.  ducenti 

31.  quadraginta 

32.  octoginta 

Chap.  3. 

33.  multus 

34.  amicus 

35.  idem 

36.  ille 

37.  firmus 

Chap.  5. 

38.  duodecim 

39.  quadringenti 

40.  quisque 

Chap.  6. 

41.  duo 

42.  singuli 

43.  nullus 

44.  bonus 

45.  quintus 

Chap.  7. 

46.  ulterior 

47.  princeps 

48.  ullus 

49.  quis 

50.  certus 

Chap.  8. 

51.  novem 

52.  sedecim 

53.  in  Vitus 

54.  complures 

Chap.  9. 

65.    novus 


278 


APPENDIX. 


Chap.  10. 

56.  frumentarius 

57.  hibernus 

58.  quinque 

59.  super  bus 

60.  citerior 

61.  Septimus 

62.  primus 

Chap.  11. 

63.  liber 

64.  necessarius 
65    coiisangui- 

neus 

Chap.  12. 

66.  incredibilis 

67  uter 

68.  quartus 

69.  quattuor 

70.  insignis 

7 1 .  solus 

72.  publicus 

Chap.  13. 

73.  repentinus 

74.  viginti 

75.  aeger 

76.  vetus 

77.  pristinus 

78.  improvisus 

Chap.  14. 

79.  gravis 

80.  aliquus 

81.  recens 

82.  secundus 

Chap.  15. 

83.  posterus 

84.  alienus 

85.  pauci 

86.  quingenti 

87 .  tantus 

88.  audax 

89.  quiudecim 

90.  amplius 

91.  quini 

Chap.  16. 

92.  maturus 

93.  propinquus 


Chap.  17. 

94.  quantus 

Chap.  21. 

95.  militaris 

Chap.  26. 

96.  acer 


PREPOSI- 
TIONS. 

Chap.  1. 

1.  in 

2.  inter 

3.  ab 

4.  trans 

5.  cum 

6.  de 

Chap.  2. 

7.  apud 

8.  ante 

9.  e^ 

10.  pro 

Chap.  3. 

11.  per 

Chap.  4. 

12.  ob 

Chap.  5. 

13.  post 

Chap.  7. 

14.  sine 

15.  sub 

Chap.  10. 

16.  circum 

Chap.  11. 

17.  praeter 


CONJUNC- 
TIONS. 

Chap.  1. 

et 

quod 

atque 

-que 

cum 

aut 


Chap.  2. 

7.  ut 

8.  autem 

Chap.  3. 

9.  quin 
Chap.  4. 


10. 
11. 


12. 


13. 


18. 


ne 
neque 

Chap.  5. 
ubi 

Chap.  6. 

vel 

Chap.  7. 

tamen 
si 

Chap.  12. 

nam 
sed 

Chap.  14. 

enim 


ADVERBS. 

Chap.  1. 

1.  saepe 

2.  prope 

3.  quoque 

4.  propterea 

5.  fere 

6.  etiam 


Chap.  2. 

7.  undique 

Chap.  3. 

8.  quam 

9.  satis 

10.  n5n 

11.  item 

Chap.  5. 

12.  iam 
Chap.  6. 

13.  vix 
Chap.  8. 

14.  interea 

Chap.  9. 

15.  itaque 

Chap.  10 

16.  ubi 

17.  inde 

Chap.  11. 

18.  ita 

19.  paene 

Chap.  14. 

20.  tam 

21.  diu 

Chap  15. 

22.  circiter 

Chap.  16. 

23.  interim 

24.  cotidie 

25.  modo 

26.  quidem 

27.  praesertim 

Chap.  17. 

28.  turn 

29.  demum 

Chap.  21. 

30.  postea 


SYNTACTICAL   SYLLABUS. 

Note.  —  A  knowledge  of  what  constructions  occur  most  frequently  in 
Caesar  enables  the  teacher  by  intelligent  emphasis  to  increase  the  efficiency  of 
his  class  in  examinations  and  sight  reading.  Such  accurate  knowledge  should 
be  an  indispensable  qualification  for  one  who  sets  an  examination  or  test. 
Many  constructions  upon  which  we  spend  much  time  in  teaching  first  and 
second  year  Latin  are  found  so  rarely  as  to  deserve  no  attention.  The  sta- 
tistics are  drawn  from  Heynacher,  one  of  those  patient  German  toilers  who 
would  attempt  to  count  and  classify  the  sands  of  the  sea,  were  scholarship 
to  be  aided  thereby. 

Case  Constructions. 

Nominative  as  Subject naturally  most  frequently. 

Predicate  Nominative  also  frequently. 

Genitive : 

(1)  Possessive    ...?....     more  than  1000  times. 

(2)  Partitive 366  times. 

(3)  Objective  with  Nouns  or  Adjectives.     .     .     .      200  times. 

This  construction  with  verbs  such  as  remembering,  forgetting,  and  imper- 
sonals  occurs  but  3  times,  and  in  these  phases  may  be  disregarded. 

(4)  Quality :  (alias  Descriptive) 82  times. 

No  other  genitive  occurs  more  than  3  times. 

Dative : 

(1)  Compound  Verbs 225  times. 

(2)  Purpose 88  times. 

(3)  Adjectives 63  times. 

(4)  Special  Verbs  (alias  Intransitives)    ....  40  times. 

(5)  Agent  (only  in  the  2d  periphrastic)      ...  26  times. 

(6)  Possessor  with  sum 18  times. 

(7)  Interest  (alias  Advantage) a  few  times. 

The  next  most  frequent  construction  is  the  Ethical  Dative,  occurring  but 
6  times. 

279 


280  APPENDIX. 

Accusative : 

(1)  Direct  Object naturally  most  frequently. 

(2)  Place  to  Which  (Limit  of  Motion)  .     .     .  very  frequently. 

(3)  Compound  Verbs  (ad-,  circum-,  per-,  trans-)     .        79  times. 

(4)  Extent 37  times. 

Under  this  construction  may  be  grouped  52  occurrences  of  Extent  in  De- 
gree, often  called  Adverbial  Accusative,  e.g.  multum,  plus,  plurimum. 

(5)  Predicate  (Double  Accusatives) 70  times. 

The  cognate  accusative,  two  accusatives  with  verbs  of  teaching  and  con- 
cealing do  not  occur  at  all  and  should  not  be  taught  in  first  or  second  year 
work. 

Ablative : 

(1)  Absolute o     .     .  770  times. 

(2)  Means 600  times. 

(3)  Agency frequently. 

(4)  Separation  (including  Place  Whence)  .     .     .  300  times. 

Statistics  fail  to  give  precise  figures  for  other  ablative  constructions,  but 
with  an  aggregate  of  7000  occurrences  of  this  case,  none  of  the  constructions 
commonly  taught  in  the  grammars  will  be  found  to  occur  less  times  than 
many  of  the  genitive  and  dative  constructions  already  enumerated.  So  none 
may  be  safely  neglected.    The  other  common  ablative  constructions  are : 

(5)  Accompaniment.  (H)  xjtor,  etc. 

(6)  Specification.  (12)  Quality. 

(7)  Cause.  (13)  Manner. 

(8)  Time  When.  (14)  Comparison. 

(9)  Place  From  Which.  (15)  Degree  of  Difference. 

(10)  Place  In  Which. 

Mode  Constructions. 

Subjunctive:     (no    detailed    statistics  —  relative    frequency   only 
indicated). 

(1)  Subordinate  Clauses  Indirect  Discourse. 

(2)  Indirect  Question. 

(3)  Purpose :  (a)  Pure  Final,  ip)   Substantive,  (c)   Relative. 

(4)  Result. 


APPENDIX.  281 

The  following  occur  so  much  less  frequently  that  no  distinction  as  to 
types  is  advisabliB. 

(5)  Quod  Causal. 

(6)  Cum  Causal  and  Concessive.     (Latter  18  times.) 

(7)  Cum  Temporal  with  secondary  tenses. 

With  one  exception  Conditions,  though  very  common  in  Caesar,  are  in- 
volved in  the  intricacies  of  Indirect  Discourse  and  their  study  may  in  the 
judgment  of  the  authors  be  more  profitably  postponed  until  the  reading  of 
Cicero.  Meantime  in  Caesar  they  may  be  intelligently  treated  as  Subordi- 
nate Clauses  in  Indirect  Discourse  without  explaining  the  subtleties  of  the 
tenses.  Conditions  have  been  introduced  into  the  Caesar's  First  Campaign 
only  with  reluctance  and  in  deference  to  conventional  practice,  leaving  it 
to  the  individual  teacher's  judgment  as  to  whether  they  should  be  taught. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  priusquam  clauses,  only  8  of  which  occur  out- 
side of  Indirect  Discourse'  in  the  four  books.  Dum  in  the  sense  of  until 
occurs  only  4  times  ;  quoad,  until,  once  ;  and  donee  not  at  all.  The  Horta- 
tory, Jussive,  Potential,  and  Optative  Subjunctives  occur  only  in  Indirect 
Discourse. 

Infinitive : 

(1)  In  Indirect  Discourse. 

(2)  Complementary  (including  infinitive  as  object). 

(3)  As  Subject  of  Impersonals. 

The  Historical  Infinitive  occurs  but  six  times  in  Caesar. 

Supines : 

The  supine  in  um  occurs  10  times  in  the  four  books  ;  that  in  u  but  once, 
I,  3,  6. 

Gerunds  and  Gerundives : 

(1)  Accusative  with  ad 86  times. 

(2)  Genitive  of  Gerund  modifying  substantives 

(inclusive  of  causa  and  gratia)     ....  128  times. 

(3)  Ablative  with  de  or  in 21  times. 

(4)  Gerundive  with  euro 17  times. 

(5)  The  Gerundive  in  the  genitive  with  sui     .     .  10  times. 

Other  uses  of  the  Gerund  are  very  rare. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY. 


A.,  abbreviation  for  Aulus,  -i,  a  Latin  prae- 

nomen,  or  first  name. 
&,    ab,    prep,    with    abl.,    from,    away 

from;    with  passive  verbs,  by. 
abdd,  -dere,  -didi,   -ditus,   put  away, 

conceal,  hide. 
abduco,     -ere,     -duxi,     -ductus,     lead 

away,  take  away. 
abed,  -ire,  -ii,  -iturus,  go  away,  depart, 
abstined,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentus  (abs-teneo), 

abstain,  refrain. 
absum,  -esse,  afui,  afuturus,  be  away 

from,  be  absent,  be  wanting. 

ac,  same  as  atque,  and. 

accedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessurus  (ad- 
cedo),  go  to,  approach,  be  added. 

acceptus,  -a,  -um,  acceptable,  pleas- 
ing (gov.  dat.). 

accidd,  -ere,  -cidi  (ad-cado),  fall  to, 
happen. 

accipid,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  (ad- 
capio),  take  to,  receive,  accept. 

accurro,  -ere,  -curri  and  -cucurri, 
-cursurus  (ad-curro),  run  to,  hasten 
up  to. 

accus6,  1,  accuse,  blame,  find  fault  with. 

ficer,  dcris,  acre,  adj.,  keen,  sharp, 
active. 

acies,  -ei,  /.,  sharp  edge,  battle  line, 
keenness  (of  the  eyes). 

dcriter,  adv.,  fiercely,  sharply. 

ad,  prep,  with  ace,  to,  towards,  up  to, 
near;  with  numerals,  an  adv.,  about. 

adduco,  -ere,   -duxi,  -ductus,  lead  to, 

induce. 
adfero,   -ferre,   -tuli,   -latus,    bring  to, 

report. 


adficid,   -ere,   -feci,  -fectus   (ad-faci5), 

affect,  afflict,  visit  with. 

adfinitds,  -tatis,  /.,  relationship  (by 
marriage). 

adgredior,  -i, -gressus  sum  (ad-gradior), 
go  towards,  approach,  attack. 

adhibed,  -dre,  -hibui,  -hibitus  (ad- 
habed),   have  near,   call  in,   apply. 

admiror,  -ari,  -atus,  wonder  at,  marvel 
at. 

admitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus,  let  go, 
commit,  admit. 

adorior,  -iri,  -ortus  sum,  rise  against, 
attack. 

adscisco,  -ere,  -scivi,  -scitus,  take  to, 
add,  adopt. 

adsum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus,  be  near, 
assist,  be  present. 

adulescentia,  -ae,  /.,  youth. 

adventus,  -us,  m.,  a  coming  to,  ap- 
proach, arrival. 

ad  versus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  opposite,  un- 
favorable. 

adverts,  -ere,  -verti,  -versus,  turn 
towards  or  to;  animum  adverto,  no- 
tice. 

aedificium,  -i,  n.,  a  building. 

aedificd,  1,  build,  construct. 

Aeduus,  -a,  -um,  of  the  Aeduans; 
subst.,  an  Aeduan. 

aegrS,  adv.,  with  difficulty,  hardly. 

Aemilius,  -i,  m.,  one  of  Caesar's  officers. 

aequo,  1,  make  equal,  equalize. 

aflferS,  see  adfero. 

afficio,  see  adficio. 

aflfinitas,  see  adfinitas. 

ager,  agri,  w.,  land,  field. 


284 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 


aggredior,  see  adgredior. 

agmen,  agminis,  n.,  army  on  the  march, 
column,  line. 

ag6,  -ere,  egi,  dctus,  drive,  do,  dis- 
cuss. 

allenus,  -a,  -um,  belonging  to  another, 
strange,  unfavorable. 

aliquis,  aliquid  (-quod),  somebody, 
some  one,  something;    some,  any. 

alius,  -a,  -ud,  another,  other. 

AUobroges,  -um,  ace.  -as,  m.,  name  of 
a  Gallic  tribe  near  Lake  Geneva. 

alo,  -ere,  alui,  altus,  nourish,  support, 
sustain. 

Alpes,  -ium,  /.,  the  Alps. 

alter,  -era,  -erum,  the  other  {of  two), 
the  second;  alter  .  .  .  alter,  correl., 
the  one  .  .  .  the  other;  alter!  .  .  . 
alter!,  the  one  partly  .  .  .  the 
other  partly. 

altitudd,  -dinis,  /.,  height,  depth. 

altus,  -a,  -um,  high,  deep,  tall. 

Ambarr!,  -6rum,  w.,  a  tribe  of  Gauls 
related  to  the  Aeduans. 

amicitia,  -ae,  /.,  friendship. 

amicus,  -i,  m.,  friend;  as  adj.,  amicus, 
-a,  -um,  friendly. 

&mittd,  -ere,  &m!s!,  ftmissus,  send 
away,  lose,  let  go. 

amor,  -6ris,  m.,  love,  affection. 

ample,    adv.,    largely,    fully. 

amplus,  -a,  -um,  large;  amplius  {neut. 
comp.),  more. 

anceps,  gen.  ancipitis,  twofold,  double- 
headed,  doubtful. 

angustiae,  -ftrum,  /.,  narrows,  narrow 
pass,  straits. 

angustus,  -a,  -um,  narrow. 

animadverts,  -ere,  -vert!,  -versus,  at- 
tend to,  notice,  punish. 

animus,  -!,  m.,  mind,  spirit. 

annus,  -!,  m.,  a  year. 

annuus,  -a,  -um,  for  a  year,  annual. 

ante,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace.,  before. 

anted,  adv.,  before,  previously. 

antiquus,  -a,  -um,  old,  ancient,  former. 


apertus,  -a,  -um,  open,  exposed,  un- 
protected. 

appello,   1,  call,  name. 

Apr!lis,  -e,  adj.,  of  April;  abbvr.  Apr. 

apud,  prep,  with  ace,  with,  in  the  pres- 
ence of,  among,  at,  near. 

Aquileia,  -ae,  /.,  a  city  of  Cisalpine 
Gaul,  on  the  Adriatic  Sea. 

Aqmtdn!,  -6rum,  m.,  the  Aquitani- 
ans,  a  people  living  in  the  southwest 
part  of  Gaul. 

Aquit&nia,  -ae,  /.,  the  country  of  the 
Aquitanians. 

Arar,  -aris,  m.,  a  river  flowing  into  the 
Rhone  at  Lyons;    modern  Saone. 

arbitror,  -ftri,  -atus  sum,  judge,  think. 

arma,  -6rum,  n.,  implements,  arms, 
weapons. 

ascendd,-ere,  ascend!,  ascensus,  climb, 
mount,  ascend. 

ascensus,  -us,  m.,  ascent,  acclivity. 

atque  or  ac,  conj.,  and  also,  and. 

attingd,  -ere,  attig!,  attactus  (ad- 
tangd),  touch  upon,  reach,  border 
upon. 

auctdritfls,  -tfttis,/.,  authority,  influence. 

audacia,  -ae,  /.,  boldness,  daring. 

auddcter,  adv.,  boldly. 

aud&x,  gen.  audScis,  bold,  daring. 

audeO,  -ere,  ausus  sum,  semi-dep.,  dare. 

audio,  -!re,  -!vi,  -!tus,  hear. 

auged,  -ere,  auxi,  auctus,  trans.,  in- 
crease, enlarge. 

aut,  conj.,  or;  aut  .  .  .  aut,  either 
...  or. 

autem,  conj.,  but,  moreover,  on  the 
other  hand. 

auxilium,  -!,  n.,  aid,  help;  pi.,  auxiliary 
forces. 

fivertO,  -ere,  avert!,  Sversus,  turn  away, 
estrange. 

avus,  -i,  m.,  grandfather. 

Belgae,  -drum,  m.,  the  Belgians,  a 
people  living  in  the  northeast  part  of 
Gaul. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  YOCABULARY. 


285 


bellicosus,  -a,  -um,  warlike. 

belld,  1,  make  war,  war. 

belium,  -i,  n.,  war. 

bene,  adv.,  well. 

beneficium,  -i,  n.,  service,  kindness. 

Bibracte,  -tis,  n.,  chief  town  of  the 
Aeduans. 

biduum,  -i,  n.,  a  period  of  two  days, 
two  days. 

biennium,  -i,  n.,  two  years. 

bipertito  {or  bipartlto),  adv.,  in  two  di- 
visions. 

Bituriges,  -um,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Gauls  west 
of  the  Aeduans. 

Boil,  -6rum,  m.,  a  Celtic  tribe. 

bonit&s,  -tatis,  /.,  goodness,  fertility  {of 
the  soil). 

bonus,  -a,  -um,  good. 

bracchium,  -i,  n.,  arm,  forearm. 

C,    abbreviation  for   Caius    (Gaius),    a 

Roman  first  name. 
cadd,  -ere,  cecidi  [casurusj,  fall,  happen. 
Caesar,  -aris,  m.,  a  Roman  name. 
calamitas,  -tatis,  /.,  disaster,  misfortune, 
capid,   -ere,   cepi,   captus,   take,   seize, 

catch. 
captivus,  -i,  m.,  captive,  prisoner, 
caput,  capitis,  n.,  head, 
carrus,  -I,  m.,  cart,  wagon. 
Cassianus,  -a,  -um,   of  Cassius,  with 

Cassias. 
Cassius,  -i,  m.,  Lucius  Cassius,  consul 

107  B.C. 
castellum,  -i,  n.,  fort,  redoubt,  strong- 
hold. 
Casticus,  -i,  m.,  a  chief  of  the  Sequani. 
castra,  -drum,  n.  {sing,  castrum),  camp, 
casus,  -us,  m.,  accident,  chance. 
Catamantaioedes,  -is,  m.,  a  chief  of  the 

Sequani. 
Caturiges,    -um,    an    Alpine    tribe    of 

Gauls. 
causa,  -ae,  /.,  cause,  reason,  case  {at 

law),  abl.  causa,  preceded  by  a  gen., 

for  the  sake  of. 
20 


caved,  -ere,  cfivi,  cautus,  be  on  one's 
guard,  guard  against. 

celer,  celeris,  celere,  swift,  quick. 

celeriter,  adv.,  quickly. 

Celtae,  -arum,  m.,  the  Celts  or  Gauls. 

census,  -us,  m.,  numbering,  census. 

centum,  indecl.  num.,  one  hundred. 

certus,  -a,  -um,  sure,  certain;  certi- 
orem  facere,  to  inform. 

Ceutrones,  -um,  m.,  an  Alpine  tribe  of 
Gauls. 

cibiarus,  -a,  -um,  pertaining  to  food; 
cibaria,  -6rum,  provisions. 

cibus,  -i,  m.,  food. 

cifciter,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace,  about. 

circuitus,  -us,  m.,  roundabout  way,  cir- 
cuit. 

circum,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace, 
around,  about. 

circumvenio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventus,  sur- 
round. 

citerior,  -ius,  comp.  adj.,  nearer,  hither; 
used  of  the  Gallic  province  nearer 
Rome,  Cisalpine  Gaul. 

citra,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace.,  this  side, 
on  this  side  of. 

civitas,  -tatis,  /.,  citizenship,  a  state. 

claudd,  -ere,  clausi,  clausus,  shut,  close, 
shut  up. 

cliens,  -entis,  m.,  a  dependant,  vassal. 

coemd,  -ere,  coemi,  coemptus,  buy  up, 
purchase. 

coepi,  coepisse,  coeptus  {no  pres.), 
began,  have  begun. 

coerced,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  confine,  re- 
strain, check. 

cogndscd,  -ere,  cognSvi,  cognitus,  learn, 
ascertain,  recognize;   perf.,  know. 

c6gd,  -ere,  coegi,  coactus,  collect,  force, 
compel. 

cohortor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  encourage, 
exhort. 

colligo,  see  conligd. 

coUis,  -is,  m.,  hill. 

coUocd,  see  conlocd. 

colloquor,  see  conloquor. 


286 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 


comburo,  -ere,  -bussi,  -bustus,  burn, 
burn  up. 

commemord,  1,  mention,  speak  of, 
relate, 

commeo,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus,  go  to  and 
fro,  resort. 

committo,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus,  join, 
trust,  allow,  commit. 

commode,  adv.,  advantageously,  con- 
veniently, readily. 

commonefacio,  -ere,  -feci,  -factus,  re- 
mind, admonish. 

commoved,  2,  move,  stir,  disturb, 
alarm. 

communid,  -ire,  -ivi,  -Itus,  fortify. 

commutatio,  -onis,  /.,  a  change,  com- 
plete reverse. 

commtjto,   1,  change,  exchange. 

comparo,  1,  prepare,  get  ready,  procure. 

comperio,  -ire,  comperl,  compertus, 
learn,  discover. 

complector,  complecti,  complexus 
sum,  clasp,  embrace. 

compleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus,  fill  up,  cover. 

complures,  compltira,  and  compluria, 
many,  several. 

comports,  1,  collect,  bring  together. 

conMum,  -i,  n.,  an  attempt,  undertak- 
ing. 

conatus,  -us,  m.,  an  attempt. 

concedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus,  intr. 
with  dat.,  retire,  withdraw  from, 
yield  to;  trans.,  concede,  allow,  give 
up. 

concldo,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus,  cut  to 
pieces,  kill. 

concilio,  1,  win  over,  secure,  procure. 

concilium,  -i,  n.,  a  meeting,  council. 

concursus,  -us,  m.,  a  running  together, 
onset,  charge. 

condicid,  -6nis,  /.,  condition,  terms. 

condono,  1,  pardon,  forgive. 

condiico,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus,  bring 
together,  collect,  hire. 

confers,  -ferre,  contuli,  collatus,  bring 
together,  collect. 


confertus,  -a,  -um,  crowded,  dense. 

conficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus,  complete, 
accomplish,  prepare,  make. 

confido,  -ere,  confisus  sum,  semi-dep., 
trust,  rely  on;  with  dat.,  believe. 

confirms,  1,  strengthen,  establish,  de- 
clare, assure. 

conicio,  -ere,  conieci,  -iectus  (con- 
iacio),  throw,  cast,  hurl. 

coniungo,  -ere,  -iunxi,  -iunctus,  join, 
connect,  unite. 

coniuratio,  -onis,  /.,  conspiracy, 

conligo,  1,  bind  together,  fasten 
together. 

conloco,  1,  place,  arrange,  give. 

conloquor,  -loqui,  -loctitus  sum,  talk, 
confer. 

c6nor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  try,  attempt. 

conquiro,  -ere,  -quisivi,  -quisitus  (con 
quaero),  search  for,  hunt  up. 

consanguineus,  -a,  -um,  kindred;  as 
noun,  kinsman. 

cdnsciscd,  -ere,  -scivi,  -scitus,  resolve, 
take  upon  one's  self;  mortem  sibi 
consciscere,  commit  suicide. 

conscius,  -a,  -um,  knowing,  conscious, 
aware  of. 

conscribo,  -ere,  -scripsi,  -scriptus,  en- 
roll, enlist. 

consequor,  -sequi,  -seciitus  sum,  fol- 
low, overtake,  secure. 

Considius,  -i,  m.,  one  of  Caesar^s  officers. 

consido,  -ere,  -sedi,  -sessurus,  settle, 
halt,  encamp. 

consilium,  -i,  n.,  plan,  design. 

consists,  -ere,  -stiti,  gain  a  footing, 
stand,  halt;   with  abl.,  consist. 

cSnsSlor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  comfort,  con- 
sole. 

cSnspectus,  -us,  m.,  sight. 

conspicor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  catch  sight  of, 
see. 

cSnstituS,  -ere,  -stitui,  -stitutus,  place, 
establish,  appoint,  resolve,  deter- 
mine. 

consuescS,    -ere,    -suevi,    -suetus,    be- 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY. 


28T 


come  accustomed;  perf.,  be  accus- 
tomed, be  wont. 

cdnsul,  -ulis,  w.,  a  consul,  the  chief 
Roman  magistrate. 

cdnsumd,  -ere,  -sumpsi,  -sumptus, 
waste,  consume,  destroy. 

contendd,  -ere,  -tendl,  -tentus,  strive, 
hasten,  contend. 

continenter,  adv.,  continuously,  con- 
tinually. 

contined,  -ere,  -tinui,  -tentus  (con- 
teneo),  ksep  together,  restrain, 
bound. 

contrft,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace,  oppo- 
site, against,  on  the  other  hand. 

contumelia,  -ae,  /.,  insult,  indignity. 

convenio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventus,  come  to- 
gether,  assemble;    trans.,  meet. 

conventus,  -us,  m.,  assembly,  court. 

converts,  -ere,  -verti,  -versus,  turn 
around,  change. 

convoco,  1,  call  together,  summon. 

copia,  -ae,  /.,  a  supply,  plenty;  pi., 
supplies,  troops,  forces. 

copiosus,  -a,  -um,  full  of  supplies, 
wealthy,  plentiful. 

corpus,  -pons,  n.,  body. 

cotldidnus,  -a,  -um,  daily,  customary. 

cotidie,  adv.,  daily,  every  day. 

Crassus,  -i,  m.,  Marcus  Crassus,  a 
wealthy  politician  and  general. 

cred6,  -ere,  credidi,  creditus,  trust, 
believe  (with  dat.);    suppose. 

cremd,  1,  burn,  consume. 

cre6,  1,  create,  elect,  choose,  make. 

cresco,  -ere,  crevi,  cretus,  grow,  in- 
crease, become  powerful. 

cultus,. -us,  m.,  cultivation,  civilization. 

cum,  prep,  with  ahl.,  with. 

cum,  conj.  with  indie,  when,  whenever, 
at  the  time  when;  with  subjunc, 
when,  while,  although,  since,  because. 

cupide,  adv.,  eagerly. 

cupiditas,  -tStis,  /.,  eagerness,  desire. 

cupidus,  -a,  -um,  eager,  fond  of,  am- 
bitious for. 


cupid,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus,  desire,  be  eager 

for,  wish  well  for. 
cur,  rel.  and  interrog.  adv.,  why. 
cur6,   1,  take  care,    provide   for ;   with 

gerundive,  cause. 
custOs,  -tddis,  m.  and  /.,  guard,  watch, 

spy. 

damnd,  1,  find  guilty,  condemn. 

de,  prep,  with  ahl.,  down  from,  about, 
concerning,  of. 

debed,  -ere,  debui,  debitus,  owe;  tdth 
infin.,  ought,  must. 

decem,  indecl.  num.,  ten. 

decimus,  -a,  -um,  tenth. 

decipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  (de-capid), 
deceive. 

decurid,  -dnis,  m.,  a  decurion,  com- 
mander of  a  squad  of  ten  horsemen. 

dediticius,  -a,  -um,  surrendered,  captive. 

deditio,  -onis,  /.,  a  surrender. 

defends,  -ere,  defend!,  defensus,  defend, 
ward  off. 

defetiscor,  defetisci,  defessus  sum,  be- 
come exhausted,  become  weary. 

deicio,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus  (de-iacio),  cast 
down,  drive  off ;  {with  spe)  disap- 
point. 

deinde,  adv.,  then,  next,  immediately. 

delibero,  1,  deliberate,  consider. 

deligo,  -ere,  -I6gi,  -Iectus  (de-leg6), 
choose,  select. 

deminud,  -ere,  -minui,  -minutus,  lessen, 
impair. 

demonstrd,  1,  point  out,  show,  make 
known. 

demum,  adv.,  at  last,  at  length. 

denique,  adv.,  at  last,  finally. 

dep6n6,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus,  lay  down, 
lay  aside. 

depopulor,  -ari,  -&tus  sum,  ravage,  lay 
waste. 

deprecdtor,  -Oris,  w.,  mediator,  inter- 
cessor. 

designs,  1,  indicate,  mean. 

desists,  -ere,  destiti,  cease,  desist. 


288 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY. 


despSrd,  1,  cease  to  hope,  despair. 
despicid,    -ere,    -spexl,    -spectus,    look 

down  upon,  despise. 
destituO,       -ere,       -stitui,       -stitutus, 

abandon,  desert. 
destringo,  -ere,  -strinxi,  -strictus,  strip 

off,  draw  (a  sword). 
deterreo,  -ere,  -terrui,  -territus,  frighten 

off,  prevent. 
deus,  -i,  m.,  a  god. 
dexter,    dextra,    dextrum,    right    (not 

left);      dextra     (manus),     the    right 

hand. 
dic6,    -ere,    dixi,    dictus,    say,    speak, 

name  (a  day) ;  plead  (a  case) . 
dictid,  -onis,  /.,  a  speaking,  pleading, 
dies,  diei,  m.  and  /.,  day,  time, 
differs,  -f erre,  distuli,  dlldtus  (dis-f ero) , 

bear  apart,  defer,  differ. 
difficilis,  -e,  not  easy,  difficult,  hard, 
dimitto,     -ere,     -misi,     -missus     (dis- 

mitto),  send  away,  let  go,  dismiss, 
discedo,    -ere,    -cessi,    -cessurus,    go 

apart,  retire,  depart, 
disco,  -ere,  didici,  learn, 
disicio,   -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus    (dis-iacid), 

hurl  apart,  scatter,  rout. 
dispond,    -ere,    -posui,    -positus,    place 

here  and  there,  arrange,  station. 
dissimilis,  -e,  unlike. 
diu,  adv.,  for  a  long  time, 
diutius,  comp.  of  diu,  for  a  longer  time, 

longer,  too  long, 
dives,  gen.  divitis,    rich;    superl.   ditis- 

simus,  richest. 
Divicidcus,    -i,    m.,    an    Aednan    chief 

friendly  to  the  Romans. 
Divic6,  -Onis,  m.,  a  Swiss  leader. 
divido,    -ere,    divisi,    divisus,    divide, 

separate. 
dd,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  give, 
doled,  -ere,  -ui,  feel  pain,  suffer,  grieve, 
dolor,  -Oris,  m.,  pain,  grief,  distress. 
dolus,  -i,  m.,  deceit,  stratagem. 
dubito,  1,  doubt,  hesitate. 
dubius,  -a,  -um,  doubtful,  uncertain. 


ducentl,  -ae,  -a,  two  hundred. 

ducd,   -ere,   duxi,    ductus,    draw,    lead, 

conduct,  consider. 
dum,  conj.,  r/hile,  until,  so  long  as. 
Dumnorix,     -rigis,     m.,     an     Aeduan, 

brother  of  Diviciacus,  but  unfriendly 

to  the  Romans. 
duo,  duae,  duo,  two. 
duodecim,  indecl.,  twelve, 
duodeviginti,  indecl.,  eighteen, 
dux,  ducis,  m.,  leader,  guide. 

6,  prep,  with  abl.     See  ex. 

educd,  -ere,  §duxi,   eductus,  lead  out, 

bring  out,  take  out. 
effemind,  1,  make  effeminate,  weaken, 

enfeeble, 
efferd,  -ferre,   extuli,   SUtus  (ex-fer5), 

carry  out,  publish,  elate, 
ego,  mei,  pers.  pron.,  I. 
egredior,  egredi,  egressus  sum  (ex-gra- 

dior),  go  out,  depart, 
egregius,    -a,    -um,    distinguished,    un- 
common, 
emittd,  -ere,  §misi,  emissus,  send  forth, 

let  go,  hurl, 
emo,  -ere,  emi,  emptus,  buy,  purchase, 
enim,  conj.,  for. 

enuntid,  1,  make  known,  report. 
e6,  adv.,  thither,  to  that  place, 
eo,  ire,  ii  (ivi),  itus,  go. 
eddem,  adv.,  to  the  same  place, 
eques, -itis,  m.,  horseman;  pi.,  cavalry, 
equester,  -tris,  -tre,  of  the  cavalry, 
equitatus,  -us,  m..,  cavalry. 
equus,  -i,  m.,  horse. 
eripio,  -ere,  Sripui,  ereptus  (ex-rapio), 

snatch  away,  take  from,  rescue. 
et,  conj.,  and;    both  .  .  .  and. 
etiam,  conj.,  also,  even. 
evell6,  -ere,  evelli  and  evulsi,  Svulsus, 

pull  out. 
ex  (e),  prep,  with  abl.,  out  of,  from, 
exemplum,    -i,    n.,    example,    practice, 

precedent. 
exe6,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  go  out,  depart. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY. 


289 


exercitus,  -us,  m.,  army. 

existimati6,  -6nis,  /.,  opinion,  estimate. 

existimd,  1,  judge,  think,  believe. 

expeditus,  -a,  -um,  unencumbered, 
easy,  light-armed  (troops). 

explorator,  -6ris,  m.,  scout. 

expugno,  1,  take  by  storm,  capture. 

exsequor,  exsequi,  exsecutus  sum,  fol- 
low out,  follow  up ;  ius  exsequi,  en- 
force. 

exspectd,  1,  look  out  for,  wait,  wait  to 
see. 

extrSi,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace,  outside 
of,  beyond. 

extremus,  -a,  -um,  farthest,  last,  at  the 
end. 

exurd,  -ere,  -ussi,  -ustus,  trans.,  burn  up. 

facile,  adv.,  easily. 

facilis,  -e,  easy. 

facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus,  make,  do. 

facultas,  -t&tis,  /.,  power,  opportunity; 
pL,  means,  resources. 

fames,  -is,  /.,  hunger,  starvation. 

familia,  -ae,  /.,  body  of  slaves  or  vas- 
sals, household,  retinue. 

familiaris,  -e,  adj.,  belong  to  a  family, 
private,  intimate;  res  familiftris, 
private  property. 

faveO,  -ere,  favi,  fautus,  be  favorable 
to,  favor. 

fere,   adv.,   almost,    nearly,    generally. 

fer6,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  bear,  carry,  en- 
dure, report. 

ferrum,  -i,  n.,  iron;  anything  made  of 
iron:    sword,  dart. 

fides,  -ei,  /.,  faith,  belief,  faithfulness, 
pledge,  protection. 

filia,  -ae,  /.,  daughter. 

filius,  -i,  w.,  son. 

finis,  -is,  m.,  border,  end;  pi.,  borders, 
territories. 

finitimus,  -a,  -um,  adjoining,  neighbor- 
ing;   pi.  as  noun,  neighbors. 

fid,  fieri,  factus  sum,  be  made,  be  done, 
become,  happen  {pass,  of  facid). 


firmus,  -a,  -um,  strong. 

fldgitd,  1,  demand,  demand  often. 

fleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus,  weep,  weep  for. 

flumen,  -inis,  n.,  liver. 

fluo,  -ere,  fluxi,  fluxus,  flow. 

fortis,  -e,  strong,  brave. 

fortiter,  adv.,  bravely. 

fortitude,  -dinis,  /.,  bravery. 

fortuna,  -ae,  /.,  fortune,  lot,  fate;    pi., 

possessions,  property, 
fossa,  -ae,  /.,  ditch,  trench, 
f rater,  -tris,  m.,  brother, 
fraternus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  a  brother, 

brotherly. 
frigus,    -oris,    n.,    cold,    cold    weather; 

pi.,  frosts,  cold  season. 
frumentarius,    -a,    -um,   productive  of 

grain;    (with  res)  grain  supply. 
frumentum,  -i,  n.,  grain;    pL,  standing 

grain. 
frux,  frugis,  /.,  fruit,  produce;  pi.,  crops. 
fuga,  -ae,  /.,  flight,  running  away, 
fugitivus,  -a,  -um,  runaway;    as  subst., 

deserter. 

Gabinius,  -i,  m.,  one  of  the  consuls  of 

68  B.C. 
Gallia,  -ae,  /.,  Gaul,  the  ancient  name 

for  France,  etc. 
Gallicus,  -a,  -um,  of  the  Gauls,  Gallic. 
Gallus,  -i,  m.,  a  Gaul,  a  native  of  Gaul; 

adj.,  Gallic. 
Garumna,  ae,  m.,  the  Garonne  River. 
Genava,  -ae,  /.,  a  city  of  the  Allobroges, 

now  Geneva. 
Germanus,  -a,  -um,  German;  as  noun, 

a   German. 
ger6,  -ere,  gessi,  gestus,  bear,  carry  on, 

do,  wage;    bellum  gerere,  wage  war, 

carry  on  war. 
gladius,  -i,  yn.,  sword, 
gldria,  -ae,  /.,  glory,  renown, 
gracilis,  -e,  slender. 
Graecus,  -a,  -um,  Greek. 
Graioceli,  -orum,  m.,  a  Gallic  tribe  in 

the  Alps. 


290 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 


gr&tia,  -ae,  /.,  gratitude,  good-will, 
influence. 

gravis,  -e,  heavy,  severe,  serious. 

graviter,  adv.,  heavily,  severely,  seri- 
ously, bitterly. 

habed,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  have,  hold;  pass., 

be  held,  be  considered. 
Helvetii,  -6rum,  m.,  the  Helvetians,  a 

Celtic  race  inhabiting  Switzerland  in 

ancient  times. 
Helvetius,  -a,  -um,  Helvetian,  Swiss. 
hibernus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  winter;   neut. 

pi.,  hiberna,  -6rum,  winter  quarters, 
hie,  haec,  hoc,  this;    he,  she,  it. 
hiemo,  1,  pass  the  winter,  winter. 
Hispania,  -ae,  /.,  Spain. 
homd,    -inis,   m.   and  /.,   man,   human 

being  (man  or  woman). 
honor,  -oris,  m.,  respect,  honor,  office. 
hora,  -ae,  /.,  hour. 

hortor,  -ari,  -iltus  sum,  encourage,  urge. 
hostis,  -is,  m.,  enemy,    (usually  plu.). 
humdnitas,  -atis,  /.,  refinement, 
humilis,  -e,  humble. 

iactd,  1,  toss,  toss  about,  discuss,  vaunt. 
iam,  adv.,  already;    with  a  negative,  no 

longer. 
ibi,  adv.,  there,  in  that  place, 
ictus,  -us,  m.,  stroke,  blow, 
idem,   eadem,   idem,   the  same. 
Idus,  -uum,  /.,  the  Ides,  13th  or  16th  of 

the  month. 
ignis,  -is,  m.,  fire. 

ignord,  1,  fail  to  notice,  not  to  know, 
ille,  -a,  -ud,  that;   he,  she,  it. 
illic,  adv.,  there,  in  that  place, 
immortalis,  -e,  immortal. 
impedimentum,  -i,  n.,  hindrance;    pi., 

(heavy)  baggage. 
impedid,  4,  entangle,  hinder,  impede. 
impended,  -ere,  overhang, 
imperator,  -oris,  m.,  general, 
imperium,    -i,    n.,    command,    control, 

authority,  power,  empire. 


imperS,  1,  command;  with  dat.,  order. 

impetro,  1,  obtain  a  request,  secure. 

impetus,  -us,  m.,  attack,  charge. 

importd   (in-porto),    1,   import. 

improbus,  -a,  -um,  wicked,  reckless. 

improvise,  adv.,  unexpectedly. 

in,  prep,  with  abl.  in,  on,  among,  with- 
in; with  ace,  into,  on,  to,  against. 

incendo,  -ere,  -cendi,  -census,  burn,  set 
fire  to,  inflame,  excite. 

incito,  1,  set  in  motion,  impel,  arouse, 
incite. 

incolo,  -ere,  -colui,  inhabit,  live,  dwell. 

incommodum,  -i,  n.,  disadvantage, 
defeat,  disaster,  misfortune. 

incredibilis,  -e,  incredible,  marvellous. 

inde,  adv.,  thence,  from  that  place, 
from  that  time. 

indicium,  -i,  n.,  information,  evidence. 

indued,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus,  lead  on, 
induce,  draw  on,  cover. 

inferior,  -ius,  lower,  lower  part  of, 
weaker. 

infero,  -ferre,  intuli,  illatus,  bring,  bring 
in,  bring  against;  (with  bellum),  wage 
war  upon. 

inflecto,  -ere,  -flexi,  -fiexus,  bend, 
bend  down. 

infiu6,  -ere,  -fluxi,  -fluxus,  flow  into. 

inimicus,  -a,  -um,  hostile,  unfriendly; 
noun,  a  personal  enemy. 

initium,  -i,  n.,  beginning,  origin. 

iniuria,  -ae,  /.,  injury,  wrong,  insult. 

iniussu,  m.,  only  in  abl.,  without  orders, 
without  command. 

inopia,  -ae,  /.,  want,  lack. 

inopinans,  gen.  inopinantis,  adj.,  not 
suspecting,  off  one's  guard,  unaware. 

insciens,  gen.  -entis,  adj.,  not  knowing, 
unaware. 

insequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum,  follow 
after,  pursue. 

insidiae,  -arum,  /.,  snare,  trap,  am- 
bush, stratagem. 

insigne,  -is,  n.,  sign,  badge,  decora- 
tion. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 


291 


insignis,  -e,  adj.,  marked,  distinguished, 
signal. 

insolenter,  adv.,  insultingly,  haughtily. 

institud,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  establish,  ap- 
point, teach,  train,  begin. 

institutum,  -i,  n.,  habit,  practice,  cus- 
tom, institution. 

insto,  -are,  -stiti,  -status,  press  on,  be 
at  hand,  threaten., 

instrud,  -ere,  -uxi,  -uctus,  arrange,  draw 
up. 

intellego,  -ere,  -lexi,  -lectus,  learn, 
know,  understand,  realize. 

inter,  prep,  with  ace,  between,  among. 

intercedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus,  go  be- 
tween, intervene,  elapse. 

intercludo,  -ere,  -clusi,  -clusus  (inter- 
claudd),  shut  off,  cut  ofiF,  hinder. 

interdiu,  adv.,  by  day. 

interdum,  adv.,  at  times,  meanwhile. 

interea,  adv.,  meanwhile. 

interficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus  (inter- 
facio),  kill,  put  to  death. 

interim,  adv.,  meanwhile. 

intermitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus,  inter- 
rupt, stop,  omit,  let  pass. 

internecio,  -onis,  /.,  extermination, 
annihilation. 

interpres,  -etis,  m.,  interpreter. 

intersum,  -esse,  -fui,  be  between,  take 
part  in. 

intervallum,   -i,   n.,   interval,   distance. 

invitus,  -a,  -um,  unwilling. 

ipse,  -a,  -um,  himself,  he  himself,  in 
person,  the  very. 

ire,  see  e6,  go. 

is,  ea,  id,  this,  that,  he,  she,  it. 

ita,  adv.,  so,  in  such  a  way,  thus. 

Italia,  -ae,  /.,  Italy. 

itaque,  adv.,  and  so,  accordingly. 

item,  adv.,  likewise,  also. 

iter,  itineris,  n.,  march,  journey,  way, 
path,  road,  route. 

iul)ed,  -6re,  iussi,  iussus,  bid,  order, 
command  with  inf.  and  ace. 

indicium,  -i,  n.,  judgment,  trial,  court. 


iudicd,  1,  judge,  decide, 
iugum,  -i,  n.,  yoke,  ridge,  crest, 
iumentum,  -i,  n.,  a  beast  of  burden. 
iungS,  -ere,  iunxi,  iunctus,  join. 
Jura,  -ae,  m..  Jura,  a  chain  of  mountains 

in  eastern  Gaul. 
ius,  iuris,  n.,  right,  justice,  law. 
ius  iurandum,  iuris  iurandi,  n.,  oath, 
iustitia,  -ae,  /.,  justice,  uprightness. 
iuv6,  -are,  iuvi,  iutus,  help,  aid. 
Kalendae,  -arum,  /.,  the  Calends,  first 

day  of  the  Roman  month. 

L.,  abbreviation  for  Lucius,  a  Roman 
first  name. 

Labienus,  -i,  m.,  an  officer  in  Caesar's 
army. 

lacesso,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus,  harass,  attack, 
provoke. 

lacrima,  -ae,  /,  a  tear. 

lacus,  -us,  m.,  lake. 

largior,  -iri,  -itus  sum,  give  freely, 
bribe. 

largiter,  adv.,  abundantly. 

largitid,  -onis,  /.,  generosity,  lavish 
giving,  bribery. 

late,  adv.,  widely. 

latitudd,  -inis,  /.,  width. 

Latobrigi,  -orum,  m.,  a  tribe  associated 
with  the  Helvetians. 

latus,  -eris,  n.,  side,  flank. 

latus,  -a,  -um,  wide,  broad. 

legatio,  -onis,  /.,  embassy. 

legatus,  -i,  m.,  deputy,  lieutenant-gen- 
eral, ambassador. 

legid,  -Onis,  /.,  legion. 

Lemannus,  -i,  m.,  ancient  name  for 
Lake  Geneva. 

lenitas,  -atis,  /.,  gentleness,  smooth- 
ness. 

lex,  legis,  /.,  law. 

liber,  -era,  -erum,  free. 

liberalitas,  -atis,  /.,  generosity,  lavish 
giving. 

libere,  adv.,  freely,  openly,  without 
hindrance. 


292 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 


liberi,  -6rum,  m.,  children. 

libero,  1,  free,  set  free. 

llbertSs,  -atis,  /.,  liberty,  freedom. 

liceor,  -eri,  -itus  sum,   bid  (at  an  aixc- 

tion). 
licet,  -ere,  licuit,  impersonal  verb,  it  is 

allowed,  it  is  permitted. 
Lingones,  -um,   ace.  Lingonas,  a  Gallic 

nation  northwest  of  the  Sequani. 
lingua,  -ae,  /.,  tongue,  language, 
linter,  -tris,  m.,  gen.  pi.  lintrium,  skiff, 

small  boat. 
Liscus,   i-,   m.,    chief  magistrate   of  the 

Aeduans  58  B.C. 
littera,  -ae,  /.,  a  letter  {of  the  alphabet)', 

pi.,  a  letter,  epistle, 
locus,    -i,    m.,    place,    spot;     neut.    pi. 

loca,  -orum,  places,  locality,  region, 
longe,  adv.,  far,  far  away,  by  far. 
longitude,  -inis,  /.,  length, 
longus,  -a,  -um,  long. 
loquor,  loqui,  locutus  sum,  speak,  talk. 
Lucius,    -i,   m.,   Lucius,   a   Latin  first 

name. 
lux,  lucis,  /.,  light. 

M.,  abbreviation  for  M^cus,  a  first 
name. 

magis,  comp.  adv.,  more,  rather. 

magistr&tus,  -us,  m.,  magistracy,  mag- 
istrate. 

mSgnopere,  adv.,  greatly. 

mggnus,  -a,  -um,  large,  great. 

maior,  m^us,  comp.  of  mdgnus,  larger, 
greater;    pi.,  elders,  ancestors. 

male,  adv.,  badly,  ill. 

maleficium,  -i,  n.,  harm,  mischief. 

maid,  malle,  malui,  prefer. 

malus,  -a,  -um,  bad,  evil,  wicked. 

mando,  1,  intrust,  commit,  order. 

manus,  -us,/.,  hand;  band  (of  soldiers) , 
force. 

Marcus,  -i,  m.,  Marcus,  a  Latin  first 
name. 

matara,  -ae,  /.,  spear,  pike  (wsed  by  the 
Gauls). 


mater,  -tris,  /.,  mother. 

matrimonium,  -i,  n.,  marriage,  matri- 
mony. 

Matrona,  -ae,  m.,  the  Marne,  a  river  of 
central  Gaul. 

maturd,  1,  hasten,  make  haste. 

mjiturus,  -a,  -um,  ripe,  early. 

maxime,  especially,  very. 

maximus,  -a,  -um,  largest,  greatest, 
very  great. 

medius,  -a,  -um,  middle,  in  the  middle; 
medio  coUe,  halfway  up  the  hill. 

melior,  melius,  comp.  adj.,  better. 

melius,  comp.  adv.,  better. 

memoria,  -ae,  /.,  memory. 

mensis,  -is,  m.,  month. 

mercator,  -6ris,  m.,  a  trader. 

mereor,  -eri,  -itus  sum,  win,  earn,  de- 
serve, serve  (in  the  army). 

meritum,  -i,  deserts,  due. 

Messala,  -ae,  m.,  Marcus  Valerius 
Messala,  consul  61  B.C. 

metior,  -iri,  mensus  sum,  measure, 
deal,  deal  out,  distribute. 

meus,  -a,  -um,  my. 

mihi,  dat.  of  ego,  I. 

mQes,  -itis,  m.,  soldier. 

milia,  pi.  of  mQle. 

milit&ris,  -e,  adj.,  military. 

mille,  one  thousand. 

minime,  superl.  adv.,  least,  by  no  means. 

minimus,  -a,  -um,  superl.  of  parvus, 
least,  very  small. 

minor,  minus,  comp.  of  parvus,  smaller. 

minud,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  diminish, 
weaken,  reduce. 

minus,  adv.,  comp.  of  parum,  less. 

miror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  wonder,  marvel 
at,  admire. 

mittd,  -ere,  misi,  missus,  send,  throw. 

modo,    adv.,  only;    just   now,  recently. 

mol6,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  grind. 

moneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  warn,  advise. 

mdns,  montis,  m.,  a  mountain. 

morior,  mori  (moriri),  mortuus  sum, 
die;  moriturus,  fut.  part. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY. 


293 


moror,   -ftri,   -&tus  sum,   linger,   delay, 

detain. 
mors,  mortis,  /.,  death. 
m6s,  moris,  m.,  manner,  custom;    pL, 

customs,  character. 
moved,   2,   move,   influence,   break  up 

(camp). 
mulier,  -eris,  /.,  woman, 
multitudd,  -inis,  /.,  multitude,  crowd, 

throng,  large  number, 
multd,  adv.,  much. 

multus,  -a,  -um,  much;  many  (in  plu.). 
munio,  4,  fortify, 
munitio,  -dnis,  /.,  fortification, 
murus,  -i,  m.,  wall. 

nam,  conj.,  for. 

Nammeius,  -i,  m.,  a  Stoiss  envoy. 

ndtura,  -ae,  /.,  nature,  character. 

navis,  -is,  /.,  ship,  boat. 

-ne,  enclitic  used  to  mark  the  sentence  as 
interrogative. 

ne,  in  independent  sentences,  not;  in- 
troducing subordinate  clause,  that 
not,  lest. 

necessarius,  -a,  -um,  necessary,  critical, 
pressing;  noun,  relative,  kinsman, 
close  friend. 

nego,  1,  say  no,  say  not,  deny. 

nemd,  dat.  nemini,  ace.  neminem,  tn. 
and  /.,  no  man,  no  one,  nobody. 

neque  or  nee,  conj.,  and  not,  nor;  cor- 
rel.,   neither  .  .  .  nor. 

nervus,  -i,  sinew;    pi.,  force,  power. 

neve,  continuing  ut  or  ne,  or  not,  and 
not,  nor. 

nex,  necis,  /.,  death,  violent  death. 

nihil  or  nil,  n.,  nom.  and  ace.  sing,  only, 
nothing. 

nihilum,  -i,  w.,  nothing. 

nisi,  conj.,  if  not,  unless,  except. 

nitor,  niti,  nisus  and  nixus  sum,  strug- 
gle, strive,  exert  one's  self,  rely  upon. 

ndbilis,  -e,  well  known,  noble,  eminent. 

ndbilit&s,  -fitis,  /.,  nobility,  the  nobles. 

ndbis,  dat.  and  abl.  of  nos. 


nolo,  nolle,  ndlui,  be  unwilling,  wish  not. 

ndmen,  -inis,  n.,  name. 

nominfttim,  adv.,  by  name,  individually, 
expressly,  in  detail. 

n6n,  adv.,  not. 

nonftginta,  indecl.  num.,  ninety. 

nondum,  adv.,  not  yet. 

ndnne,  used  to  mark  a  question  when 
the  answer  "  yes  "  is  expected. 

ndn  nuUus,  -a,  -um,  not  none,  some. 

non  nunquam,  adv.,  not  never,  sometimes. 

Noreia,  -ae,  /.,  a  town  of  the  Norici. 

N6ricus,  -a,  -um,  of  the  Norici,  Noric. 

nos,  we,  us. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  our;  plu.,  ours, 

novem,  indecl.  num.,  nine. 

novus,  -a,  -um,  new,  recent,  last. 

novae  res,  revolution. 

nox,  noctis,  /.,  night. 

noctu,  adv.,  by  night. 

nudus,  -a,  -um,  naked,  unprotected. 

nuUus,  -a,  -um,  not  any,  none,  no. 

num,  used  in  direct  questions  when  the 
answer  "  no  "  is  expected;  in  in- 
direct questions,  whether. 

numerus,  -i,  m.,  number. 

numquam,  adv.,  never. 

nunc,  adv.,  now,  at  the  present  time. 

nuntid,  1,  announce,  report. 

nuntius,-!,  m., messenger,  message, news. 

nuper,  adv.,  lately,  recently. 

nuptum  (supine  of  nubo),  to  marry; 
coUocare  nuptum,  arrange  to  marry 
(used  of  women). 

ob,  j)rep.  with  ace,  on  account  of,  for. 

obaeratus,  -i,  m.,  debtor. 

obicid,    -ere,    -ieci,    -iectus    (ob-iacid), 

throw  in  the  way  of,  present,  expose. 
obsecrd,   1,  implore,  entreat, 
obses,  -idis,  m.  and  f.,  hostage. 
obstringd,  -ere,  -inxi,  -ictus,  bind. 
obtineo,  -ere,  -tinui,  -tentus  (ob-tened), 

hold,  occupy,  secure. 
occdsus,  -us,  m.,  setting;  occdsus  sdlis, 

sunset,  the  west. 


294 


LATIX-ENGLTSH   VOCABULARY. 


occido,    -ere,  -cidi,  -cisus    (ob-caedo), 

kill;  occisi,  the  slain, 
occulto,   1,  conceal,  hide, 
occupd,  1,  seize,  occupy, 
Oceanus,  -i,  m.,  the  ocean. 
Ocelum,  -i,  w.,  a  town  of  the  Graioceli 

on  the  western  border  of  the  province 

of  Cisalpine  Gaul. 
octo,  indecl.  num.,  eight, 
octoginta,  indecl.  nutn.,  eighty, 
oculus,  -i,  m.,  eye. 
odi,    odisse,    osurus,    perf.   form    with 

pres.  meaning,  hate. 
oflfendo,    -ere,    -fendl,    -fensus,    strike 

against,  hurt,  offend. 
ofifensio,  -onis,  /.,  oflfence,  loss. 
omnlno,  adv.,  altogether,  at  all,  in  all. 
omnis,  -e,  all,  every,  as  a  whole. 
oportet,  -ere,  -uit,  impersonal  verb,  it  is 

fitting,  ought. 
oppidum,  -i,  n.,  town,  fortified  town, 
oppugno,  1,  attack,  lay  siege  to. 
ops,  opis,  /.,  aid,  help,  protection;    jd., 

resources,  power,  wealth,  means. 
optimus,    -a,    -um,  superl.    of   bonus, 

best,  very  good. 
opus,   -eris,   n.,  work,   labor,   fortifica- 
tion, 
oratio,  -onis,  /.,  speech,  address. 
Orgetorix,  -igis,  m.,  a  Swiss  noblemxin. 
orior,    -iri,    ortus    sum,    arise,    begin, 

rise;  oriens,  rising. 
oro,  1,  speak,  beg,  entreat, 
ostendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -tentus,  show 

point  out,  declare. 

P.,    abbreviation   for    Publius,    a    first 

name. 
pabulatid,  -6nis,  /.,  foraging,  procuring 

fodder. 
pabulum,  -i,  n.,  fodder,  green  fodder. 
paco,  1,  subdue,  pacify. 
paene,  adv.,  almost,  nearly, 
pagus,  -i,  m.,  district,  canton, 
par,  gen.  paris,  adj.,  equal. 
paratus,  -a,  -um,  ready,  prepared. 


pared,  -ere,  -ui,  obey,  toith  dcU. 

pars,  partis,  /.,  part. 

parum,  adv.,  too  little. 

parvus,  -a,  -um,  little,  small. 

passus,  -us,  m.,  pace  (five  Roman  feet); 

mnie  passus,  a  mile, 
pated,  -ere,  -ui,  be  open,  extend, 
pater,  -tris,  m.,  father. 
patior,   pati,  passus  sum,   suffer,  bear, 

allow,  permit. 
pauci,  -ae,  -a,  few,  a  few. 
pax,  pads,  /.,  peace. 
pello,  -ere,  pepuli,  pulsus,  strike,  beat, 

drive  out,  defeat. 
per,  prep,  with  ace.,  through,  by. 
perdiico,     -ere,     -duxi,    -ductus,    lead 

through,  construct, 
perfacilis,  -e,  very  easy. 
perfero,     -ferre,     -tuli,     -latus,     bear 

through,  endure,  submit  to. 
perficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus  (perfacio), 

accomplish,  finish,  make,  bring  about, 
perfringo,    -ere,    -fregi,    -fractus    (per- 

frangO),  break  through,  violate. 
perfuga,  -ae,  m.,  deserter,  fugitive, 
perfugio,  -ere,  -fugi,  run  away,  flee, 
periculum,  -i,  n.,  peril,  danger. 
peritus,    -a,    -um,    experienced,   skillful 

with  gen. 
permoved,  2,  move,  influence,  arouse, 

alarm, 
pemicies,  -ei,  /.,  ruin. 
perpauci,  -ae,  -a,  very  few. 
pemimpS,    -ere,    -rupl,    -ruptus,    break 

through,  force  a  way  through. 
persequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum,  follow 

up,  pursue,  attack. 
persevero,  1,  persist,  continue. 
persolvo,    -ere,    -solvi,    -solutus,    pay, 

suffer  (a  penalty). 
persuaded,   -ere,  -suasi,  -suasus,   per- 
suade, with  dat. 
perterreo,      -ere,      -terrui,      -territus, 

frighten,  terrify,  alarm. 
pertineo,    -ere,    -tinui,     tentus      (per- 

tened),  extend,  pertain  to,  tend. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY. 


295 


pervenid,  -ire,  -vSni,  -ventus,  arrive  at, 

reach,  come  to. 

pes,  pedis,  m.,  foot. 

peto,  -ere,  -ivi  and  -ii,  -itus,  seek,  ask. 

phalanx,  -angis,  /.,  a  phalanx,  array  of 
troops  in  close  order. 

pilum,  -i,  n.,  javelin,  the  distinctive 
weapon  of  the  Roman  legion. 

Pisd,  -dnis,  m.,  Marcus  Piso,  consul  in 
61  B.C. 

plebs,  plebis,  /.,  no  pi.,  the  common 
people,  commons,  plebeians. 

plurimum,  superl.  adv.,  very  much; 
plurimum  posse,  be  most  powerful. 

plurimus,  -a,  -um,  very  much,  very 
many. 

plus,  pluris,  neut.  noun  and  adv.,  more; 
pi.,  adj.,  many,  several. 

poena,  -ae,  /.,  penalty,  punishment. 

polliceor,  -eri,  -itus  sum,  promise. 

pond,  -ere,  posul,  -itus,  put  down,  set, 
place;    castra  ponere,  pitch  a  camp. 

p6ns,  pontis,  m.,  bridge. 

populdtid,  -6nis,  /.,  ravaging. 

populor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  ravage,  dev- 
astate. 

populus,  -i,  m.,  people. 

ports,  1,  carry. 

portorium,  -i,  n.,  customs,  duty. 

posed,  -ere,  poposci,  demand,  claim. 

possessio,  -6nis,  /.,  possession. 

possum,  posse,  potui,  be  able,  can. 

post,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace.,  after- 
wards, after,  behind. 

posted,  adv.,  afterwards. 

posterus,  -a,  -um,  following,  next, 
behind. 

postquam,  conj.,  after. 

postridie,  adv.,  on  the  following  day. 

potens,  gen.  potentis,  adj.,  powerful. 

potentia,  -ae,  /.,  power,  influence. 

potestas,  -fttis,  /.,  power,  ability. 

potior,  -iri,  -itus  sum,  get  possession 
of,  with  abl.;    get  control,  with  gen. 

praecedd,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus,  go  be- 
fore;  surpass,  excel,  with  ace. 


praecipid,  -ere,  -cSpi,  -ceptus  (prae- 
capi6),  anticipate,  instruct. 

praeficid,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus  (prae- 
f acid) ,  place  at  the  head,  put  in  com- 
mand, with  dat. 

praemittd,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus,  send 
ahead. 

praeoptd,  1,  choose  before,  prefer. 

praesens,  gen.  praesentis,  adj.  and 
part.,  present,  being  present. 

praesentia,  -ae,/.,  presence,  the  present 
time. 

praesertim,  adv.,  especially. 

praesidium,  -i,  n.,  guard,  aid,  garri- 
son. 

praesto,  -&re,  -stiti,  -stitus  and  -status, 
excel,  with  dat.;  furnish,  exhibit,  with 
ace;  (impersonal),  it  is  better. 

praesum,  -esse,  -fui,  be  at  the  head,  be 
in  command  of,  with  dat. 

praeter,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace,  be- 
yond, past,  besides,  except. 

praeteritus,  -a,  -um  (praeter-e6) ,  past, 
bygone;  praeterita,  things  past,  the 
past. 

praetor,  -6ris,  m.,  general;  a  praetor, 
one  of  the  chief  Roman  magistrates. 

prex,  precis,  /.,  prayer,  entreaty.  Reg. 
in  plu.,  rare  in  sing,  except  abl. 

prendo,  -ere,  -ndi,  -nsus,  seize,  take, 
grasp;  also  prehendd. 

pretium,  -i,  n.,  price,  value,  reward. 

pridie,  adv.,  on  the  day  before. 

primum,  adv.,  first,  at  first. 

primus,  -a,  -um,  first. 

princeps,  gen.  principis,  adj.,  first, 
chief,  foremost;  noun,  prince,  chief, 
foremost  man. 

principatus,  -lis,  m.,  leadership,  su- 
premacy. 

prior,  prius,  comp.  adj.,  former,  pre- 
vious, prior. 

pristinus,  -a,  -um,  old,  former. 

priusquam,  conj.,  before,  sooner  than. 

privatim,  adv.,  privately,  as  private 
persons. 


298 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY. 


priv&tus,  -a,  -um,  personal,  private; 
noun,  a  citizen  in  private  life. 

pr6,  prep,  with  abl.,  before,  in  behalf  of, 
for,  in  view  of,  in  proportion  to. 

probo,  1,  prove,  approve,  show. 

pr6d6,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus,  give  up,  be- 
tray, hand  down,  transmit. 

proelium,  -i,  n.,  battle. 

profectio,  -6nis,  /.,  departure. 

proficiscor,  -i,  -fectus  sum,  start,  set 
out,  go,  march. 

prohibed,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  (pro-habeo), 
restrain,  keep  off,  prevent,  check. 

proicio,  -ere,  -i6ci,  -iectus  (pr6-iaci6), 
throw  forward,  cast  down,  aban- 
don. 

prope  (comp.  propius;  superl.  proxi- 
me),  adv.,  near;  also  prep,  with  ace., 
near. 

propelld,  -ere,  -puli,  -pulsus,  drive  for- 
ward, drive  off  or  back. 

propers,  1,  hurry,  hasten. 

propinquus,  -a,  -um,  near,  related;  pi., 
relatives. 

propdno,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus,  place 
before,  state,  explain. 

propter,  prep,  with  ace.,  on  account  of. 

proptereH,  adv.,  on  this  account. 

propterea  quod,  because. 

prdspicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectus,  look 
forward,  provide  for. 

provincia,  -ae,  /.,  province. 

proxime,  superl.  adv.,  lately,  last,  re- 
cently. 

proximus,  -a,  -um,  nearest,  next,    last. 

publice,  adv.,  publicly,  as  a  state. 

publicus,  -a,  -um,  of  the  people,  public; 
res  publica,  public  interests,  repub- 
lic. 

puer,  -eri,  m.,  boy,  child. 

pugna,  -ae,  /.,  fight,  battle. 

pugnd,  1,  fight. 

purgd,  1,  make  clean,  free  from  blame. 

puts,  1,  reckon,  think. 

Pyrenaeus,  -a,  -um,  Pyrenean;  Pyre- 
naei  (montes),  the  Pyrenees. 


qua,  rel.  adv.,  where,  by  which  way. 
quadraginta,  indecl.  num.,  forty. 
quadringenti,  -ae,  -a,  four  hundred. 
quaero,  -ere,  quaeslvi,  -itus,  seek,  ask, 

inquire. 
quails,  -e,  rel.  and  interrog.  adj.,  of  what 

sort. 
quam,  adv.  and  conj.,  how,  than;    with 

superl.,  as  much  as  possible;    quam 

diu,  as  long  as. 
quantus,    -a,    -um,    rel.    and    interrog. 

adj.,  how  great,  how  much,  as  great 

as,  as. 
quare,    also   quH    re,     on    account    of 

which  thing,  wherefore,  why. 
quartus,  -a,  -um,  fourth. 
quattuor,  indecl.  num.,  four. 
quattuordecim,  indecl.  num.,  fourteen, 
-que,  enclit.  conj.,  and. 
queror,  -i,  questus  sum,  complain,  la- 
ment. 
qui,  quae,  quod,  rel.  pron.,  who,  which, 

that,  etc. 
quidam,  quaedam,  quiddam,  a  certain 

one,  a  certain  thing.  ^ 

quidem,     adv.,     certainly,     indeed,     at 

least;     ne  .  .  .  quidem,    not    even; 

emphatic  word  between. 
quin,  conj.,  that,  but  that;  quin  etiam, 

nay  even. 
quindecim,  indecl.  num.,  fifteen, 
quingenti,  -ae,  -a,  five  hundred, 
quini,  -ae,  -a,  five  each,  five  apiece, 
quinque,  indecl.  num.,  five, 
quintus,  -a,  -um,  fifth, 
quis    (quae),  quid,   (1)    interrog.,   who? 

what?     (2)    indef.    pron.,    any    one, 

anything,  some  one,  something, 
quisquam,  quicquam,  indef.  pron.,  any 

one,  anything. 
quisque,  quidque,  indef.  pron.,  each  one, 

each  thing,  each, 
quo,   with  subj.,   in   order  that;     used 

when  clause  contains  a  comparative. 
quod,    conj.,    because,    that,    the    fact 

that;    quod  si,  but  if. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY. 


297 


qudminus  or  qud  minus,  conj.,  that 
not,  in  order  that  not,  from. 

qudmodo  or  qud  modo,  in  what  man- 
ner, how,  as. 

quoque,  adv.,  also,  too. 

quot,  indecl.  rel.  and  interrog.  adj.,  as 
many,  as  many  as,  how  many. 

raeda,  -  ae,      /.,     wagon      (with    four 

wheels) . 
rapina,  -ae,  /.,  plundering. 
ratio,  -6nis,  /.,  reckoning,  reason. 
ratis,  -is,  /.,  raft. 

RauracI,  -orum,  m.,a  tribe  on  the  Rhine. 
recens,    gen.    -entis,  adj.,   recent, 
recipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  (re-capid), 

take  back,  recover,  receive;    se  re- 

cipere,   betake  one's  self,  withdraw, 

retreat  (in  good  order). 
reddd,   -ere,   -didi,    -ditus,   give  back, 

return,  deliver. 
reded,  -ire,  -if,  -itus,  go  back,  turn  back, 

return, 
redimd,     -ere,     -emi,     -emptus     (red- 

emo),  buy  back,  purchase,  buy  up. 
redintegrd,  1,  renew, 
reditio,  -onis,  /.,  a  return,  returning. 
reduco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus,  lead  back, 

bring  back. 
referd,    -ferre,    rettuli,    rel^tus,    carry 

back,   report;    pedem    referre,    step 

backwards,  i.e.  retreat  slowly. 
regnd,  1,  rule,  be  king,  reign, 
regnum,    -i,    n.,    kingdom,    rule,    royal 

power. 
reicid,    -ere,    -ieci,    -iectus    (re-iacio), 

throw  back,  hurl  back,   drive   back. 
relinqud,    -ere,    -liqul,    -lictus,    leave, 

abandon, 
reliquus,  -a,  -um,  remaining,  the  rest, 

future:  nihil  reliqui,  nothing  left, 
removed,    -ere,    -movi,    -motus,    move 

back,  remove,  dismiss. 
renuntio,  1,  bring  back  word,  report, 
repello,  -ere,  -puli,  -pulsus,  drive  back, 

repulse,  repel. 


repentinus,  -a,  -um,  sudden,  hasty. 

reperid,  -ire,  repperi,  repertus,  find, 
find  out,  learn. 

reprehends,  -ere,  -hendi,  -hensus,  re- 
strain, blame. 

repugnd,  1,  resist,  oppose. 

res,  rei,  /.,  thing,  affair,  circumstance, 
property;  res  publica,  see  publicus. 

rescinds,  -ere,  -scidi,  -scissus,  cut 
down,  destroy. 

resciscd,  -ere,  -scivi  and  -scii,  -scitus, 
discover,  learn. 

resists,  -ere,  -stiti,  stand  still,  stop; 
with  dat.,  resist. 

responded,  -ere,  -spondi,  -spSnsus,  an- 
swer, reply. 

respdnsum,  -i,  n.,  answer,  reply. 

respublica,  reipublicae,  /.,  state,  repub- 
lic, commonwealth,  public  interests. 

restitud,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  set  up  again, 
restore. 

retined,  -ere,  -tinui,-  tentus  (re-tened), 
hold  back,  detain,  retain. 

revertd,  -ere,  -verti,  -versus,  turn 
back,  return  (usually  deponent  ex- 
cept in  per/.,   plup.,  and  fut.  perf.). 

Rhenus,  -i,  m.,  the  Rhine. 

Rhodanus,  -i,  m.,  the  Rhone. 

ripa,  -ae,  /.,  bank  (of  a  stream). 

rogd,  1,  ask,  with  two  accusatives. 

Rdma,  -ae,  /.,  Rome. 

Rdmdnus,  -a,  -um,  of  Rome,  Roman; 
subst.,  a  Roman. 

rursus,  adv.,  again,  back  again. 

rus,  ruris,  n.,  the  country  (as  opposed 
to  the  city). 

saepe,  adv.,  often. 

salus,  -utis,  /.,  safety. 

Santones,  -um,  ace.  Santonds,  m.,  a 
tribe  of  western  Gaul,  north  of  the 
Garumna. 

sarcinae,  -arum,  /.,  soldiers'  packs,  lug- 
gage (borne  on  a  staff). 

satis,  indecl.  adj.  and  adv.,  enough, 
sufficiently. 


298 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 


satisfacid,  -ere,  -feci,  -factus,  satisfy, 
make  amends,  apologize, 

scelus,  -eris,  n.,  crime,  wickedness. 

sci6,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  know. 

scutum,  -i,  n.,  shield. 

secreto,  adv.,  privately,  separately. 

secundus,  -a,  -um,  following,  second, 
favorable. 

sed,  conj.,  but. 

sedecim,  indecl.  num.,  sixteen. 

seditio,  -6nis,  /.,  secession,  mutiny, 
insurrection. 

seditidsus,  -a,  -um,  seditious,  treasona- 
ble. 

Segusiavi,  -6rum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  Gaul, 
to  the  south  of  the  Aedui. 

sementis,  -is,  /.,  a  sowing,  planting. 

semper,  adv.,  always. 

senatus,  -us,  m.,  the  senate. 

senex,  senis,  m.,  an  old  man. 

seni,  -ae,  -a,  six  each,  six  apiece. 

sentid,  -ire,  sensi,  sensus,  perceive, 
know,  think. 

separatim,  adv.,  separately,  privately. 

septem,  indecl.  num.,  seven. 

Septentrio,  -6nis,  m.,  generally  plu., 
Septentriones,  -um.  lit.  the  seven 
plough  oxen  —  the  constellation  of 
the  Great  Bear,  hence  North. 

Septimus,  -a,  -um,  seventh. 

septuagintg,  indecl.  num.,  seventy. 

sepultura,  -ae,  /.,  burial. 

Sequana,  -ae,  m.,  the  Seine,  o  river  of 
Gaul. 

Sequani,  -6rum,  m.,  a  people  of  eastern 
Gaul. 

sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum,  fol- 
low. 

servitus,  -utis,  /.,  slavery,  servitude. 

servus,  -i,  w.,  slave,  servant. 

seu,  same  as  sive,  or;  seu  .  .  .  seu, 
correl.,  either  ...  or. 

sex,  indecl.  num.,  six. 

sexagintd,  indecl.  num.,  sixty. 

sextus,  -a,  -um,  sixth. 

si,  conj.,  if. 


sic,  adv.,  so,  thus. 

signum,  -i,  n.,  signal,  military  standard, 

silva,  -ae,  /.,  forest. 

similis,  -e,  like. 

simul,  adv.,  at  the  same  time;  simul 
atque,  conj.,  as  soon  as. 

sin,  conj.,  but  if. 

sine,  prep,  with  abl.,  without. 

singuli,  -ae,  -a,  one  at  a  time,  one  by 
one. 

sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  left  (not  right); 
sinistra,  /.,  left  hand. 

sive,  conj.,  or  if;  sive  .  .  .  slve,  correl., 
either  ...  or. 

socer,  -eri,  m.,  father-in-law. 

socius,  -i,  m.,  ally,  associate. 

sol,  sdlis,  m.,  the  sun.      No  gen.  plu. 

solum,  -i,  n.,  soil,  ground,  bottom. 

solum,  adv.,  alone,  only. 

solus,  -a,  -um,  alone. 

soror,  -6ris,  /.,  sister. 

spatium,  -i,  n.,  space,  distance,  space  of 
time. 

spectd,  1,  look  at,  look  toward,  face. 

spero,  1,  hope,  expect. 

spes,  spei,  /.,  hope. 

spontis,  gen.  of  defective  noun;  abl. 
sponte,  /.,  of  one's  own  accord,  vol- 
untarily, by  one's  own  influence. 

statud,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  set  up,  think, 
decide,  pass  judgment. 

studed,  -ere,  -ui,  be  eager  for,  be  de- 
voted to  (with  dat.). 

studium,  -i,  n.,  zeal,  eagerness,  study. 

sub,  prep,  with  ace,  under,  towards; 
with  abl.,  under,  at  the  foot  of. 

subdued,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus,  draw 
up,  withdraw. 

subed,  -ire,  -ivi  and  -ii,  -itus,  undergo, 
endure. 

subicio,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  throw 
under,  throw  from  under. 

sublatus,  see  toUd. 

subievd,  1,  lighten,  raise  up,  assist. 

submoveo,  -ere,  -movi,  -mdtus,  push 
back,  dislodge,  repulse. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 


299 


subsists,  -ere,  -stiti,  make  a  stand, 
halt. 

subveho,  -ere,  -vexi,  -vectus,  bring  up, 
carry  up. 

succedd,  -ere,  -cessi,  come  up,  ap- 
proach closely,  take  the  place  of. 

sui,  sibi,  se,  se,  rcfl.  pron.  of  the  3d 
pers.,  herself,  himself,  etc. 

Sulla  (Lucius  Cornelius),  consul  and 
dictator,  88  B.C. 

sum,  esse,  fui,  be. 

summa,  -ae,  /.,  total,  sum,  whole. 

summus,  -a,  -um,  highest,  supreme, 
highest  part  of,  top  of. 

sumo,  -ere,  sumpsi,  sumptus,  take. 

sumptus,  -us,  m.,  expense. 

superior,  -ius,  comp.  adj.,  higher, 
earlier,  stronger. 

supers,  1,  overcome,  surpass. 

supersum,  -esse,  -fui,  be  left  over,  re- 
main, survive. 

suppeto,  -ere,  -ii,  -itus  (sub-petS),  be 
on  hand,  hold  out. 

suppliciter,  adv.,  as  a  suppliant,  as  sup- 
pliants, humbly. 

supplicium,  -i,  n.,  punishment. 

suscipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  (subs- 
capio),  take  up,  undertake. 

suspicio,  -Snis,  /.,  suspicion. 

sustineo,  -ere,  -tinui,  -tentus  (subs- 
teneo),    withstand,    sustain,   stop. 

suus,  -a,  -um,  refl.  possessive  adj.,  his, 
her,  its,  their  own. 

T.,  abbr.  for  Titus,  a  Roman  first  name. 

tabula,  -ae,  /.,  board,  writing  tablet, 
list,  record. 

taceS,  -ere,  tacui,  be  silent. 

tam,  adv.,  so,  so  much. 

tamen,  adv.,  nevertheless,  yet. 

tandem,  adv.,  at  length,  finally. 

tantus,  -a,  -um,  so  great,  such. 

telum,  -i,  n.,  a  weapon,  dart,  missile. 

temperantia,  -ae,  /.,  self-control,  dis- 
creetness. 

tempers,  1,  control,  refrain. 


tempts,  1,  try,  attempt. 

tempus,  -oris,  n.,  time. 

teneS,  -ere,  -ui,  hold,  have,  keep. 

tertius,  -a,  -um,  third. 

testis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  witness. 

Tigurinus,    -a,    -um,    of   the    Tigurini, 

one  of  the  four  cantons  of  the   Helve- 
tians. 
times,  -ere,  timui,  fear. 
timor,  -Sris,  m.,  fear,  alarm. 
tolerS,  1,  bear,  endure, 
tolls,    -ere,    sustuli,    sublatus,   lift   up, 

elate,  take,  take  away,  destroy. 
TolSsates,   -um,  m.,   the  inhabitants  of 

Tolosa. 
tStus,  -a,  -um,  all,  the  whole,  total. 
tradS,    -ere,    -didi,    -ditus,    hand   over, 

surrender. 
traducS,    -ere,    -duxi,    -ductus    (trans- 

ducS),   lead   across,    transfer.     Often 

with  double  ace. 
tragula,  -ae,  /.,  a  Gallic  javelin, 
trans,   prep,   with  ace,   across,   on   the 

other  side  of. 
transeS,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  go  across,  cross, 

go  over. 
transfigS,     -ere,     -fixi,     -fixus,     pierce 

through. 
trecenti,  -ae,  -a,  three  hundred, 
tres,  tria,  three, 
triduum,  -i,  n.,  a  period  of  three  days, 

three  days, 
triginta,   indecl.  num.,   thirty. 
tripleXftgen.  triplicis,  adj.,  threefold. 
Troucillus,     -i,     m.,     Gaius     Valerius 

Troucillus,  a  Gaul. 
tu,  tui,  tibi,   te,   te,    pers.   pron.,  thou, 

you. 
Tulingi,  -Srum,  m.,  a  German  tribe. 
tum,  adv.,  then, 
tuus,  tua,  tuum,  thy,  thine,  your,  yours. 

ubi,    rel.    and    interrog.    adv.,    where, 

when, 
ulciscor,  -i,  ultus  sum,  punish,  avenge. 
ulius,  -a,  -um,  any;  as  noun,  any  one. 


300 


LATIN-ENGLTSH   VOCABULARY. 


ulterior,   -ius,  comp.  adj.,  farther;  Gal- 
lia   ulterior,   further  Gaul  {north  of 

the  Alps). 
ultimus,  -a,  -um,  farthest,  most  remote, 

last    (superl.  of  ulterior), 
una,  adv.,  together  with,  along  with, 
unde,   rel.   and  interrog.   adv.,   whence, 

from  which, 
undique,  adv.,  from  every   side,  on  all 

sides,    everywhere, 
unus,  -a,  -um,  one,  alone, 
urbs,  urbis,  /.,  city  (Rome  in  Caesar). 
ut,  uti,  with  indie,  when,  as;   with  sub- 

junc,  that,  in  order  that,  so  that,  how. 
uter,  utra,  utrum,  interrog.  adj.,  which 

(of  two)'! 
uterque,  utraque,  utrumque,  each  (of 

two),  both. 
utI,  see  ut. 
utor,  -i,  usus  sum,  use,  employ,  adopt 

with  abl.  transl.  as  direct  obj. 
utrimque,  adv.,  on  both  sides,  on  each 

side. 
utrum,    conj.,    whether;     sometimes    to 

be  omitted  in  translation. 
uxor,  -oris,  /.,  wife. 

vac6,  1,  be  unoccupied,  lie  waste, 
vadum,  -i,  n.,  ford,  shallow  place,  shoal, 
vagor,   -ftri,   -Stus    sum,   roam  about, 

wander, 
valeo,  -ere,  -ul,  be  strong,  prevail,  be 

well. 
Valerius,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman  name. 
vallum,  -i,  n.,  palisade,  rampart,  wall, 
vasto,  1,  ravage,  devastate,  lay  waste, 
vectigal,  -alls,  n.,  tax,  tribute,  revenue; 

vectigales,  taxpayers,  tributaries, 
vel,   conj.  and  adv.,  or,  or  even,   even; 

vel  .  .  .  vel,  correl.,  either  ...  or. 
veniS,  -ire,  veni,  ventus,  come. 
Verbigenus,    -i,    m.,    a    canton    of   the 

Swiss. 
verbum,  -i,  n.,  word. 


vereor,   -eri,   -itus  sum,   fear,  dread. 

vergd,  -ere,  slope,  lie,  be  situated. 

vergobretus,  -i,  m.,  vergobret,  chief 
magistrate  of  the  Aeduans. 

Verucloetius,  -i,  m.,  an  Helvetian. 

verus,  -a,  -um,  true. 

vesper,  -eris  or  -eri,  m.,  evening. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  your. 

veteranus,  -a,  -um,  veteran. 

vetus,  gen.  veteris,  adj.,  old,  former; 
comp.  vetustior;    sup»  veterrimus. 

vexd,   1,  harass,  annoy,  ravage. 

via,  -ae,  /.,  way,  road,  route. 

victSria,  -ae,  /.,  victory. 

vicus,   -i,  m.,   village. 

vide6,  -ere,  vidi,  visus,  see;  pass.,  be 
seen,  seem. 

vigilia,  -ae,  /.,  a  watch.  The  Roman 
divided  the  night  into  four  watches 
from  sunset  to  sunrise. 

viginti,   indecl.  ?ium.,  twenty. 

vinco,  -ere,  vici,  victus,  conquer;  victi, 
perf.  pass.  part,  as  noun,  the  con- 
quered. 

vinculum,  -i,  n.,  chain,  bond. 

virtus,  -litis,  /.,  manliness,  bravery, 
valor,  virtue. 

vis,  vis,  /.,  strength,  force,  violence. 

vita,  -ae,  /.,  life. 

vit6,   1,  shun,  avoid. 

vix,  adv.,  hardly,  scarcely,  with  diffi- 
culty. 

vdbis,  dat.  and  abl.  of  v6s. 

voc6,  1,  call. 

Vocontii,  -6rum,  m.,  a  Gallic  tribe  south 
of  the  Allobroges. 

void,  velle,  volui,  will,  wish,  be  willing. 

voluntas,  -atis,  /.,  will,  good  will,  con- 
sent. 

v6s,  pers.  pron.,  you,   yourselves. 

vulgus  (or  volgus),  -i,  n.,  crowd,  mass, 
common  people. 

vulnerd,  1,  wound. 

vulnus,   -eris,   n.,   wound. 


ENGLISH-LATIN   VOCABULARY. 


(able),  be  able,  possum. 

about,   prep.,   circum,   de;    adv.,  circi- 

ter,  ad. 
acceptable,  acceptus,  -a,  -um. 
accomplish,  perficio,  conficio. 
accord,  of  one's  own,  sponte. 
(account),  on  account  of,  propter,  ob; 

expressed  also  by  the  ablative  of  cause. 
accuse,  accuso. 
across,  trans;  lead  across,  traduc5;  go 

across,  transeo. 
Aedui,  AeduL 
affair,  res. 
affect,  afficio. 
afilict,  afficio. 
after,  prep,  and  adv.,  post;    subordinate 

conjunction,    postquam;     day    after, 

postridie. 
aid,  noun,  auxilium;  verb,  adsum. 
alarm,  commoveo,  permoveo. 
all,  omnis;  in  all,  omnino. 
Allobroges,  AUobroges. 
allow,  patior;  it  is  allowed,  licet, 
ally,  socius. 
almost,  fere,  paene. 
also,  quoque. 
altogether,  omnino. 
ambassador,  iegatus. 
among,  inter,  apud. 
and,  et,  atque,  -que. 
announce,  nQntio. 
another,  alius. 

anxious,  cupidus;  be  anxious,  cupio. 
appoint,  cdnstitud,  deligo. 
Aquitanians,  Aquitani. 
arise,  orior. 
arm,  arm5. 

21 


arms,  arma. 

army,  exercitus. 

around,  circum. 

arouse,  commoveo. 

arrange,  coUoco. 

arrival,  adventus. 

arrive,  pervenio. 

ask,  rogo,  quaero,  peto. 

assemble,  convenio. 

assembly,  conventus,  concilium. 

at  first,  prlmo. 

at  once,  statim. 

attack,       verb,      aggredior,      oppQgno; 

noun,    impetus;     make    an    attack, 

impetum  facio. 
attempt,  verb,  conor;    noun,  conatum, 

conatus. 
avenge,  ulciscor. 
await,  exspecto. 
(away),  away  from,  a  (ab);    be  away, 

absum;     carry    away,    toUo;    keep 

away,  prohibeo. 


(back),  drive  back,  repello,  reicio;    go 

back,  redeo. 
bad,  malus, 
baggage  (heavy  baggage),  impedimenta 

(plu.);  luggage,  sarcinae. 
band,  manus. 
bank,  ripa. 
battle,  proelium. 
be,  sum;    be  away,  absum;    be  able, 

possum;    be  on  hand,  suppeto;    be 

in  command  of,  praesum. 
bear,    fero;    bear  away,  efifero  ;    bear 

back,  refero. 
beast  (of  burden),  iumentum. 

801 


302 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY. 


because,  quod. 

become,  flo. 

before,    prep,    and    adv.,    ante;     adv., 

antea;    conj.,  antequam,  priusquam, 
began,  coepi. 
Belgian,  Belga. 
between,  inter, 
bitterly,  graviter 
blame,  accuso. 
boat,  navis. 
bold,  audax. 
boldly,  audacter.     ' 
border  on,  attingd. 
boy,  puer. 
brave,  fortis. 
bravely,  fortiter. 
bravery,   virtus,  fortitude, 
bridge,  pons. 
bring,  fero;    bring  back,  refero;   bring 

together,  conduco. 
broad,  latus. 
building,  aedificium. 
burn,  comburo;   burn  up,  exuro. 
buy,  coemo,  emo. 
by,  ab;    or  ablative  without  prep. 

Caesar,  Caesar. 

calamity,  calamitas. 

call,    appello,    voe5;      call     together, 

convoco. 
camp,  castra  (plu.). 
can,  possum. 
capture,  capio. 
carry,  porto;    carry  away,  tollo;    carry 

in,  imports ;    carry  on,  gero;    carry 

out,  efTero, 
cart,  carrus. 
case,  causa. 
Casticus,  Casticus. 
cavalry,  equitatus,  in  sing.;   horsemen, 

equites,  in  plu. 
cavalryman,  eques. 
Celts,  Celtae. 
change,  commutatio. 
(charge),  be  in  charge  of,  praesum;  put 

in  charge  of,  praeficio. 


children,  liberi. 

choose,  deligo. 

city,  urbs. 

client,  cliens. 

collect,  conduco,  c6g5,  confero. 

come,  venio. 

(command),  be  in  command,  praesum; 

place  in  command,  praeficio. 
common  people,  vulgus,  plebs. 
compel,  cogo. 
complain,  queror. 
complete,  conficio. 
conceal,  abdo. 
concerning,  de. 
conquer,  vinco,  superS. 
conspiracy,  coniuratio. 
consul,  consul. 
contend,  contends,  pugn5. 
control,  imperium. 
council,  concilium. 

country,  rus  {as  opposed  to  city);   Hues. 
critical,  necessarius. 
cross,  transeo. 
custom,  mos,  institutum. 
cut,    caedo;    cut   off,   prohibeo,  inter- 

cludo;  cut  to  pieces,  concido 

daily,  adj.,  cotidianus;    adv.,  cotidie. 

danger,  periculum. 

daughter,  filia. 

day,  dies. 

death,  mors;  violent  death,  nex. 

decide,  constituo,  statuo. 

deep,  altus. 

defeat,  supero,  vinco,  pello. 

defend,  defends. 

demand,  poscS,  peto. 

depart,  proficlscor,  abeo. 

departure,  profectiS. 

desire,  verb,  studeS  (with  dat.);  cupiS; 

noun,  cupiditas. 
desirous  cupidus. 
desist,  desists, 
despise,  despiciS. 
destroy,  vastS. 
devastate,  vastS,  populor. 


I!NGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY. 


803 


die,  morior. 

(different),  be  dififerent,  differo. 

difficult,  difficilis. 

difficulty,  difficultas. 

direction,  pars. 

disgrace,  contumelia. 

dismiss,  dimitto. 

disposition,  animus. 

distinguished,  Insignis. 

distress,  dolor. 

Diviciacus,  Diviciacus. 

divide,  divido. 

do,  facio,  ag5. 

down  from,  de. 

draw  up,  Instruo. 

drive,     ago;        drive     back,    repello; 

reicio. 
Dumnorix,  Dumnorix. 

eagerly,  cupide. 
easily,  facile. 
easy,  facilis. 
elate,  toUo. 
elect,  creo,  deligo. 

enemy,  hostis  (public),  inimicus  (pri- 
vate). 
enforce,  exsequor. 
engage  (in),  committo,  facio. 
enroll,  conscrlbo. 
envoy,  legatus. 

establish,  conflrmo,  constituo. 
except,  praeter. 
exhort,  hortor,  cohortor. 
experienced,  perltus. 
extend,  pertineo,  pated. 

face,  specto. 

fall,  cado. 

far,  longe. 

farther,  adj.,  ulterior;    adv.,  longius. 

father,  pater. 

fear,  timeo,  vereor. 

fertile,  frumentarius. 

few,  paucl;  very  few,  perpaucl. 

field,  ager. 

fiercely,  acriter. 


fifteen,  qulndecim. 

fight,  pugno, 

find  out,  reperio. 

first,  primus;  at  first,  primo. 

five,  quinque. 

five  hundred,  quingenti. 

flight,  fuga. 

follow,  sequor. 

follow  up,  persequor,  insequor. 

fond,  cupidus. 

foot,  pes. 

for,  conj.,  enim  (postpositive);    nam. 

force,  vis;   forces,  copiae. 

ford,  vadum. 

form,    facio;   form  a   plan,    consilium 

capio. 
former,  vetus,  pristinus. 
fort,  castellum. 
fortification,  munltio,  opus. 
fortify,  munio. 
fortune,  fortuna. 
four,  quattuor, 
fourth,  quartus. 
free,  adj.,  liber;    verb  liberS. 
freedom,  llbertas. 
friend,  amicus, 
friendly,  amicus. 
friendship,  amicitia. 
from,  ab,  de,  ex. 

gain  one's  request,  impetro. 

garrison,  praesidium. 

Gaul,  Gallia. 

Geneva,  Genava. 

Germans,  German!. 

get  back,  recipio;    get  possession  of, 

potior  (icith  abl.). 
give,  do. 

go,  eo;  go  often,  commeo. 
god,  deus. 
good,  bonus. 
good  will,  voluntas, 
grain,  frumentum. 
great,  magnus;    great  number,  naulti- 

tudo. 
grief,  dolor. 


304 


ENGLISH-LATIN   VOCABULARY. 


grieve,  doleo. 
guard,  praesidium. 

hand,  manus;  be  on  hand,  suppeto;  be 

at  hand,  insto. 
hand  over,  trado. 
happen,  accido,  flo. 
harass,  lacesso,  vexo. 
hasten,  contends;    matilro. 
hate,  odl. 
have,  habeo. 
he,  is,  hic,  ille. 
hear,  audio, 
heavy,  gravis, 
height,  altitudo. 

help,  noun,  auxilium;  verb,  adsura. 
Helvetian,  Helvetius. 
hem  in,  contineo. 
hide,  abdo. 
high,  altus. 

himself  reflexive,  se;    intensive,  ipse, 
his,  suus;  when  not  reflexive,  eius. 
hither,  citerior. 
hold,  teneo,  obtineo. 
home,  domus. 

hope,  noun,  spes;  verb,  spero. 
horse,  equus. 
hostage,  obses. 
hour,  hora. 

how,  quomodo;  how  great,  quantus. 
hundred,  centum, 
hurl,  iacio. 

I,  ego. 

if,  si;   if  not,  nisi. 

immortal,  immortalis. 

impede,  impedio. 

import,  importo. 

in,  in  (with  abl.);  in  all,  omnino;  in 
view  of,  pro. 

influence,  noun,  auctdritaa;  verb,  ad- 
duce, induco. 

inform,  certiorem  facio,  commonefacid. 

inhabit,  incolo. 

insult,  contumelia. 

intend,  esse  in  animo. 


interval,  intervallum,  spatium. 
intervene,  intercedo. 
into,  in  {with  the  ace.). 

javelin,  telum,  pilum. 

join,  iungo;  join  battle,  committo. 

journey,  iter. 

keep  away,  prohibeo. 
kill,  interficio,  occldo. 
kindness,  beneficium. 
know,    intellego,     scio;     c6gnosc6    {in 

the  perf.).  -p 

Labienus,  Labienus. 

lake,  lacus. 

language,  lingua. 

large,  magnus;    large  number,  multi- 

tudo. 
law,  lex. 

lay  down,  depono. 
lay  waste,  vaato. 
lead,  duc5. 
leader,  dux. 

least,  adj.,  minimus;   adv.,  minime. 
leave,  relinquo. 
legion,  legio. 
length,  longitude, 
less,  adj.,  minor;  adv.,  minus, 
let,  licet;  patior;  or  optative  subjunctive, 
liberate,  libero. 
lieutenant,  legatus. 
light-armed,  expeditus. 
like,  similis. 
likewise,  item. 
line  of    battle,   acies;    line  of  march, 

agmen,  iter. 
long,    longus    {in    distance);     diu    {in 

time) . 
lower,  inferior, 
loyalty,  fides. 

magistrate,  magistratus. 
make,  facia ;    be  made,  fid. 
man,  homo,  vir. 
many,  multl,  plares. 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY. 


305 


march,  iter;    make  a  march,  iter  facio; 

line  of  march,  agmen. 
Marcus  Messala,  Marcus  Messala. 
meanwhile,  interim,  interea. 
memory,  memoria. 
merchant,  mercator. 
messenger,  nuntius. 
mile,    sing.,   mille   passiis;     plu.   milia 

passuum. 
military,  militaris. 
mind,  animus. 
missile,  telum. 
month,  mensis. 
more,  plus. 

most,  adj.,  plurimus;    adv.,  maxime. 
mountain,  mdns. 
move,  moved. 
much,  adj.,  multus;  abl.  as  adv.,  multo; 

adv.,  multum. 

name,  noun,  nomen;    verb,  appello. 

narrow,  angustus. 

narrowly,  anguste. 

near,   prep,   and  adv.,   prope;     nearer, 

citerior,  propior;    nearest,  proximus. 
necessary,  necessarius. 
neighbor,  finitimus. 
new,  novus. 
next,  proximus. 
nine,  novem. 
nobility,  nobilitas. 
noble,  nobilis. 
Noreia,  Noreia. 
not,  non. 
nothing,  nihil, 
now,  nunc,  iam. 
number,     numerus;      great     number, 

multitudo. 

obtain,  obtineo;    obtain  one's  request, 

impetro. 
ocean,  Oceanus. 
offer,  offero. 

often,  saepe;   go  often,  commeo. 
oh  that,  utinam. 
on,  in  (with  the  abl.). 


once  (at  once),  statim. 

one,  unus. 

onset,  impetus. 

opportunity,  facultas. 

oppose,  resisto,  repugno. 

or,  aut;   either  ...  or,  aut  .  .  .  aut. 

order,  iube5  with  ace.  and  infin.;  im- 
pero,  with  dat.  and  ut  with  subjunc- 
tive. 

Orgetorix,  Orgetorix. 

other,  alius  {of  more  than  two);  alter 
{of  two) ;    the  others,  reliqui. 

ought,  oportet,  debeo. 

our,  noster. 

out  of,  ex. 

over,  super;    be  over,  praesum. 

overcome,  supero,  vinco. 

overhang,  impended. 

own,  his  own,  their  own,  suus. 

pace,  passus. 

part,  pars. 

peace,  pax. 

people,  populus;  common  people, 
vulgus,  plebs;  multitude,  multi- 
tudo. 

perceive,   video,   intellego,  perspicio. 

permit,  patior;   is  permitted,  licet. 

persuade,  persuaded. 

pieces  {cut  to  pieces),  concido. 

pitch,  pono. 

place,  noun,  locus;  verb,  coUoco,  pono; 
place  in  command,  praeficio. 

plan,  consilium,  ratio. 

plead,  dico. 

plot,  coniuratio,  consilium. 

popularity,  gratia. 

possession,  possessio,  fortuna. 

possible,  with  superlatives,  quam. 

power,  potestas;   royal  power,  regnum. 

powerful,  potens, 

prefer  (wish  more),  malo;  choose  in 
preference,  praeopto. 

prepare,  comparo,  paro. 

prepared,  paratus. 

present,  noun,  praesentia;   verb,  do. 


306 


ENGLISH-LATIN   VOCABULARY. 


prevent,  prohibeo,  impedio. 
previous,  superior,  posterus. 
promise,  poUiceor. 
prosperity,  secundae  res. 
protection,  praesidium. 
province,  provincia. 
punishment,  poena, 
purchase,  coemo. 

quantity,  copia. 

quarters  (winter  quarters),  hlberna. 

quickly,  celeriter. 

raft,  ratis. 

rampart,  vallum. 

ravage,  vasto,  populor. 

reach,    pervenio    (with    ad    and  ace); 

attingo,  capio. 
ready,  paratus. 
reason,  causa. 
receive,  accipio. 
recent,  recens. 
refinement,  humanitas. 
relative,  necessarius,  propinquus. 
rely,  nitor. 

remarkable,  inslgnis,  egregius. 
remember,  memoria  tene5  (with  ace). 
remove,  removed,  tollo. 
reply,  respondeo. 

request  (obtain  one's  request),  impetro. 
rescue,  eripio,  servo. 
resist,  resists,  repugno. 
resort,  commeo. 
rest  of  the,  reliquus. 
retainer,  cliens. 

retreat,  se  recipere,  pedem  referre. 
return,     revertor,     redeo;     give    back, 

reddo. 
revolution,  novae  res. 
Rhine,  Rhenus. 
Rhone,  Rhodanus. 
rich,  dives, 
right,  ius. 
ripe,  matQrus. 
river,  flumen. 
road,  iter,  via. 


Roman,  Romanus. 

Rome,  Roma. 

royal  power,  regnum. 

safety,  salus. 

same,  idem. 

Santones,  Santones. 

say,  dico. 

scout,  explorator. 

second,  alter. 

see,  video. 

seek,  peto,  quaero. 

Seine,  Sequana. 

seize,  occupo. 

select,  deligo. 

senate,  senatus. 

send,  mitto;    send  ahead,  praemitto. 

separate,  divido. 

Sequanian,  Sequanus. 

(set),  set  fire  to,  incendo. 

set  out,  proficiscor. 

seventh,  septimus. 

several,  plures. 

she,  ea,  haec,  ilia. 

shield,  scutum. 

ship,  navis. 

show,  ostendo,  demonstro. 

side,  latus,  pars. 

sight,  conspectus. 

since,  cum. 

sixteen,  sedecim. 

skilled,  peritus. 

skillful,  peritus. 

snatch,  eripio. 

so,  ita,  tam;   so  great,  tantus. 

soldier,  miles. 

space,  spatium. 

Spain,  Hispania. 

spear,  telum. 

speed,  celeritas. 

spirit,  animus. 

standard,  signum. 

state,  civitas,  res  publica. 

sudden,  subitus. 

suddenly,  subito,  de  improviso. 

sunset,  occasus  solis. 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY. 


307 


supply,  copia. 

surpass,      praecedo      (ace.);       praesto 

(dat.). 
sustain,  sustineo. 
swift,  celer. 
swiftly,  celeriter. 
Swiss,  Helvetius. 
sword,  gladius. 

take,  capio;   take  away,  tollo. 

ten,  decern. 

tenth,  decimus. 

territories,  fines. 

than,  quam. 

that,  pron.  is;  ille;  conj.  (in  order  that), 
(so  that),  ut. 

their,  reflexive,  suus,  -a,  -um;  not  re- 
flexive, eorum,  earum. 

them,  eos,  eas,  ea;  themselves,  reflexive, 
se;    intensive,  ipsl. 

there  (to  that  place),  eo;  (in  that 
place),  ibi. 

they,  ei,  eae,  ea;  hi,  hae,  haec;  illi, 
illae,  ilia. 

thing,  res. 

think,  arbitror,  existimo,  puto. 

third,  tertius. 

this,  hic,  is. 

those,  ei,  illi. 

(thoroughly),  thoroughly  frightened, 
perterreo. 

though,  quamquam,  etsi,  cum. 

thousand,  mille. 

three,  tres. 

through,  per. 

throw,  iacio,  conicio. 

throw  down,  deicio. 

time,  tempus. 

to,  ad. 

together,  una;  bring  together,  con- 
duce, confers. 

too  little,  parum. 

touch  upon,  attingo. 

toward,  ad. 

town,  oppidum. 

trader,  mercator. 


treachery,  perfidia,  insidiae. 

trench,  fossa. 

triple,  triplex. 

troops,  copiae. 

try,  Conor. 

twelve,  duodecim. 

two,  duo. 

two  htindred,  ducentl. 

under,  sub. 

undergo,  subeo. 

unfavorable,  adversus. 

unlike,  dissirailis. 

unsuccessful,  adversus. 

unwilling,    invitus;     to    be    unwilling, 

nolo. 
upon,  in. 
us,  see  I. 
use,  utor  (abl.). 

very,  ordinarily  expressed  by .  the  su- 
perlative of  an  adjective  or  adverb; 
very  easy,  perfacilis;  very  few,  per- 
pauci. 

victory,  victoria. 

village,  vicus. 

violence,  vis. 

wage,  gero. 

wait,  exspecto. 

wall,  mums. 

wander,  vagor. 

war,  bellum. 

(waste),  lay  waste,  vasto. 

(watch),  night  watch,  vigilia. 

we,  see  I. 

weaken,  effemino. 

weapon,  telum;    weapons,  arma. 

when,  relative,  cum,  ubi;   interrogative, 

quando. 
which,  relative,  qui;    (of  two),  uter. 
while,  dum,  cum. 

who,  relative,  qui;  interrogative,  quis. 
whole,  totus. 
why,  cur,  quarS. 
wide,  latus. 


308 


ENGLISH-LATIN   VOCABULARY. 


width,  latitudo. 

(will),  be  willing,  volo. 

win,  concilio. 

wing,  cornu. 

winter  quarters,  hlberna;  verb,  winter; 

(pass  the  winter),  hiemo. 
wish,  volo. 
with,  cum. 
withdraw,  discedo. 
within,  in;  usually  abl.  without  prep. 
without,  sine. 
withstand,  resisto,  sustineo. 


wonder,  admiror. 

woods,  silva. 

worst,  see  bad. 

wound,  noun,  vulnus;   verb,  vulnerS. 

year,  annus;   yearly,  annuus. 

yoke,  iugum. 

you,  sing.,  t(i;    plu.,  vos. 

zeal,  studium. 
zealous,  be  — ,  studeo. 


INDEX. 

(The  references  are  to  sections.) 


Ablative  case,  1. 

absolute,  260-262. 

of  accompaniment,  89. 

of  agent,  193. 

of  cause,  137. 

of  comparison,  351. 

of  degree  of  difference,  364. 

of  description  or  quality,  303. 

of  manner,  318. 

of  means  or  instrument,  97. 

of  measure  or  difference,  364. 

of  place  from  which,  235,  236. 

of  place  in  which,  243,  244. 

of  separation,  68. 

of  specification,  122. 

of  time,  202. 

with  deponents,  295. 

with  utor,  fruor,  etc.,  295. 
Accent,  general  laws  of,  Introduction, 
10. 

in  contracted  genitive  and  vocative 
of  nouns  in  -ius,  87  (2). 
Accusative  case,  1. 

direct  object,  18. 

double  object,  504-507. 

extent  of  time  and  space,  174. 

place  to  which,  235,  236. 

subject  of  infinitive,  285. 

with  compounds,  459. 
Acies,  declension  of,  see  dies,  181. 

explanation  of,  570. 
Adjectives,  first  and  second  declension, 
43,  56,  106,  App.  7. 

third  declension,  66, 222, 309,  App.  10. 
one  termination,  App.  10. 
two  terminations,  61,  App.  10. 
three  terminations,  App.  10. 

irregular  (genitive  in  -dus),  144-145. 

possessive,  473. 

predicate,  24  (3),  45. 

compared.    See  Comparison. 


Adverbs,  comparison,  336,  App.  13. 

formation,  336. 
Agreement,  of  adjectives,  45. 

appositives,  25,  38. 

participles,  45. 

predicate  noun,  25. 

relative  pronoun,  83. 

verbs,  11  (2). 
Apposition,  25,  38. 

Base,  2. 

distinguished  from  stem,  49,  note. 

Causa.     See  Vocabulary. 
Causal  clauses  with  cum,  372. 

with  quod,  520-522. 
Commands  and  exhortations,  466. 
Comparative,  declined,  105,  329. 

special  meaning,  328. 
Comparison  of  adjectives,  regular,  104, 
irregular,  309,  310,  326,  327,  335. 

of  adverbs,   regular,   336,  irregular, 
App.  13. 
Complementary  infinitive,  269-270. 
Compounds,  of  facio,  417. 

of  Zero,  379. 
Conditional  sentences,  479-482. 
Conjugation,  I,  libero,  App.  19. 

II,  moved,  App.  20. 

III,  divido,  App.  21. 

in  io,  capio,  95,  172,  App.  22. 

IV,  impedio,  App.  23. 
deponent  verbs,  292,  293. 
irregular  verbs.    See  Fero,  Fid,  etc. 

Consecutive  declensions,  synopses,  con- 
jugations, participles,  etc.,  App. 
30. 

Consonant  stems,  49,  50. 

Contraction  in  genitive  of  nouns  in 
-ius  and  -ium,  87. 


309 


310 


INDEX. 


Cum,  enclitic,  with  pronouns,  82,  note 

1,  184,  obs.  3,  474,  obs.  4. 
Cum,  with  indicative,  320. 
with  subjunctive,  320,  372. 

Dative  case,  1. 

of  agent,  425. 

of  indirect  object,  33. 

of  possessor,  386. 

of  purpose,  457. 

retained  in  passive,  498. 

with  adjectives,  278. 

with  compounds,  394. 

with  special  verbs,  254. 
Declension,  definition,  2. 

I  declension,  4,  App.  1. 

II  declension,  30,  42,  87,  App.  2. 

III  declension,  49,  50,  60,  App.  3,  4. 

IV  declension,  152,  App.  5. 

V  declension,  181. 

of  adjectives,  43,   56,   61,   106,  222, 

309. 
of  comparatives,  105,  329. 
of  pronouns,  demonstrative,   66,  74, 
199,  211. 
indefinite,  435. 
intensive,  183. 
interrogative,  433,  435. 
personal,  472. 
reflexive,  182, 
relative,  81. 
Defective  verbs,  497. 
Deponent  verbs,  292,  293. 
Divido.     See  Conjugation. 
Domus,  declined,  234. 

domi,  243,  obs. 
Duo,  declined,  App.  9. 

Enclitic,  77,  note. 

Ed,  311. 

Esse  omitted,  323,  note  2,  289,  note  1. 

Fearing,  verbs  of,  443. 
Fero,  378. 

compounds  of,  379. 
Flo,  416,  417. 
Future    indicative     active,     formation 

of,  158,  164. 
Future  perfect  indicative  active,  forma- 
tion of,  127-128. 
passive,  190-191. 


Gender,  general  rules.  Introduction,  10. 

in  first  declension,  3. 

in  second  declension,  29. 

in  third  declension,   Third   Review, 
VII,  p.  75. 

in  fourth  declension,  151. 

in  fifth  declension,  180. 
Genitive  case,  descriptive,  303. 

general  meaning,  1. 

limiting,  2,  25. 

of  the  whole,  166. 

possessive,  76. 

subjective  and  objective,  450. 

with  adjectives,  450. 
Gerund,  400,  401. 

Gerundive,    as    attributive    adjective, 
400,  401. 

as  predicate  with  sum,  423. 

with  ad,  401. 

Hie,  declension  and  use,  67-68. 

Id,  undeclined,  74. 

I  lie,  declension,  App.   16. 

distinguished  from  hie,  211. 
Imperative  mood,  465. 
Impersonal  verbs,  498. 
Indefinite  pronouns,  quis,  aliquis,  etc., 

434,  435. 
Index  of  nouns,  adjectives,  and  verbs, 

First  Review,  pp.  27-28. 
Indirect  discourse,  infinitive  in,  284, 285. 

subjunctive  in,  520. 
Indirect  questions,  487,  488. 
Infinitive,  formation,  268. 

historical,  511,  note. 

tenses,  284-286. 

uses,  269,  270,  285,  343. 
Interrogative  pronouns  and   particles, 

433^36. 
Ipse,  declension,  App.  16. 

use  of,  184. 
Is,  declension,  66. 
/-stems,  60,  61. 

Libero.     See  Conjugation,  App.  19. 
Locative  case,  233  and  note;  form,  243. 
in  what  words  used,  243,  244. 

Maid,  342. 

Mille,  as  adjective,  167. 

plural  as  noun,  167. 
Moved.     See  Conjugation,  App.  17. 


INDEX. 


311 


Ne,  with  subjunctive,  220,  443,  466. 
-ne  in  questions,  436. 
A'^d^,  conjugation,  342. 

noli,  with  infinitive,  466. 
Nominative  case,  1. 

as  predicate,  24,  25. 

as  subject,  11. 
Nonne,  in  questions,  436. 
Noster,  declension,  56,  App.  8. 
Numerals,  528,  App.  14. 

Participles,  declension,  252. 

formation,  251,  obs. 

in  deponent  verbs,  293,  obs. 

tenses,  251. 

uses,  250. 
Passive  voice,  22. 

Perfect  indicative  active,  formation  of, 
113-114. 

passive,  190-191. 
Periphrastic  conjugations,  423. 
Place  to  which,  from  which,  in  which, 

236,  244. 
Pluperfect  indicative  active,  formation 
of,  127-128. 

passive,  190-191. 
Plus,  declined,  329. 
Possessive  adjectives,  473. 
Possum,  276. 

Postquam  clauses,  534-535. 
Predicate  adjectives,  10,  45. 

nouns,  24,  25. 
Principal  parts  of  verbs,  112. 
Priusquam  clauses,  534-535. 
Pronouns,  demonstrative,  is,  idem,  etc., 
66,  74,  199,  211. 

indefinite,  quis,  aliquis,  etc.,  435. 

interrogative,  433,  434. 

personal,  472. 

reflexive,  182. 

relative,  81. 
Pronunciation,  Introduction,  4. 
Purpose,   expressed   by  gerundive  with 
ad,  401. 

relative  clauses  of,  358. 

by  subjunctive,  220,  442,  443. 

by  supine,  409. 

various  ways  of  expressing,  410. 

Quantity,  Introduction,  8. 
-que,  enclitic,  17. 

position,  footnote,  77. 


Questions,  direct,  436. 

indirect,  487,  488. 
Qui,  declension,  81. 

Relative  clauses  of  purpose,  358. 

Relative  pronoun,  81. 

Result,  expressed  by  subjunctive,  227- 

228. 
Rus,  235,  236. 
mri,  243,  244. 

Se.     See  Sm. 

Sequence  of  tenses,  219,  obs.  3,  489, 

490,  491. 
Spero,  construction,  221. 
Stem,  defined,  49,  note  1. 

in  conjugation,  16,  obs.  3,  37,  obs.  2, 
112. 

in  declension  III,  49,  note  1,  60. 

perfect,  113. 
Subjunctive,    formation    of    imperfect, 
217-218. 

formation  of  present,  209,  210. 

formation  of  perfect  and  pluperfect, 
226. 

general  use,  208. 

hortatory  subjunctive,  466. 

in  conditions,  479-482. 

indirect  discourse,  520-522. 

indirect  questions,  487,  488. 

of  purpose,  220,  442,  443. 

of  result,  228. 

optative,  513,  514. 

various  uses,  536. 

with  antequam  and  priusquam,  634, 
535. 

with  cum,  320,  372. 

with  verbs  of  fearing,  466. 
Substantive  clauses,  442-443. 
Sui,  declined,  182. 

distinguished   from   is   or   ille,    184, 
obs.  5. 

from  ipse,  184,  obs.  2. 
Sum,  App.  25. 

imperfect  and  future  indicative,  120. 

perfect  indicative,  103. 

present  indicative,  8. 
Supine,  407-409. 

Suus,  distinguished  from  eius  or  iUius, 
184,  obs.,  and  Summary,  472,  473, 

formation  and  meaning,  473. 
Syllables,  Introduction,  7. 


312 


INDEX. 


Synopses,  200. 

consecutive,  App.  30. 
syntactical  syllabus,  pp.  279-281. 

Temporal  clauses  with  indicative,  320, 
535. 
with  subjunctive,  320,  535. 
Tenses,  of  infinitive,  284-286. 
of  participles,  251. 

of  subjunctive,  219,  obs.  3,  489,  490, 
491. 
Tense-signs,     future,    158,    obs.     164, 
obs. 
imperfect,  135,  obs. 


Totus,  declension,  144. 

Tres,  declension,  63  (2),  App.  9. 

Unus,  declension,  144,  App.  9. 
Utinam,    with    optative    subjunctive, 
513-514. 

Verb,  rule  for  agreement,  11-12. 
Vis,  declension,  301. 
Vocative  case,  1,  30,  obs.  2. 
Void,  342. 
Vowels,  Introduction,  3,  8. 

Wishes,  513,  614. 
Word  list,  pp.  275-278. 


a) 


TWENTIETH   CENTURY   TEXT-BOOKS. 

THE  CLASSICAL  SERIES* 

A  Latin  Grammar  for  Schools. 

By  Andrew  Fleming  West,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D., 
Professor  of  Latin  and  Dean  of  the  Graduate  School, 
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D.  APPLETON  AND  COMPANY,  NEW  YORK. 


TWENTIETH  CENTURY  TEXT-BOOKS* 


Caesar's  Commentaries. 

By  John  H.  Westcott,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of 
Latin  and  Tutor  in  Roman  Law,  Princeton  Uni- 
versity. Edition  of  seven  books,  $1.25.  Edition 
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In  the  introduction  to  this  volume  the  editor  presents 
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factors  in  the  history  of  the  world.  Two  editions  have  been 
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new  york.         boston.         chicago.        london. 

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